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Topic: Soviet Moonshot

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	Soviet Space Program Encyclopedia Article @ NasaHQ.com (Nasa HQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		LK Lander was tested successfully in earth orbit, but after four unmanned test launches of the N-1 ended in failure the heavy booster was abandoned and with it any chance of the Soviets landing personnel on the moon via a single launch.
		Apollo Soyuz Test Project the Soviet leadership decided a new management approach was needed and in 1974 the N-1 was cancelled and Mishin was dismissed.
		Voskhod program was cancelled after two manned flights due to the change of Soviet leadership and the near fatality of the second mission.
	www.nasahq.com /encyclopedia/Soviet_space_program (2218 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: Opinion :: Birthdays Lenin
		Inappropriate and unfortunate, not because the moonshot happened to be an American venture, for Lenin's political preferences were never ranged in terms of national chauvinism, but rather because this genre of scientific probing-whether American or Soviet-has entailed extravagant, self-interested government appropriations at the cost of basic human needs.
		The posture of American foreign policymakers toward the new Soviet state was a further indication that Lenin was viewed as an advocate of popular rule.
		His forced collectivization and his persecution of the kulaks must have been prompted at least in part by the fact that the wholesale refusal of the peasants to sell their already scant grain reserves to the state was resulting in starvation and death in Russian cities.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=352906 (1013 words)

	History - The Flight of Apollo-Soyuz
		The first Soviet launch to be televised live, it was transmitted to viewers throughout the Soviet Union, the U.S., and eastern and western Europe.
		All communications among the five crew members during the mission were made in the language of the listener, with the Americans speaking Russian to the Soviet crew and the Soviet crew speaking English to the Americans.
		Further speeches and exchanges of commemorative items were made for both U.S. and Soviet viewers before the final handshakes at 4:49 pm EDT July 18, when the crews returned to their respective spacecraft.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/apollo/apsoyhist.html (2545 words)

	Phantoms of Space
		The Soviets have reacted defensively that such stories are fabricated and spread by people who "hate the Soviet Union", who wish to "defame and downgrade the glorious achievements of Soviet scientists, engineers, and cosmonauts".
		Early in 1960, the Soviet scientist Blagonravov had reported that the just-concluded rocket tests into the Pacific had been designed to test new space rockets for moon probes, rockets to Mars and Venus, and recoverable earth satellites; furthermore, he plainly said that preparations were going forward to make such flights.
		Although the Soviet manned space program is shrouded in secrecy, and Western observers are annoyed by the official policy of never announcing shots until after launch (and never announcing mission goals until after they are accomplished successfully), there have been real cases of leaks through this veil of secrecy.
	www.astronautix.com /articles/phaspace.htm (10583 words)

	Moonshot (UK) :: Culture Picks :: Moscow's virtual community for English speaking expats and Russians
		Moonshot is the collaboration of three UK-based singer-songwriters Daniel Kent, Jeremy Grant and Richard Wolfe.
		Each album produced during this time has it's own feel, but Moonshot's music could be broadly described as a melting pot of trip-hop, ambient groove, electronic pop and traditional song writing.
		Daniel formed Moonshot in 1988 with Jeremy and another friend Robert Richman, at the time all three of them were 13.
	www.expat.ru /culturepics_ann.php?cid=299 (938 words)

	"It looks like a dirty beach"
		Given that the Soviets had done the first spacewalks, and had had cosmonauts in space for longer durations than the Americans, they didn’t feel this would be a problem.
		Soviet launch of Soyuz 7-L3 is aborted due to stress fractures being discovered in the UR-200 upper-stage booster.
		Soviet plans to beat America around the moon were upstaged by the sudden decision to fly Apollo 8 into lunar orbit over Christmas 1968.
	www.changingthetimes.net /samples/coldwar/moonUSSR1.htm (4837 words)

	Sergei Korolev - Avoo - Ask Us A Question - Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov (Russian: Серге́й Па́влович ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He was then appointed to lead the Soviet space program, overseeing the early successes of the Sputnik and Vostok projects.
		This was a two-stage rocket with a maximum payload of 5.4 tons, sufficient to carry the Soviet's bulky nuclear bomb a distance of 7,000 km.
		In the meantime the change of Soviet leadership with the fall of Kruschev meant that Korolyov was back in favour and given charge of beating the US to landing a man on the moon.
	www.calistogacaus.com /section/Sergei_Korolev (5083 words)

	Russian Sub Casualties - World Affairs Board
		Some Soviet veterans insist the boat sank and the incident was kept secret, but Russian authorities today contend it returned safely to port in Petropavlovsk with no fatalities.
		Soviet and Russian sub accidents, radiation damage, and explosions and fires are legion.
		The centerpiece of NASA's moonshot is the new spaceship known as the crew exploration vehicle, or CEV.
	www.worldaffairsboard.com /showthread.php?t=5274 (5070 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Soviet Moonshot
		Following the success of Project Apollo in 1969 materials and personnel were switched to other programmes and the whole project was cancelled in 1974.
		After Korolev was forced to abandon orbital assembly of a lunar vehicle, he planned to use his proposed heavy lift booster, the N-1, to deliver a lunar vehicle in a single launch.
		Subsequently, the Soviets decided to concentrate on the development of space stations, gaining several "firsts" in the process, and also a long term Mars program, which continues to the present day
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Soviet_Moonshot (789 words)

	Apollo_program - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although it has often been claimed that this change was made as a direct response to Soviet attempts to fly a piloted Zond spacecraft around the moon, there is no evidence that this was actually the case.
		NASA officials were aware of the Soviet Zond flights, but the timing of the Zond missions does not correspond well with the extensive written record from NASA about the Apollo 8 decision.
		Although the Soviet Union continued to operate the Soyuz and Salyut space vehicles, NASA's next manned mission would not be until STS-1 on April 12, 1981.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Apollo_program (3829 words)

	Prometheus Criticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As appealing as some might find this nostalgic slant, "reversible suspended animation of the brain" constitutes a problem far different from "landing a man on the moon and returning him safely." This difference involves the qualitative distinction between science and technology.
		As much as we may admire the moonshot program, it represented technology rather than science, engineering instead of research.
		Considering that President Kennedy had at his command the economic resources of the world's most powerful nation, the motivation of a popularly perceived "space race" with the Soviet Union, and a handful of dedicated German engineers, his goal of reaching the Moon by decade's end seems almost trivial in hindsight.
	www.cryonet.org /cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=6674 (415 words)

	Space Race (bbc Tv Prog) - Unmanned Spaceflight.com
		Heading the Soviets' chase was the Russian rocket expert, Sergei Korolev, recently freed from one of Stalin's prison camps.
		He was a bear-like, heavy-set man, was Sergei Pavlovich, and while the actor playing him captured the essence of the man quite well, he was a short, wiry kind of guy.
		Other than that, it was fictionalized docu-drama, which left out a lot of the really interesting things (like von Braun breaking his arm escaping from Nordhausen) and put in their place tired old cliches.
	www.unmannedspaceflight.com /index.php?showtopic=1409 (2342 words)

	Section 360: A Soviet Moonshot?
		The Soviet decision for a manned lunar program came after the United States had set the ultimate goal in the Space Race--landing a man on the Moon.
		Although these Soviet robotic explorers were successful, they were overshadowed by the American manned explorations.
		he Soviet lunar lander was half as large and one-third the weight of the U.S. Apollo lunar module.
	www.hrw.com /science/si-science/earth/spacetravel/spacerace/SpaceRace/sec300/sec360.html (862 words)

	the moonwalk never happened (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The moonshot had been conceived as a cold war face-saving strategy in the face of the Soviet Sputnik and had cost a then-astronomical $40 billion dollars.
		No doubt the citizens of the Soviet bloc maintained in the privacy of their own thoughts a certain scepticism about their governments' ridiculous attempts to rejigger history to make it come out the way they wanted.
		In the case of the moonshot, that sort of scepticism leads to what I think is a false conclusion.
	www.crispinsartwell.com /moon.htm (656 words)

	HobbySpace - Space History
		Part of the constraint on the study of Soviet space history was due to extreme Soviet secrecy.
		When virtually every satellite that the Soviet Union launched flew under the deliberately bland designation of “Cosmos,” it was hard to apply standard research tools and training to studying Soviet activities.
		As a result, for years the study of Soviet space activities was akin to detective work using very limited clues, and the people who dominated the study were usually amateur sleuths.
	www.hobbyspace.com /History/index.html (3719 words)

	collectSPACE - news - "Book Preview: The First Space Race"
		The Soviets were still largely dependent on balky glass vacuum tubes in most of their electronic circuitry and they were years behind the US in miniaturization of technology.
		I think the Soviets would have gone ahead and tried to make a lot of propaganda out of their satellites being bigger, and then probably tried to beat us to putting a man in space.
		There was, I think, a general belief in the US government that the Soviets were technologically backward and were unlikely to put up a satellite before the US in any event.
	www.collectspace.com /news/news-072303a.html (2843 words)

	Apollo program - Knowledgebase, Definition at Mpageni.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project involved a docking in Earth orbit between an un-named CSM and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft.
		The Apollo program was at least partly motivated by psycho-political considerations, in response to persistent perceptions of American inferiority in space technology vis-a-vis the Soviets, in the context of the Cold War.
		In the Spring of 1968 the CIA informed NASA administrator James Webb that the Soviet Union was preparing a manned circum-lunar mission within the year.
	www.pageni.info /definition/?title=Apollo_program (2752 words)

	TIME.com: INTO THE DEPTHS OF SPACE -- Dec. 27, 1968 -- Page 4
		Western experts suspect, moreover, that the Russians were not fully satisfied with the results of the landing of the unmanned moonship, Zond 5, in the waters of the Indian Ocean, where warm weather makes year-round recovery possible.
		Even if the Russians should unexpectedly launch a moonshot this week, a successful Apollo 8 mission would put the U.S. a giant step ahead, for the first time, in the race to land men on the moon.
		Limited by the size and thrust of their operational rockets and still too unpracticed at assembling larger spacecraft in earth orbit, the Soviets at best can do no more than shoot a manned spacecraft around the moon and back again in a single loop.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,900434-4,00.html (797 words)

	Terraformers Society of Canada - Colonization of Luna
		Exploration of the lunar surface by spacecraft began in 1959 when the Soviet Luna 2 mission crash-landed into the surface.
		Responding to this new direction, the Soviet government also decided to direct their energies toward building a matching shuttle system, though in the 1970s they did land two robotic rovers on the Moon in the Lunokhod program and returned three lunar soil samples as part of the Luna program.
		Apparently 1974 saw the scuppering of the Soviet Moonshot, two years after last American manned landing.
	society.terraformers.ca /content/view/42/59/1/1 (781 words)

	TIME.com: INTO THE DEPTHS OF SPACE -- Dec. 27, 1968 -- Page 3
		When it was decided that preparation of Saturn 5 and trajectory calculations could not be completed in time, the flight was scheduled for the next moonshot "window," the period between Dec. 21 and 27.
		Despite hints in the Soviet press, widespread rumors in Moscow, and the conviction of some Western experts that the Russians would attempt to upstage Apollo 8, the cosmonauts remained earthbound.
		But U.S. specialists note that the Soviet tracking ships that were strung out early in December in apparent preparation for a manned shot are now returning to port.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,900434-3,00.html (714 words)

	SPACE.com -- Moonshot Rivalry Grabs Spotlight in 'Space Race: The Untold Story'
		The competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to be the first to land humans on the Moon during the 1960s takes a personal turn in a new television mini-series to air Sunday.
		Based on the book of the same name by Deborah Cadbury, the two-part “Space Race” delves deep into the personal lives of von Braun and Korolev as the competition for ever-more advanced rocket technology during the Cold War between the U.S. and Soviet Union sent them on their respective paths.
		By drawing on unclassified documents both the U.S. and Russia, provides a balanced look at the two nations’ space efforts, rather than the typically U.S.-heavy accounts related in the past.
	www.space.com /entertainment/060602_spacerace_ent.html (908 words)

	lunar_habitation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The only rovers that operated on the surface of the Moon as of 2004 were the Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV), developed by Boeing and the unmanned Soviet Lunokhod.
		One NASA study resulted in the Mobile Lunar Laboratory concept, a manned pressurised rover for a crew of two, range would be 396 km.
		The Soviet Union developed different rover concepts in the Lunokhod series (DLB Lunokhod 1-3/LEK) and the L5 for possible use on future manned missions to the Moon or Mars.
	www.hondparts.com /wiki/?title=Lunar_habitation (6386 words)

	[FPSPACE] NK-33 to power Kliper Soyuz-3 launcher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		According to Flight International: http://www.flightinternational.com/Articles/2005/08/30/Navigation/200/201272/Moonshot+engine+to+power+spacecraft.html Moonshot engine to power spacecraft An engine developed for Russia’s aborted manned lunar programme is to be used for the proposed Soyuz-3 launch vehicle for Moscow-based Energia’s six-crew Kliper spacecraft.
		The Soyuz-3 consists of a core stage, several strap-on boosters referred to as the first stage, and an upper stage.
		It is the core stage that would use an NK-33 liquid oxygen/kerosene engine, developed for use on the first stage of the Soviet N-1 Moon Launch Vehicle.
	www.friends-partners.org /pipermail/fpspace/2005-August/017626.html (291 words)

	Filmmakers work on virtual Mars mission - Space.com - MSNBC.com
		Documentary-style depictions of human space exploration seem to be on the rise.
		The BBC's "Space Race" — a fact-based version of the U.S.-Soviet moonshot rivalry — is set to debut in the United States' on the National Geographic Channel next month.
		That follows the British-made "Space Odyssey" (also known as "Voyage to the Planets and Beyond"), which chronicles the missions of an international group of astronauts as they explore Venus, Mars and the outer planets.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/12743183/wid/6448213/page/2 (627 words)

	monkeytravel.org fake pics home
		Only he knows for sure, but these photos are, shall we say, artist's renditions of what it might have looked like had he done such things.
		The Allied leaders of Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union gather to consult the Monkey for his advice on the shape of post-war Europe.
		After the Monkey's departure, Churchill and Stalin secretly divide the post-conflict spoils: Romania and Bulgaria fall fully in the Soviet sphere, while Greece orients fully to the British and U.S.; Hungary faces east, and Yugoslavia is to be a meeting somewhere in the middle…
	www.monkeytravel.org /fake1.html (335 words)

	Saturn’s fury: effects of a Saturn 5 launch pad explosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The N-1 was Korolev's concept for the Soviet moonshot booster.
		Korolev had read that Von Braun planned to use cryofueled upper stages and stated that he'd never solve the problems inherent in their use; when the first test stand firing went off without a hitch, he realized the moon race was lost.
		The Energia (Soviet space shuttle Buran rode on it) was successfully flight tested, but it has never carried a crew.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1608627/posts (2648 words)

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