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Topic: Soviet education

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	Soviet Union
		According to the most recent Soviet Constitution of 1977, the Soviet Union theoretically was a federal state consisting of fifteen republics joined together in a voluntary union and the government had a federal structure (see Constitution of the Soviet Union).
		Soviet foreign policy played a major role determining the tenor of international relations for nearly four decades, and the Soviet Union had official relations with the majority of the nations of the world by the late 1980s.
		As the Soviet Union achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States, Cold War superpower competition between the Soviet Union and the U.S. gave way to Détente and a more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer clearly split into two clearly opposed blocs in the 1960s and 1970s.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/soviet_union (1710 words)

	IMPACT OF PERESTROIKA AND GLASNOST ON SOVIET EDUCATION
		One of the successes of Soviet education has been the mass inculcation of language and basic math skills for the elimination of illiteracy and the creation of a moral Soviet citizen, that is, educational efforts which further the cause of building a communist society.
		Soviet schools were to switch from a ten year curriculum to a eleven year curriculum in 1985, but not all the schools made the transition immediately (Kerr, 1989, p333).
		Higher education in the Soviet Union duplicates the functions of the secondary schools: it is geared toward socially useful labor.
	www.friends-partners.org /oldfriends/education/russian.education.research.html (6518 words)

	Russia The Post-Soviet Education Structure - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		The underlying philosophy of Soviet schools was that the teacher's job was to transmit standardized materials to the students, and the student's job was to memorize those materials, all of which were put in the context of socialist ethics.
		In the last years of the Soviet Union, funding was inadequate for the large-scale establishment of "new schools," and requirements of ideological purity continued to smother the new pedagogical creativity that was heralded in official pronouncements.
		Post-Soviet education reform also stressed teaching objectively, thus discarding all forms of the narrow, institutional views that had dominated the previous era and preparing young people to deal with all aspects of the society they would encounter by presenting a broader interpretation of the world.
	www.photius.com /countries/russia/society/russia_society_the_post_soviet_educ~1302.html (809 words)

	Untitled Document
		"On the Tasks of Higher Educational Institutions in Fulfilling the Decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers Entitled 'On Measures for Improving the Training of Specialists and for Improving the Supervision of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education in the Country." Soviet Education 10 (November 1967): 3- 18.
		Soviet Scientists and the State: An Examination of the Social and Political Aspects of Science in the USSR.
		Tomin, V.P. "The Role of Education in Eradicating Distinctions between Town and Countryside and between Physical and Intellectual Labor." Soviet Education 26 (May-June 1984): 25-40.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~csm23/writing/dissertation/bibliography.htm (5853 words)

	Russia - Education
		In the Soviet period, education was highly centralized, and indoctrination in Marxist-Leninist theory was a major element of every school's curriculum.
		Although the 1992 Law on Education lowered the upper age of the compulsory education range from seventeen to fifteen, in the mid-1990s more than 60 percent of students remained in school for the previously required ten years.
		Among Russia's educational reforms is a regulation authorizing school officials to expel students fourteen years of age or older who are failing their courses.
	countrystudies.us /russia/52.htm (2970 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Soviet Union [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Soviet Union was established in December 1922 as the union of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties.
		In contrast to the revolutionary spirit that accompanied the birth of the Soviet Union, the prevailing mood of the Soviet leadership at the time of Brezhnev's death in 1982 was one of aversion to change.
		According to the 1977 Soviet Constitution, the government had a federal structure, permitting the republics some authority over policy implementation and offering the national minorities the appearance of participation in the management of their own affairs.
	encyclozine.com /Soviet_Union (4129 words)

	F&P "Impact of Perestroika and Glasnost on Soviet Education: A Historical Perspective for Follow-On Research" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Education is one aspect of life where Soviet and American views nearly conform.
		Vospitania and educational legislation in the Soviet Union over the past twenty-five or so years might be viewed as a continuing effort to achieve not only higher levels of economic efficiency but to improve scientific knowledge and technological competence, along with political orthodoxy.
		Further, Gorbachev objected in 1987 that "the work of the USSR Ministry of Education and all its organs is at a standstill." Egor Ligachev, in 1988, deplored the low level of capital investment in education, the inadequate buildings, and the lack of computers and relevant education facilities (Lane, p293).
	www.friends-partners.org /friends/partners/csweeney/russian.education.research.html(opt,mozilla,unix,english,,new) (6642 words)

	Marxism and Education
		The Marxist approach to education is broadly constructivist, and emphasises activity, collaboration and critique, rather than passive absorption of knowledge, emulation of elders and conformism; it is student-centred rather than teacher centred, but recognises that education cannot transcend the problems and capabilities of the society in which it is located.
		On the Organisation of Education and of Culture, Gramsci 1923
		The psychologists of the Vygotsky School, whose writings predominate in what follows, were a minority current in the Soviet Union; they were not allowed to travel or publish overseas and their influence on the Soviet education system was limited.
	www.marxists.org /subject/education (507 words)

	Soviet Education in the 1930s compared to U.S. Education in 2001
		Additional funds will be provided for Character Education grants to states and district to train teachers in methods of incorporating character-building lessons and activities into the classroom.
		The object is to create a single comprehensive system for professional and technical education that meets the requirements of everyone from high school students to skilled dislocated workers, from the hard core unemployed to employed adults who want to improve their prospects.
		Polytechnical education must inspire the younger generation with the romantic character of socialist economic development and enable them to participate in building socialism...
	www.crossroad.to /charts/soviet-us-ed.htm (3624 words)

	Soviet Union Details, Meaning Soviet Union Article and Explanation Guide
		The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик (СССР); tr: Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (SSSR)), also called the Soviet Union (Сове́тский Сою́з; tr.: Sovetsky Soyuz), was a state in much of the northern region of Eurasia that existed from 1922 until 1991.
		After the death of the Soviet Union's revolutionary founding figure Vladimir Lenin (1924), Joseph Stalin finally emerged as the uncontested leader, defeating Leon Trotsky who he subsequently had exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929 and had murdered in 1940.
		Based on a system of state ownership, the Soviet economy was controlled by an elaborate system administrative planning from the drafting of the first Five Year Plan (1928) to the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991).
	www.e-paranoids.com /s/so/soviet_union.html (1790 words)

	Soviet Military Education: Technical, Tactical, Traditional (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Perhaps because the use of the Soviet navy in World War II was generally limited to its utility as a seaward extension of the land front, the current curriculum at the Frunze seemed to emphasize the Imperial Czarist use of the navy and its global projection of Russian influence.
		This is due to the "engineering philosophy" that prevails in Soviet education and the requirement to train cadets specifically for service in their school's branch.
		Soviet officers at the Tank Academy outlined their offensive battle doctrine, which is further spelled out in Sidorenko's The Offensive.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1978/nov-dec/head.html (3907 words)

	Post-Soviet Theological Education: Highlights of Two Doctoral Dissertations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		educators not to allow the West, unchallenged, to replicate the educational models and styles that they have implemented in countries around the world" (261).
		Likewise, David Bohn equates reform in theological education with movement away from formal, residential programs, and instead, the implementation of one or another nonformal model.
		Bohn and Charter see nonformal education as closer to the church, more practical, and meeting the needs of those already engaged in ministry for whom formal schooling is not an option, not to mention much less expensive (Bohn, 142-44; Charter, 218, 222).
	www.samford.edu /groups/global/ewcmreport/articles/ew08409.html (926 words)

	Union List of Serials on Soviet Education - Intorduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Union List of Serials on Soviet Education (ULSSE) is a collaborative effort between the Council for Slavonic and East European Information Services and the UK Study Group on Soviet Education.
		Their intention was to produce a comprehensive list of then current Soviet serials relevant to Soviet education and youth but to be selective in their choice of ‘dead’ Soviet serials and journals published outside the Soviet Union.
		The data in the list is taken from a survey carried out in 1991-1992 among libraries in the UK with strong holdings on the Former Soviet Union and/or in the field of education.
	www.lib.gla.ac.uk /COSEELIS/unionlist/serials/intro.html (472 words)

	ISRE - Institute for the Study of Russian Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Institute for the Study of Russian Education [formerly the Institute for the Study of Soviet Education, or ISSE] was established in 1989 in response to rapid changes occurring in education in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
		Contacts with Soviet administrators and teachers as well as with reformist leaders provided the founders of the ISRE with unique opportunities to monitor as well as participate in these changes.
		ISRE collects and disseminates information on education in Russia and the Newly Independent States, works to facilitate contacts between reformers in the East and educators with relevant expertise in the West, and supports a network of scholars and educational practitioners interested in changes in the territories formerly controlled by the Soviet Union.
	www.indiana.edu /~isre (253 words)

	Russian Barre Remains High
		The Soviet Union of 1972 was a poor country.
		Every year, half a dozen top graduates of the school were taken into what was then called the Kirov Ballet company, a sort of living museum of the classical Russian ballet, long regarded by critics as one of the most beautifully trained and elegant companies anywhere.
		This year's graduates were 4 years old when the Soviet Union collapsed; they have no firsthand experience of the U.S.S.R. They show none of the anxiety that beset most Soviet adolescents confronted by an "imperialist" reporter in 1972.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/12/AR2005081200378_pf.html (1872 words)

	Bush, Gorbachev, Shultz and Soviet Education
		Now it's up to the media and our educational "change agents" to persuade the masses to accept their view of the earth as a global village.
		Its terms required that we trade our sophisticated education and data tracking technology for the brainwashing strategies used to indoctrinate Soviet children, modify behavior, and monitor the masses to ensure compliance with Soviet ideology.
		As taught in the Soviet Union, all humanities are marinated in Leninist Marxism as a matter of course.
	www.crossroad.to /text/articles/Bush4-99.html (2294 words)

	The Sick Socialist Swastika is exposed !
		EU justice and interior ministers are to discuss a possible ban on symbols of the National Socialist German Workers' Party in the light of a recent scandal over Prince Harry of Britain wearing a socialist swastika at a costume party, as part of proposed rules across the 25-nation bloc.
		Frattini's spokesman said it would not be appropriate to include symbols of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the ban because some are still used by legal Socialist parties in the West.
		On September 28, 1939 the Boundary and Friendship Treaty between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the National Socialist German Workers Party was supplemented by secret protocols to amend the secret protocols of Aug 23rd.
	rexcurry.net /swastikanews.html (7799 words)

	"The International Activity of Soviet Higher Education".
		Eliutin, V. Soviet Education 27, No. 9-10: 121-158.
		Points out that these activities help to improve higher education in the USSR and to further the intellectual and socioeconomic progress of mankind.
		Concludes that international ties in education throughout the modern world are growing in importance and have great prospects for development, and that in our day the constructive possibilities of international cooperation in education for the good of all mankind have expanded considerably.[PGAJW]
	www.lmu.edu /globaled/ro/abstracts/abstract231.html (73 words)

	Grossman, V.S. - SovLit.com - Encyclopedia of Soviet Authors
		Grossman was with the army at Stalingrad, and in 1943 published Stalingrad, a collection of sketches describing the defense of the city, the beginning of the Soviet counteroffensive, and the first stages of the encirclement of the German forces.
		Grossman's two major works constitute a thorough-going indictment of the Soviet Union and at the same time a challenge to Russian readers to face their own responsibility for what happened.
		That the indictment and challenge were issued by a man enmeshed within the very system he autopsied, a man who had in his youth believed in the promise of revolutionary change, can only increase our profound admiration.
	www.sovlit.com /bios/grossman.html (1353 words)

	Quotes and Excerpts - Brainwashing and "Education Reform"
		It put American technology into the hands of Communist strategists and, in return, gave us all the psycho-social strategies used in Communist nations to indoctrinate Soviet children with Communist ideology and to monitor compliance for the rest of their lives.
		The parallels between the Soviet education system and our Goals 2000 have been well documented by researchers such as James Patrick.1 But few have recorded the practical horrors of Communist brainwashing more thoroughly than did Edward Hunter in his book, Brainwashing.
		It's all part of Goals 2000, the school-to-work legislation, and the process of "lifelong learning" which is essential for building the planned "sustainable communities" around the world.
	www.crossroad.to /Quotes/brainwashing.html (1860 words)

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	www.pimsleurapproach.com (83 words)

	Soviet Education for Science and Technology (Greenwood Publishing Group) doi:10.1336/083716978X
		Soviet Education for Science and Technology (Greenwood Publishing Group) doi:10.1336/083716978X
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	dx.doi.org /10.1336/083716978X (65 words)

	Education in the USSR (in VSCCAT) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Education in the USSR; a collection of readings from Soviet journals.
		"Materials have been drawn from the translation journal, Soviet education."
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	scolar.vsc.edu /VSCCAT/AAN-5685 (74 words)

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