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Topic: Soviet Ruble

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	Replacing the Ruble in Lithuania: Real Changeversus Pseudoreform
		This paper extends those ideas in light of what we observed on our recent visit and what has happened since the failed Soviet coup.
		Lithuania has achieved independence but remains linked to the Soviet economy and to the Soviet ruble.
		The ruble is becoming less and less acceptable in trade, and as a result, parts of the Soviet economy have reverted to barter.
	www.cato.org /pubs/pas/pa-163es.html (360 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The first ruble issued for the Socialist government was a preliminary issue still based on the previous issue of the ruble prior to the Russian revolution of 1917.
		The Soviet ruble of 1961 was formally equal to 0.987412 gram of gold, but the exchange for gold was never available to the general public.
		Following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the ruble remained the currency of the Russian Federation.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Soviet_ruble (0 words)

	Soviet Union
		The Soviet Union was established in December 1922 as the union of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties.
		By Soviet historiography, revolutionary activity in Russia began with the Decembrist Revolt of 1825, and although serfdom was abolished in 1861, its abolition was achieved on terms unfavorable to the peasants and served to encourage revolutionaries.
		The Soviet Union occupied the eastern portion of the European continent and the northern portion of the Asian continent.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/s/so/soviet_union.html (5740 words)

	Soviet Union - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Soviet Union became the primary model for future Communist states during the Cold War; the government and the political organization of the country were defined by the only permitted political party, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
		The Soviet Union was established in December 1922 as the union of the Russian (colloquially known as Bolshevist Russia), Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties.
		The Soviet Union occupied the eastern portion of the European continent and the northern portion of the Asian continent.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Soviet_Union (7286 words)

	Soviet Union (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The formation of the Soviet Union was the culmination of the 1917 Russian Revolution, which overthrew Tsar Nicholas II, and later the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War from 1918-1920.
		The geographic boundaries of the Soviet Union varied, and in its later years it approximately corresponded to that of historic Imperial Russia, with the notable exclusions of Poland and Finland.
		The Soviet Union, founded three decades before the Cold War, became a primary model for future Communist nations; the socialist government and the political organization of the country were defined by the only permitted political party, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
	abcworld.net /Soviet_Union.html (5026 words)

	Russia - MSN Encarta
		In 1998 Russia redenominated the ruble to simplify financial dealings and introduced new banknotes that were worth 1,000 times as much as the old banknotes.
		From the artificial rate of 1.7 rubles per U.S.$1 maintained by the Soviet government in 1991, the value of the ruble plummeted to 415 per U.S.$1 at the end of 1992 and 5,000 per U.S.$1 by the spring of 1995.
		One of the Soviet system’s strengths was its commitment to mass education, and the population’s high level of education and skill has often been cited as a positive factor for Russia’s economic future.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569000_10/Russia.html (1233 words)

	Soviet Union information - Search.com
		The Soviet Union was created and expanded as a union of Soviet republics formed within the territory of the Russian Empire abolished by the Russian Revolution of 1917 followed by the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920.
		The Soviet Union, founded three decades before the Cold War, became a primary model for future Communist states; the government and the political organization of the country were defined by the only permitted political party, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
		After the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991, the Russian Federation claimed to be the legal successor to the Soviet state on the international stage.
	webshots.search.com /reference/Soviet_Union (6563 words)

	Top Literature - Soviet ruble
		Historically, "ruble" was a piece of a certain weight chopped off a silver ingot (grivna), hence the name.
		The Soviet currency had its own name in all languages of the Soviet Union, sometimes quite different from its Russian designation.
		Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, local currencies were introduced in the newly independent states.
	encyclopedia.topliterature.com /?title=Soviet_ruble (306 words)

	Soviet Union information - Search.com
		The Soviet Union was established in December 1922 as the union of the Russian (colloquially known as Bolshevist Russia), Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties.
		The GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate), not publicized by Russia until the end of the Soviet era during perestroika, was created by Lenin in 1918 and served both as a centralized handler of military intelligence and as an institutional check-and-balance for the otherwise relatively unrestricted power of the KGB.
		After the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991, the Russian Federation claimed to be the legal successor to the Soviet state on the international stage.
	www.search.com /reference/Soviet_Union (6580 words)

	Leon Trotsky: The Revolution Betrayed (4. The Struggle for Productivity)
		The ruble of 1924, equal in the official exchange to 13 francs, had been reduced in November 1935 to 3 francs – that is, to less than a fourth of its value, or almost as much as the French franc was reduced as a result of the war.
		Taking command of the ruble – giving it, that is, various arbitrary purchasing powers in different strata of the population and sectors of the economy – the bureaucracy deprived itself of the necessary instrument for objectively measuring its own successes and failures.
		The ruble is an instrument for the influence of the population upon economic plans, beginning with the quantity and quality of the objects of consumption.
	www.marxists.org /archive/trotsky/works/1936-rev/ch04.htm (5528 words)

	Russian ruble:
		By the end of the 18th century, the ruble was set to 4 zolotnik 21 dolya (almost exactly equal to 18 grams) of pure silver or 27 dolya (almost exactly equal to 1.2 grams) of pure gold, with a ratio of 15:1 for the values of the two metals.
		The Soviet ruble of 1961 was formally equal to 0.987412 gram of gold, but the exchange for gold was never available to the general public.
		In November of 2004, the authorities of Dimitrovgrad (Ulyanovsk Oblast) erected a five-meter monument to the ruble.
	winelib.com /wiki/Russian_ruble (2890 words)

	Soviet Union (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Soviet Union aided postwar reconstruction in Eastern Europe while turning them into Soviet satellite states, set up the Warsaw Pact in 1955, later, the Comecon, supplied aid to the eventually victorious Communists in the People's Republic of China, and saw its influence grow elsewhere in the world.
		A referendum for the preservation of the USSR was held on March 17, 1991, with the majority of the population voting for preservation of the Union in nine out of fifteen republics.
		The KGB (Committee for State Security), served in a fashion as the Soviet counterpart to both the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) and the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) in the U.S. It ran a massive network of informants throughout the Soviet Union, which was used to monitor violations in law.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Soviet_Union.htm (7273 words)

	Dave's Trains, Inc.: Soviet Trains FAQs & Glossary
		The distance between the wheels (width wise) on the Soviet trains is the same as Lionel.
		Early Soviet train sets came with a 75-watt transformer designed to be used with 127-volt current.
		The Soviet transformer should be relegated to the role of "conversation piece." During the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviets converted household current to 220 volts and the later sets included a transformer designed for 220-volt input.
	www.davestrains.com /sovfaqs.html (928 words)

	Soviet Union
		The Soviet Union is traditionally considered to be the successor of the
		The Soviet Union was established in December 1922 as the union of the
		Russian Federation claimed to be the legal successor to the Soviet state on the international stage despite its loss of superpower status.
	www.vetty.com /wpcd/wp/s/Soviet_Union.htm (4824 words)

	E/W Letter sample article - Ruble crash
		The inflation sparked by these credits prompted the Central Bank to allow the ruble to adjust by dropping in value from 2,000 to the dollar earlier in the summer to nearly 3,000 to the dollar at the beginning of October.
		A weaker ruble would mean it would take fewer dollars to pay for the budget deficit caused by the increased credits and to pay delayed salaries.
		Other Russian politicians were convinced that the ruble's drop was caused by a conspiracy of special interest groups -- what we'll call the "conspiracy theory." Parliamentarians believed that the crisis was engineered by, alternatively, the banks, the government, oil exporters, or Western spies.
	www.okno.com /ewltr/archive/vol3/ru-ruble.html (1466 words)

	History of Drams
		In the summer of 1993 the Soviet ruble, the last symbol of the Soviet Union, slumped.
		Rubles of the 1961-1992 issue in nominal value 1-500 remained in circulation.
		In this period of time the banknotes in nominal value 1-500 rubles of the 1961-1992 issue of the State Bank of the USSR were withdrawn.
	www.cba.am /abouthist.asp?hist=3 (0 words)

	Destination Russia
		RUBLE is the Old Russian payment and monetary unit, this coin was existing in ancient times, in middle centuries, in USSR, RSFSR, in Russia and Belorussia.
		Ruble was used as payment facility since the middle of XV century.
		The crisis culminated in the August depreciation of the ruble, a debt default by the government, and a sharp deterioration in living standards for most of the population.
	www.destinationrussia.com /htm/infcurrenc0f.htm (2501 words)

	MapZones.com : Russia Map
		The crisis culminated in the August depreciation of the ruble, a debt default by the government, and a sharp deterioration in living standards for most of the population.
		Under the Soviet constitutions, the R.S.F.S.R. nominally was a sovereign socialist state that derived its power from the workers and peasants.
		Soviet government developed a smaller number of very large facilities, which are inadequate to meet Russia’s education needs.
	atlas.mapzones.com /russia/russia.php (2511 words)

	Free Online Encyclopaedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The first ruble issued for the Socialist government was a preliminary issue still based on the previous issue of the ruble prior to the Russian revolution of 1917.
		The Soviet ruble of 1961 was formally equal to 0.987412 gram of gold, but the exchange for gold was never available to the general public.
		Following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the ruble remained the currency of the Russian Federation.
	www.prohits.org /wiki/Soviet_Ruble (744 words)

	Walter C. Uhler.com--Misreading the Soviet Threat
		Because the analogs were estimated in dollars, but the data from agents was in rubles, and because the burden on the Soviet economy had to be evaluated in rubles, but the comparisons with US defense spending in dollars; the Agency needed to establish a reliable (and constantly updated) conversion ratio.
		Estimates of Soviet defense spending significantly increased: for the year 1970, from 29 billion to some figure between 40 and 50 billion rubles; for the year 1975, from 34 billion to a figure between 55 to 60 billion rubles.
		Although the Soviet military urged the infusion of rubles to further develop its own missile defense program, prominent scientists, such as Roald Sagdeev and Evgenii Velikov, were urging the political leadership to pursue arms control and cheap, asymmetrical countermeasures as early as 1983.
	www.walter-c-uhler.com /Reviews/Misreading.html (4861 words)

	Division of Research Working Paper Abstract: 02-086 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The 1990s were a difficult decade for the ruble, the Soviet currency that in 1991 became the common currency for all fifteen post-Soviet states, and by 1995 had become Russia’s currency only.
		Within Russia the ruble was systematically rejected by firms and citizens in favor of complicated barter arrangements, leaving many important sectors of the Russian economy essentially demonetized.
		The experience of the ruble during the first post-Soviet decade illuminates three of the most important issues in the politics of Russia and the former Soviet Union.
	www.hbs.edu /research/facpubs/workingpapers/abstracts/0102/02-086.html (246 words)

	Essay Town - College Term Papers, Essays, Research Papers for Reference
		Styled Soviet by the Bolsheviks in 1917, it was the natural 20th century evolution of Czarist Russia.
		TRANSITION FROM SOVIET TO RUSSIAN EDUCATION Introduction This research examines the transitions in education from the late-period of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic, a constituent state of the Soviet Union, to the early-period of the Russian Republic, a politically independent nation.
		Ukraine became an independent country in December 1991, in the wake of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Economic reform in the Former Soviet Union was initiated prior to that country’s dissolution.
	www.ra-essaytown.com /rae-topics/former_soviet_union_post-1990.html (5550 words)

	Russian Ruble and Russian currency information including currency exchange rates
		The Russian ruble, often denoted by RUB (and alternatively spelled rouble), is the name of the currencies of the Russian Federation and Belarus (and formerly, of the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire).
		The ruble has been the Russian unit of currency for several centuries, and its name stems from the Russian verb rubit, meaning, "to chop." Historically, "ruble" was a piece of a certain weight chopped off a silver ingot (grivna).
		The ruble was the Russian equivalent of the mark, a measurement of weight for silver and gold used in medieval Western Europe.
	www.gocurrency.com /countries/russia.htm (0 words)

	Finance & Development, June 1999 - Escape Routes from Post-Soviet Inflation and Recession
		When in 1924 the Soviet government exchanged 50 billion "old" rubles for 1 "new" ruble in a currency reform, ceased monetizing the budget deficit, and made the ruble convertible, Lenin's New Economic Policy began to enjoy monetary stability.
		The Soviet Union was transformed, through forced collectivization, from being a food exporter to being unable to feed itself.
		Prior to the Soviet transition to a market economy, there had been several notable conquests of severe inflation elsewhere—for example, in 1985–86 in Bolivia, a developing economy, and in Israel, a developed one.
	www.imf.org /external/pubs/ft/fandd/1999/06/kaser.htm (2597 words)

	SOVIET ECONOMICS - The New York Review of Books
		According to Wiles, I "astoundingly used to maintain that…the Soviet economy observed…the rules of rational resource allocation." Indeed, this is said to be a fundamental presupposition of a previous study of mine on Soviet national income.
		I was also careful to explain that, even after making any and all corrections for ruble price distortions, one cannot hope to obtain for the USSR fully satisfactory measurements of national income.
		It is valuable to have a summary of the various "irrationalities" of the Soviet economy, but the subject is certainly not a new one, and Soviet economics itself is very outspoken today on this very point.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/12604 (993 words)

	Tajikistan - Transition to a Market Economy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the last years of the Soviet system, Tajikistan followed the rest of the union in beginning a transition from the conventional Soviet centralized command system to a market economy.
		After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan continued to use the old Soviet ruble until Russia replaced that currency with the Russian ruble in 1994.
		Russia did not send as many rubles as promised, and many of the new rubles that were sent quickly left Tajikistan as inhabitants bought commodities from other Soviet successor states, especially Uzbekistan and Russia.
	countrystudies.us /tajikistan/35.htm (456 words)

	Russian ruble information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The 1000 ruble note of the 1995 series showed the seaport of Vladivostok and the memorial column on obverse and the entrance to Vladivostok on reverse.
		The ruble was rebased on January 1, 1998, with one new ruble equaling 1,000 old rubles.
		Since the break up of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian ruble banknotes and coins have been notable for their lack of portraits, which traditionally were included under both the Tsarist and Communist regimes.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Russian_ruble (2190 words)

	Financial dictionary: RUR (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The ruble or rouble (рубль) is the currency of the Russian Federation (and formerly, of the Soviet Union).
		In Russian, an archaic name for "ruble", tselkovyi, is known, which is a shortening of the "tselkovyi ruble".
		The Soviet ruble of 1961 was theoretically equal to 0,987412 g of gold.
	www.specialinvestor.com /terms/421.html (267 words)

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