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Topic: Soviet satellites

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	NOVA Online \| Russia's Nuclear Warriors \| False Alarms on the Nuclear Front
		The satellites made the detections from their orbits by "seeing" the infrared light that the missiles' motors gave off during powered flight.
		The DSP satellites were capable of detecting the launches of Soviet missiles almost anywhere on the Earth's surface.
		A satellite has to be in a unique position to view a recently launched missile silhouetted against the fl of space.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/missileers/falsealarms.html (2066 words)

	MILNET: Soviet Satellites
		Since the breakup of the former Soviet Union, it is usual not to use the term Soviet or Soviet Union.
		However the current satellite fleet in existence were developed, launched and maintained by the former Soviet Union, therefore it is simpliar to refer to them today as Soviet Satellites.
		Seven satellites to 94 Kosmos ?4 Cover the middle east Kosmos ?5 War between Egypt and Kosmos ?6 Israel.
	www.milnet.com /sovsats.htm (641 words)

	American Geosynchronous SIGINT Satellites
		The Spook Bird satellites developed by TRW under contract to the USAF were intended to monitor the radio communications of command posts and the staffs of higher-echelon commands in the Soviet armed forces, most importantly those of the strategic rocket forces, the powerful missiles of which evoked the most worry in the American leadership.
		Starting in 1985 third generation SIGINT satellites began to be deployed, and received the designation "Aquacade." They should have replaced Rhyolite satellites which had expended their consumables and, in distinction to the Chalet satellites, carried out a wider variety of missions in monitoring the radioelectronic situation in the USSR.
		The first hint of the development of the heavy Soviet ICBM which came to be called the SS- 19 was obtained by the Americans as the result of intercepting and decrypting a radio conversation between members of the Politburo and missile designers which was being conducted over a automobile radiotelephones.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/sigint/androart.htm (3593 words)

	ASTRONAUTICS IN THE U. S. S. R.
		Soviet interest in space flight was further revealed by the fact that on September 24, 1954, the Presidium of the U. Academy of Sciences established the K. Tsiolkovskii Gold Medal for outstanding work in the field of interplanetary communications, to be awarded every 3 years beginning with 1957.
		Since the Soviets are masters in the arts of exploitation and long-range planning, as well as being endowed with a native competence in matters scientific and technological, it is not difficult to imagine the alacrity with which they assimilated the Peenemünde program and adapted it to their own plans for world domination.
		Soviet confidence an the ultimate result is reflected in the fact that, whereas originally authorities exhorted sputnik observers-professional as well as amateur-to send their tracking data to Moskva-Sputnik, they now ask that data be sent to Moskva-Kosmos.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/conghand/astrussr.htm (8813 words)

	American Geosynchronous SIGINT Satellites
		The Spook Bird satellites developed by TRW under contract to the USAF were intended to monitor the radio communications of command posts and the staffs of higher-echelon commands in the Soviet armed forces, most importantly those of the strategic rocket forces, the powerful missiles of which evoked the most worry in the American leadership.
		Starting in 1985 third generation SIGINT satellites began to be deployed, and received the designation "Aquacade." They should have replaced Rhyolite satellites which had expended their consumables and, in distinction to the Chalet satellites, carried out a wider variety of missions in monitoring the radioelectronic situation in the USSR.
		The first hint of the development of the heavy Soviet ICBM which came to be called the SS- 19 was obtained by the Americans as the result of intercepting and decrypting a radio conversation between members of the Politburo and missile designers which was being conducted over a automobile radiotelephones.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/library/report/1993/androart.htm (3603 words)

	The U.S. Anti-Satellite Program: A Key Element in the National Strategy of Deterrence
		The Soviet Armed Forces shall be provided with all resources necessary to attain military superiority in outer space sufficient both to deny the use of outer space to other states and to assure maximum space-based military support for Soviet offensive and defensive combat operations on land, at sea, in air, and in outer space.
		The Soviet Union is, therefore, fully aware of both the strategic importance to the United States of military satellites and of the severe impact of their loss upon the U.S. capability to alert and direct our military forces in the event of a war.
		The absence of a U.S. ASAT capability to put at risk Soviet satellites could be seen by the Soviets as a substantial factor enhancing their ability to attack U.S. and allied forces.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/asat/reag87.html (2858 words)

	Space War
		The Soviet laser "hosings" of costly satellites, details of which remain classified, occurred throughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s, and sent U.S. scientists scrambling to shield the space surveillance system.
		When the Soviet Union dissolved, it was in the process of building a new battle-ready laser at Nurek in Tadzhikstan and a second 500 miles away at Khazakstan in the Caucasus Mountains.
		U.S. scientists targeted the Soviet satellites with beams from ground-based facilities in Maui and Oahu, Hawaii and San Juan Capistrano, Calif., according to former Air Force officials.
	www.g2mil.com /spacewar.htm (1000 words)

	Antenna, November 2002
		Satellite telemetry and command systems (also called command and control systems) provide the essential link between satellites and the people who operate them.
		When the Soviets failed in their bid to send a piloted mission to the moon in December 1968, the United States knew about the failure, because the Soviet tracking and recovery ships in the Indian Ocean dispersed or returned to port.
		In this manner, the Soviet Union created a single satellite command and control network that was perhaps more economical and more efficient than its U.S. counterparts, because it served both civilian scien-tists and the military, while the United States had two separate sys-tems for civilian and military uses.
	www.mercurians.org /nov2002/arnold.html (1517 words)

	[FPSPACE] Early Soviet weather satellites? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Because cloud cover was readily identifiable in the pictures, CIA experts consulted representatives of the US Weather Bureau's National Meteorological Satellite Centre and came to the conclusion that the pictures had most likely been made by experimental meteorological satellites.
		Now we know that these were Zenit-2 spy satellites that not only returned developed film to Earth, but also carried a read-out device called Baikal which scanned some of the film in orbit and transmitted the images to Earth electronically.
		At any rate, these satellites certainly were not dedicated weather satellites.
	www.friends-partners.org /pipermail/fpspace/2003-December/010426.html (348 words)

	[No title]
		We have found though that these very satellites they we've put up in the air to improve people's lives, to improve communication, also can be used as instruments of war.
		Academician Yuri Ryzhov is the Chairman of the Science, Education and Culture Committee in the Supreme Soviet, the Soviet parliament.
		Experts generally agree that the Soviet system poses no serious threat to satellites in high, 22,000-mile orbits, where the most valuable US early warning and communications satellites are located.
	www.cdi.org /adm/Transcripts/346 (3361 words)

	Soviet-era satellites leaked lethal debris - Space News - MSNBC.com
		Old Soviet nuclear powered satellites leaked a trail of menacing radioactive droplets that have become a debris threat to other spacecraft.
		Tiny spheres of liquid sodium-potassium (NaK) reactor coolant dripped from the former Soviet Union’s radar ocean reconnaissance satellites, known as RORSATs.
		This class of satellite -- no longer launched -- carried a nuclear reactor to power a large radar dish that enabled day/night snooping of Earth’s oceans.
	msnbc.msn.com /id/4626592 (1434 words)

	OpinionJournal - John Fund on the Trail
		Thatcher and declared, "It is the Soviet Union that runs against the tide of history by denying human freedom and human dignity to its citizens.
		That strategy rested on six pillars: support internal disruption in Soviet satellites, especially Poland; dry up sources of hard currency; overload the Soviet economy with a technology-based arms race; slow the flow of Western technology to Moscow; raise the cost of the wars it was fighting; and demoralize the Soviets by generating pressure for change.
		They had reason to worry: Contrived computer chips found their way into Soviet military equipment, flawed turbines were installed on a gas pipeline, and defective plans disrupted chemical plants and tractor factories.
	www.opinionjournal.com /diary/?id=110005181 (932 words)

	Korolev-- Sputnik
		At the present time the satellite is moving in an elliptical trajectory around the Earth and its flight can be observed in the rays of the eastern and western Sun with the help of simple optical instruments (binoculars, spyglasses, etc.).
		Then he covered the pioneering scientific measurements which the Soviet satellite would make--the Earth's magnetic fields, the "ionic composition of the upper layers of the atmosphere," the "corpuscular radiation of the Sun," cosmic radiation, possible micrometeorites.
		Discussion of Korolev's satellite proposal before that body, according to a 1992 report by a journalist in a Moscow magazine, was "sharp, the opponents arguing primarily about the tight timing," and "complete agreement was not achieved." Korolev had to go back to the Commission a second time.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/sputnik/harford.html (6570 words)

	Metal coolant adds to space junk risk - 18 April 2004 - New Scientist
		At the end of their lives, these satellites were supposed to be boosted to a parking orbit at 900 kilometres, but in 1978 Cosmos 954 failed to boost, and scattered radioactive debris across Canada when it re-entered the atmosphere.
		To prevent a repetition, Soviet engineers designed later satellites to allow the reactor to be ejected.
		The idea was that this would be done after the satellite reached the parking orbit, but in emergencies it could be done in low orbit.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn4882 (610 words)

	THE SOVIET MANNED LUNAR PROGRAM - Title
		Soviet capability in space became clear to the world in October 1957, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite.
		Since all the early satellites and lunar probes were launched on converted intercontinental ballistic missiles, the Soviet advantage underlined fears in the US that a "missile gap" existed between it and its Cold War enemy, an issue that Kennedy exploited to his advantage in the 1960 presidential campaign.
		Although the future course of the Soviet space program was unclear when the Soyuz was conceived in 1959-62 (space stations, lunar missions or even a manned flight around Mars were considered), it was generally agreed on that rendezvous and docking would play a major role.
	www.myspacemuseum.com /moon1.htm (9277 words)

	Air Force seeks to strengthen satellite defense system (11/1/06) -- www.GovernmentExecutive.com
		The Air Force is trying to reestablish the robust defensive system it had to counter Soviet satellites during the Cold War, the service's head of space acquisitions said Tuesday.
		Satellites are becoming more important to U.S. military operations as the Pentagon pushes its network-centric warfare vision, where military units worldwide are tied together by sophisticated battle command computer networks that transmit huge amounts of data via satellite.
		The United States also is trying to expand its understanding of the space environment so that when one of its satellites develops problems, the military can instantly determine whether it was due to natural environmental factors, such as radiation, or an attack by a hostile satellite.
	www.govexec.com /story_page.cfm?articleid=35387&dcn=todaysnews (663 words)

	Radiation and Satellite Surveillance Existing Technologies Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This literally means the gathering of data from the satellite and transmittal to the ground station and the "observers" on the ground, all as it happens.
		This being a much desired upgrade over the early versions of recon satellites which spit out film packages or recording packages on a parachute each of which had to be recovered in order to get the data you desired.
		Collateral: Military Satellite with a primary mission is other than space surveillance but either there is a second set of sensors on board or the primary sensor can be used for overhead reconaissance.
	www.rhfweb.com /hweb/shared2/usexist.html (4477 words)

	Cnes - French researcher at the science bar
		In the early 1970s, a new generation of Soviet satellites called Prognoz was developed.
		The French SWAN instrument on the SOHO solar observation satellite is one recent example.
		SWAN utilizes the method demonstrated with Prognoz and used by French researcher Rosine Lallement to predict the distance to the heliopause, the boundary area where the interstellar wind meets the solar wind.
	www.cnes.fr /web/5499-french-researcher-at-the-science-bar.php (487 words)

	Spaceline: Chronology Leading to Explorer I
		Soviet rocket expert M.K. Tikhonravov announces that Soviet technology is at least on a par with that of the U.S. and could well result in the launching of satellites.
		Soviet rocketry expert A.N. Nesmeyanov states that both a carrier vehicle and satellite are being readied for launch.
		The Soviet government releases to the world public the frequencies to be transmitted from a Soviet satellite whose launch is described as imminent.
	www.spaceline.org /explorerchron.html (5261 words)

	HobbySpace - Satellite Watching
		There are now many satellite tracking programs, both online and offline, that can give you the sky coordinates for a given object at a given time and location.
		As you get more involved in satellite observing, you probably will want to use one of the offline tracking programs, many of which are freeware.
		Hughes Aerospace, for example, used it recently to plan the maneuvers of a communications satellite, which was placed in a useless orbit by a fualty launcher, to use lunar swingbys to put it into a viable orbit.
	www.hobbyspace.com /SatWatching (3368 words)

	Russia is seeking to re-establish its :: ENN
		Fear of Moscow is acute across central Europe 15 years after it escaped Soviet clutches and reoriented itself toward the West, a process crowned with its E.U. entry this year.
		The Russian energy giants that have emerged from the Soviet oil monopoly have unsuccessfully bid for a number of refineries and petrol distribution chains in the region, reflecting widespread suspicion of Russian investment.
		Poland, the biggest economy among the former Soviet satellites, in 2002 blocked a bid by LUKOIL (LKOH.RTS) to buy the country's second largest refinery, Rafineria Gdanska.
	www.enn.com /today.html?id=270 (649 words)

	Digital National Security Archive, Introductions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		MIDAS satellites were to operate in 2,000-mile orbits and detect missile launches by the infrared emissions of the missile’s plume.
		The navigational information provided by GPS satellites can be used in helping soldiers traverse a featureless desert or locate themselves in any environment and in guiding B-52s and cruise missiles to their targets.
		The Fleet Satellite Communications System consists of four satellites in geosynchronous orbit, with 23 channels, 10 used exclusively by the Navy for communications among various elements of the fleet and 12 by the Air Force.
	nsarchive.chadwyck.com /msessayx.htm (4051 words)

	Newton's Apple: Teacher's Guides
		The study and exploration of space is a quest for excellence and adventure, as well as a thirst for unlocking the secrets of the unknown.
		The Soviet Union uses their Space Station Mir to study the effects of long durations of weightlessness on the cosmonaut space travellers.
		In upcoming years, U.S. astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts are expected to once again fly together in space, forging friendships that could lead to a joint mission to the distant dunes of Mars.
	www.ktca.org /newtons/9/sviet.html (982 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Jews in the Soviet Satellites, by Peter Meyer, Bernard D. Weinryb, Eugene Duschinsky, Nicolas ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Jews in the Soviet Satellites, by Peter Meyer, Bernard D. Weinryb, Eugene Duschinsky, Nicolas Sylvain
		...gration purely according to the dictates of Soviet raison d'etat...
		...Like Solomon M. Schwarz's The Jews in the Soviet Union, of which it is a pendent-being likewise sponsored by the American Jewish Committee-this study brings out the increasingly anti-Semitic attitude of the Communist regimes...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V16I6P102-1.htm (1376 words)

	U.S physics blunder almost ended space programs [Free Republic]
		It was discovered in Kremlin files after the fall of the Soviet government.
		I always thought there was something very strange about the pace at which the Soviets launched spy satellites.
		if a satellite is inactive or "dark" the Pentagon does not become aware of its mission until it becomes activated, and by then it's too late.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3a319f7f21b9.htm (3557 words)

	Historic Sniper Scopes - A comparative Study
		One of the more interesting uses of this scope was on the Finnish M39, a much-improved variant of the original Mosin-Nagant design and considered by many to be arguably the best bolt-action service rifle ever made.
		The PU telescopic sight, along with the longer 4 power PE, was the principal optical device used throughout WWII by Soviet forces.
		While simple, it provided a mass-produced means of arming the Soviets and her satellites with an efficient and reliable telescopic sight.
	www.snipercountry.com /Articles/HistoricSniperScopes_PUScope.asp (1012 words)

	Space Operations Real Space Wars StrategyPage.com
		"killer satellites" that would be used in the event of war.
		Such dark satellites are highly unlikely to be identified as a threat, these
		When the Soviet Union dissolved, it was in the process of building a new
	www.strategypage.com /messageboards/messages/21-158.asp (1224 words)

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