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	Tntroduction to SUNsite Russian Archives
		The legendary secretiveness and general inaccessibility of the entire Soviet archival system was maintained throughout the Gorbachev era.
		This exhibit illustrates both the domestic and the foreign policy of Soviet rule.
		The first section covers internal politics and aspects of Soviet reality that were hidden or falsified in official propaganda.
	www.ibiblio.org /pjones/russian/Soviet_Archive_Introduction.html (495 words)

	Russia: nostalgic for the Soviet era, by Jean-Marie Chauvier
		The same era was famously described by Ludmilla, daughter of peasants brutalised during the kulak persecution, who managed to move into a different world and set out, in the city, towards social improvement (13).
		She says that sectors that met social needs during the Soviet era and raised the standard of living modestly are now in decline.
		There is paradox: many people miss the spirit of friendship in the old multinational Soviet communities of workers and immigrants; and deplore the new frontiers, the political and financial obstacles to the freedom to travel and the dispersal of families and groups of friends.
	mondediplo.com /2004/03/11russia?var_recherche=soviet (3229 words)

	Blogbat: Soviet-Era Intelligence & Ideology
		The Role of Ideology in the Soviet State and its satellites was a vital role, and key to the recruitment of agents, at least early on.
		Though perhaps cynically adhered to by those at the pinnacle of Soviet power – who knew enough also to see the failure of communist ideology – it was rigorously enforced among the rank and file, especially within the intelligence community.
		And such a response by the people would not be unjustified in China or North Korea today, which is part of a longstanding and rather large reason these types of despots grow increasingly paranoid and seek to expand their power to oppress, to know, and to control.
	blogbat.us /mt/archives/2006/10/sovietera_intel.html (1494 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - INSTANT OBSTACLES: RUSSIAN REMOTELY DELIVERED MINES
		General Gromov, who commanded the Soviet 40th Army during the withdrawal, states that the 40th Army turned over 613 minefields (with records) to the Afghanistan Army before it withdrew from the country.
		Therefore, the Soviet Army developed and fielded several models of towed and tracked conventional minelaying vehicles to allow engineer forces to quickly mine an area just prior to or during the battle.
		Since the Soviets used the BM-22 extensively for remote mining in Afghanistan, I concluded that the author is referring to the BM-22.
	fmso.leavenworth.army.mil /documents/mines/mines.htm (3023 words)

	Buryat Traditional Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Stalin's desire that cultural expression in Soviet republics be national in form but socialist in content led to the formation of many ensembles, both professional and amateur, that proclaimed the glory of the USSR using the musical idioms and language of indigenous groups.
		While Soviet policy dictated the proper use of folk forms in public institutions and dominated professional artistic expression in urban areas, the traditions of the Buryats were quietly maintained in remote corners of the republic.
		Soviet economic planning drastically disrupted the lifestyle of the Buryats, which had formerly consisted of nomadic stock breeding supplemented by limited agriculture in some areas.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~asiactr/haq/200001/0001a007.htm (2301 words)

	Russian Posters
		The Bolshevik Era (1917-1921) was a life and death struggle for the Bolsheviks and their ideology.
		The Soviet struggle for survival forced a return to symbolism that fanned the patriotic fires of the heartland.
		Soviet posters are a relatively new area of collecting.
	www.internationalposter.com /ru-text.cfm (2247 words)

	Russian boys clothes - -Soviet era (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Soviet citizebns had to address the question of what it meant to be "Soviet," "communist," or "revolutionary" to different social elements in the Soviet Union during the first decades after the Revolution.
		Soviet Union citizens experiences dire, social and economic conditions that affected the attitudes of youngsters in the early 1920s, including the crowded housing facilities, high unemployment, the competition between young workers and their more mature, better qualified counterparts.
		Soviet children for many years had no school uniform that was worn throughout in the Soviet Union.
	histclo.hispeed.com /country/rus/co-ruschsov.html (1639 words)

	Russian boys clothes - -Soviet era
		Soviet citizebns had to address the question of what it meant to be "Soviet," "communist," or "revolutionary" to different social elements in the Soviet Union during the first decades after the Revolution.
		Soviet Union citizens experiences dire, social and economic conditions that affected the attitudes of youngsters in the early 1920s, including the crowded housing facilities, high unemployment, the competition between young workers and their more mature, better qualified counterparts.
		Soviet children for many years had no school uniform that was worn throughout in the Soviet Union.
	histclo.com /country/rus/co-ruschsov.html (1639 words)

	History & Culture of Russia / Overview
		As was the case with the Napoleonic Wars, the Soviet Union emerged from World War II considerably stronger than it had been before the war.
		The governments of the Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe, subjected to the same rising tide of public criticism, fell one after the other in a rapid series of revolutions culminating in the fall of the Berlin wall.
		On December 25, Gorbachev resigned, and on midnight of December 31, the Soviet flag atop the Kremlin was replaced by the Russian tricolour.
	www.geographia.com /russia/rushis07.htm (1498 words)

	BBC - History - Reform, Coup and Collapse: The End of the Soviet State (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The speed with which the Soviet system was transformed and the Soviet state disintegrated took almost everyone by surprise.
		The dramatic events that followed the change of leadership in 1985, culminating in the dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of December 1991, had longer-term sources, but these did not determine the form or the timing of the system's transformation.
		Russia, which occupied three-quarters of the territory of the former Soviet Union, was a different society on the eve of Chernenko's death from what it had been at the time of Joseph Stalin's death just 32 years earlier.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/war/coldwar/soviet_end_01.shtml (375 words)

	Evgene Rukhin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Eugene Rukhin was both the personification of the Soviet unofficial art movement in the early seventies and an artist whose work stood apart from that movement.
		He was uncompromising in his opposition to the artistic status-quo in the Soviet Union and in his optimistic belief in the potential of the new art which he and his fellow artists represented.
		One was the exhibition of American graphics which traveled to the Soviet Union and gave him the opportunity to see the works of Johns, Rosenquist, Rauschenberg, Dine, Indiana and others first-hand, a rare opportunity for Russian artists who must depend on catalogue reproductions for their knowledge of current Western art.
	russia-in-us.com /Art/Rukhin (1090 words)

	Back in the USSR: A Soviet Odyssey
		Denied conversation by the turbine whine of the Soviet helicopter, each of the five passengers was wrapped in a noisy cocoon of privacy, alone with his own thoughts.
		Landing in the old Soviet capital aboard a creaky Aeroflot jet with a plywood floor, I discovered I'd arrived in mid-evening, in a low, gray fog, and in the full grip of all the anti-Soviet stereotypes I'd ever heard.
		Our sophisticated shepherds and their colleagues could and did discuss failures of the Soviet economy in the Breznhev era ("the period of stagnation," they always call it) and talk about the high stakes gamble Gorbachev and his allies are taking on the road to such rapid restructuring.
	howard.weaver.org /ussr (2289 words)

	Blogbat: Soviet-Era Intelligence & Ideology II
		The previous part covered the role of ideology in the recruitment of soviet agents juxtaposed against the ideological climate of the evolving Soviet empire and its satellites across the globe.
		This was the era of the Great Illegals, “a diverse group of remarkably talented individuals (brought in to target countries under false papers) who collectively transformed OGPU (and by 1934 NKVD) agent recruitment and intelligence collection” (Andrew and Mitrokhin, p.
		Along similar prolific lines during this time was the Soviet use of “active measures”, its campaign to infiltrate and influence Western media and information dissemination to the public and their officials, while on the defensive end, using “progress” operations to prevent the spread of ideologically undesirable information and ideas in the Soviet bloc.
	blogbat.us /mt/archives/2006/10/sovietera_intel_1.html (1589 words)

	Russian History, from the early beginnings to modern Russia
		Emergence of the U.S.S.R. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was established as a federation on Dec. 30, 1922 and the New Economic Policy started which installed the community (called soviets) as owners of land and property.
		Soviet foreign policy, at first friendly toward Germany and antagonistic toward Britain and France and then, after Hitler's rise to power in 1933, becoming anti-Fascist and pro-League of Nations, took an abrupt turn on Aug.
		The U.S. Senate refused to ratify the treaty because of the invasion of Afghanistan by Soviet troops on Dec. 27, 1979.
	studyrussian.com /history/history.html (2836 words)

	Russia The Soviet Era - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Always in short supply in the Soviet era, housing continues to be at a premium in the 1990s.
		In the Soviet era, all land and most buildings belonged to the state; in rural areas, private home ownership was permitted, but the law limited such houses to a floor space of forty square meters.
		According to a 1980 Soviet estimate, 20 percent of urban families (and 53 percent in Leningrad) shared apartments; that percentage had dropped slightly by the end of the Soviet era.
	www.photius.com /countries/russia/society/russia_society_the_soviet_era.html (555 words)

	Communism in the Soviet Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Actually, the legacy of Communist (or "Soviet") rule in the USSR can be broken down into several time periods, each of which is characterized by the leadership style and ideological vision of a particular ruler.
		The one constant during Soviet rule was the complete domination of political, economic, and social life by the one official organization permitted to exist: the Communist Party of Soviet Union.
		The Soviet Era -An excellent historical discussion of the leaders and periods of Soviet Communism.
	psclasses.ucdavis.edu /POL-ARCH/ire001-2001-03-spr/econ/soviet.htm (160 words)

	Amazing Soviet-Era UFO Sightings In & Over Water Bodies - UFO Evidence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The Soviet seamen observed that when it rose through the clouds, appearing and disappearing again, it would occasional shine in the sun's rays.
		It broke away from its cradle, the Soviet Academy of Sciences, because as did many others, Ajaja was convinced that those responsible for the UFO research within the Academy actually prevented true and unbiased research.
		For many people in the Soviet Union this book was an introduction to the forbidden world of ufology, of paleocontact (A Russian term for the ancient astronaut hypothesis), and mysteries of our ancient history.
	www.ufoevidence.org /documents/doc744.htm (1678 words)

	The Soviets and allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War
		This was done by the Soviet Union's abstaining from the vote when the General Assembly voted 47 - 0 with 12 abstentions to shift consideration of biological warfare to the disarmament committee.
		This Soviet reversal of opinion from 1952 and implicit exoneration of both the United States and Japan's biological warfare against China in World War II was not explained at the time and passed virtually unnoticed in the media.
		Weathersby that one of the Soviet documents shows that "once Mao learned that his commanders' reports were inaccurate, he decided to continue the propaganda campaign anyway." That is not what the document in question shows.
	www.yorku.ca /sendicot/12SovietDocuments.htm (2637 words)

	Estonia The Soviet Era, 1940-85 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		Independence and Soviet communism closed that outlet by 1924, and the economy had to reorient itself quickly toward the West, to which the country also owed significant war debts.
		Although the period of authoritarian rule that lasted from 1934 to 1940 was a low point in Estonian democracy, in perspective its severity clearly would be tempered by the long Soviet era soon to follow.
		Estonia's absorption into the Soviet Union as the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was interrupted in June 1941 by the German invasion.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/estonia/estonia_history_the_soviet_era_1940_85.html (1648 words)

	Soviet-Era Debt Bogs Down Cuba-Russia Ties
		Havana does not recognize this debt and has presented a counter claim of $40 billion in damages caused by the demise of the Soviet Union, such as unfinished work on a nuclear power plant, an oil refinery and a nickel facility.
		Russian diplomats are looking to the future, hoping to build long-term ties based on the friendship of the Cuban people, if not their leaders.
		Meanwhile, with just a dozen diplomats stationed in Havana, the monumental embassy inaugurated in 1987, and visited by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1989 when the winds of Perestroika were blowing strongly, is looking very empty.
	www.canf.org /2005/1in/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-abr-18-soviet-era-debt.htm (791 words)

	Soviet-era submarine sinks in Providence - Boston.com
		An old Soviet submarine now used as a floating museum sank and was completely submerged in the Providence River after being battered by a powerful nor'easter earlier this week.
		K-77, launched in 1965 as part of the Soviet Northern Fleet, is about 282 feet long and 31 feet wide, and was diesel powered.
		The Juliett class was initially planned as a nuclear missile platform for strikes against the United States and carried four nuclear cruise missiles.
	www.boston.com /news/local/rhode_island/articles/2007/04/18/soviet_era_submarine_sinks_in_providence (638 words)

	Facing the Soviet whalers
		And we thought it was just a load of Soviet propaganda: Buran was pretty sweet Well, no doubt a little bit of industrial espionage helped them in its design, but the Soviet Buran really was an impressive technological achievement and in many ways superior to the United States space shuttle.
		"Soviet scientists considered the Moon to be a very good place for a strategic headquarters as nuclear strikes on its surface would lose most of their destructive force.
		No one person brought down the Soviet Union, but if I had to choose the one who mattered most, that person would not be Reagan, most of whose policies fit comfortably in the Cold War tradition of containment followed dutifully by presidents from Truman to Carter.
	www.stargeek.com /item/250567.html (2658 words)

	History of Estonia, The Soviet Era, 1940-85
		Although the period of authoritarian rule that lasted from 1934 to 1940 was a low point in Estonian democracy, in perspective its severity clearly would be tempered by the long Soviet era soon to follow.
		With rapid political maneuvering, the regime of Soviet leader Joseph V. Stalin then forced the installation of a pro-Soviet government and called for new parliamentary elections in July.
		Estonia's absorption into the Soviet Union as the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was interrupted in June 1941 by the German invasion.
	motherearthtravel.com /estonia/history-4.htm (900 words)

	The 1973 Yom Kippur War, a study in Soviet Era Politics
		In fact, the expulsion of the Soviet advisers from Egypt, and the noisy cooling of relations between the two countries, was a cleverly conceived, well-coordinated, impeccably executed hoax; and the Soviet government undertaking to honour the relevant clause in the agreement for détente was a calculated deception.
		In prospect of that reopening, and parallel to the growth of her navy, the Soviet Union expanded its network of bases and base facilities in the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf Zone.
		The Soviet leaders quickly sensed the overwhelming central phenomenon in the process by which the reopening of the Canal had been achieved: the strange complaisance of the United States.
	www.eretzyisroel.org /~samuel/yomkippur.html (5180 words)

	Related links
		Her entire family would be deported to Siberia, and many relatives and friends suffered and died at the hands of the Soviets and Nazis.
		Janina's award-winning memoir chronicles her amazing odyssey, starting with the invasion of Poland, as a prisoner in the outposts of the Gulag, her survival in the USSR and escape, and finally exile in India and England.
		The original death sentence was later reduced to 25 years in prison (a favorite Soviet penalty for virtually any non-capital offense), and eventually to ten years followed by five years of exile and deprivation of rights...
	www.gulag.hu /links.htm (4084 words)

	Lithuanian Family Sues Russia Over Soviet-Era Repressions - NEWS - MOSNEWS.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		All she was guilty of was her wish to emigrate from the Soviet Union to rejoin our father, who left for the United States before the war erupted,” she said.
		Ona was released from the Soviet labor camp after serving five years, due to poor health, and returned home in 1956.
		She was rehabilitated posthumously by the Soviet prosecutor’s office in 1989 after the perestroika reform movement of Mikhail Gorbachev began.
	mosnews.com /news/2007/04/25/lithuanianssue.shtml (507 words)

	To Soviet music, Russia marks end of Soviet era - Gateway To Russia - News From Russia
		To Soviet-era music, Russians marked with marches and gun salutes on Saturday the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union 14 years ago, even though many people could not quite recall the event they were celebrating.
		Soviet military songs echoed across Moscow and artillery blasts rumbled in a cloudless sky.
		The Soviet anthem — re-introduced by Putin in 2000 with new words — reverberated across the square in front of the Kremlin walls and dancers from ethnic minorities performed.
	www.gateway2russia.com /st/art_242411.php (450 words)

	History of the Soviet Era Rumbula Marker
		The Soviet Era Marker in Rumbula, photo of which you have on your site, was designed by my father, Leo Herzmark, approximately in the early 1960-ies.
		In the 1930-ies and until the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940, my father was a stage set designer in the Yiddish Theater in Riga.
		He was told by Soviet authorities in Riga that it should not be about the Jews, and that it should be dedicated to all the victims of fascism.
	www.rumbula.org /soviet_rumbula_marker.shtml (663 words)

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