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Topic: Soviet space program

	Soviet Space History
		Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union the Russian Federation conducted space operations at a reduced level basically using assets and systems that were 'in the pipeline' before the end of the Communist government.
		Soviet Space History - Era of the Chief Designers (1950 to 1960) - The first concrete studies for spacecraft and launch vehicles were initiated in 1956.
		Second Generation Soviet Space Systems - (1975 to 1985) In April 1972 work began to draft a five year plan for satellites to be used in the 1985-1990 period.
	www.astronautix.com /articles/sovstory.htm (1197 words)

	Article: Shadows of the Soviet Space Age, by Paul Lucas
		Rather, it shines a light onto some of the obscure episodes of the Soviet space program that were either quickly forgotten in the West, or never known of until after the fall of the Soviet Union.
		For military projects, with which the space program was inexorably intertwined, this was done in overlapping ten year increments, namely a five year planning stage followed by a five year implementation stage.
		Soviet space plans were massively restructured to meet this perceived threat, with the goal of full deployment of space-based weapon systems by the end of the millennium.
	www.strangehorizons.com /2004/20040503/shadows.shtml (4288 words)

	Living Legend of Soviet Space Program Talks Tito
		Boris Chertok, a close associate of Sergey Korolev, the Soviet Chief Designer who masterminded the Russian side of the space race, is strongly in favor of Dennis Tito's trip.
		Chertok, who used to develop flight control systems for Soviet man-rated boosters and missiles, is 90 years old and is considered a living legend in Russian cosmonautics.
		When Korolev said this, the Soviet people were often given free stays in sanatoriums (vacation retreats) and resorts.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/launches/chertok_reax_010428.html (452 words)

	Soviet Space Program -- from Eric Weisstein's Encyclopedia of Scientific Books
		The Soviet Manned Space Program: An Illustrated History of the Men, the Missions, and the Spacecraft.
		Johnson, Nicholas L. The Soviet Reach for the Moon: The L-1 and L-3 Manned Lunar Programs and the Story of the N-1 `Moon Rocket'.
		Discussed planned soviet unmanned scientific spacecraft planned for the late 1980s and through the beginning of the 21st century.
	www.ericweisstein.com /encyclopedias/books/SovietSpaceProgram.html (362 words)

	Category:Soviet space program - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		From World War II until its breakup, the Soviet Union undertook projects to build rockets, craft, and instruments for war and exploration of space.
		The leader of the Soviet space program, Sergey Korolev was known only as the "chief designer" during his life.
		Only through glasnost have many facts about the program become public knowledge.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Category:Soviet_space_program (106 words)

	October Surprise: Red Star In Orbit
		Soviet Premier Nikita Khruschchev and his Chief Rocket Designer Sergei Korolev stunned Americans and impressed the world in the first week of October 1957, when an enormous R-7 booster blasted the world's first ever artificial satellite, Sputnik I, into orbit around the earth at a speed of 18,000 miles per hour.
		The dazzling progress of the first 15 years of the Space Age - from 1957, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, to the last Apollo moon landing - was followed by nearly three decades of energetic low orbit economic and scientific exploitation of space.
		It was the prescient obituary for both the U.S. and Soviet space programs.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/oped-04zg.html (1079 words)

	Spaceflight :The Soviet Race to the Moon
		After the Americans reached the Moon, the Soviets denied that they had ever tried to compete, and it was only in 1989, 20 years after Apollo 11, that the Soviets finally admitted that they had tried to beat the Americans-and failed.
		Soviet aspirations to send humans to the Moon date back to the early 1960s when legendary Chief Designer Sergey Korolev proposed a number of projects to send Soviet cosmonauts around the Moon and back, i.e., a “circumlunar” mission.
		The Soviet military, specifically the Strategic Missile Forces, which controlled the purse strings of the space program, was reluctant to support a politically motivated project like a Moon program that had little or no military utility.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/SPACEFLIGHT/soviet_lunar/SP21.htm (1656 words)

	Russian Space Agency
		The Russian Space Agency (RKA) was formed after the breakup of the former Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Soviet space program.
		A past program that was pursued by the former Soviet space agency was the shuttle Buran program.
		The Soviet space program was also the first nation to launch a satellite into orbit (Sputnik I) and competed against the United States in the race to the moon.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /rsa/rsa.html (291 words)

	Mysterious cosmonaut deaths
		The strange coincidence of the deaths of two Soviet cosmonauts in August have raised some eyebrows and some questions: Are the Soviets having problems with their space program that they're trying to shroud in secrecy as they have in the past?
		But, James E. Oberg, a leading U.S. expert on the Soviet space program, says that what appears to be another overlay of Russian secrecy out of the past is most likely a bizarre coincidence.
		It took the Soviets 25 years to reveal that Cosmonaut Valentin Bondarenko died in 1961 after being trapped inside a spacecraft that caught fire during a test.
	www.chron.com /content/interactive/space/missions/mir/news/1988/19881023.html (808 words)

	Designers & scientists of the Russian space program
		Soviet rocket scientist and Chief Designer of OKB-52 (later TsKBM, NPO Mashinostroenia), He led the development of several generations of Soviet cruise missiles, and of the Proton rocket, the UR-200 and UR-100 ICBMs, and the Almaz space station.
		Soviet historians regarded him as a theoretician of Soviet cosmonautics.
		Korolev is widely regarded as a founder of the Soviet space program.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /people.html (992 words)

	The Soviet Space Shuttle Program (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The purpose of this article is to review the status of the Soviet space shuttle program as reported in Western open-source literature, to describe possible applications, and to develop the implications of the Soviet space shuttle to United States national security.
		Given the facts that the Soviet Union is developing a broad technology base for expanded space missions, understands the costs of numerous one-time manned launches, and is intimately aware of the development of the United States space shuttle launcher and spacecraft, it is not surprising that the Soviets would develop their own space shuttle.
		Space has been the scientific area to which the Soviets have been able to point with great national pride, having established an impressive list of firsts, highlighted by Sputnik 1 and the first manned space mission in the Vostok program.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1980/may-jun/forbrich.html (3556 words)

	Chapter 20 -- The Russian Space Programs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Initially, the Soviet space program was thought to be a number of political "stunts" done to show the rest of the world the superiority of the Communist system.
		The Soviet/Russian space stations gradually evolved using a basic core from the Salyut 1 program and then gradually improving it until the present MIR space station with its various modules which are all variants of the original Salyut 1 core vehicle.
		In spite of the disappointment of the Apollo 8 circumlunar mission, the Soviets continued to pursue the Moon landing, L-3 program throughout 1968 with the development of the lunar lander (LK), the Lunar orbiter (LOK), and the N-1 rocket.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter20.html (6095 words)

	Amazon.com: SOVIET MANNED SPACE PROGRAM: Books: Phillip Clark
		This book is as much a detective story about trying to gather information in the pre- glasnost Soviet Union as it is an exhaustive history of every Soviet manned space mission.
		Of particular interest is the coverage of the Soviets' unsuccessful manned lunar program of the 1960s.
		Nevertheless, given its excellent illustrations, as well as the burgeoning Soviet space program itself, this is still highly recommended.
	www.amazon.com /SOVIET-MANNED-SPACE-PROGRAM-Phillip/dp/051756954X (402 words)

	The Space Review: Cosmos unmasked: studying Soviet and Russian space history in the 21st century (page 1)
		However, despite its addition, the Chinese space program remains a minor topic at the symposium, limited primarily by the lack of researchers who are focusing on Chinese space.
		As a result, for years the study of Soviet space activities was akin to detective work using very limited clues, and the people who dominated the study were usually amateur sleuths.
		There are no indications that the CIA had sources inside the Soviet space program, and thus they built up an assessment of what the Soviets were planning based upon satellite photography, comments by officials and cosmonauts, technical publications, and analogues of what the United States was doing.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/648/1 (2676 words)

	THE SOVIET MANNED LUNAR PROGRAM
		Two years later, the Soviets extended their early lead in space by launching probes that hit the Moon (Luna 2) and returned the historic first photograph of the far side of the Moon (Luna 3).
		Although the future course of the Soviet space program was unclear when the Soyuz was conceived in 1959-62 (space stations, lunar missions or even a manned flight around Mars were considered), it was generally agreed on that rendezvous and docking would play a major role.
		Although the Soviets were still hoping that an unplanned setback might delay the Apollo program long enough to permit a Soviet cosmonaut to get to the Moon first, they were forced to prepare for the worst after Apollo 8.
	www.fas.org /spp/eprint/lindroos_moon1.htm (9269 words)

	Born In The USSR - Soviet Space Gifts, Russian Mir Shirts, Models, Buran Space Shuttle
		Each stamp depicts the astronauts, the space center, the official mission logo, and a gold rendition of the two spacecraft leaving the earth, their space meeting, and re-entry.
		This patch was worn by all Soviet Cosmonauts until the fall of the USSR in 1992.
		Launched by the Soviet Union on February 20th 1986, This patch was worn by Cosmonauts before and after the fall of the USSR in 1992.
	www.bornintheussr.com /space.htm (825 words)

	Blazing Satellites: Guns in Space!
		A Salyut 5 crew member denies the existence of a cannon on that station, so perhaps the wisdom of outfitting a space station with a cannon was rethought, or maybe, the U.S. having had no manned spaceflight capability between 1975 and 1981, low Earth orbit was deemed insufficiently target-rich to justify such weaponry.
		The survival kit in the Soyuz spacecraft which ferries cosmonauts to and from the Mir space station is said to contain, among other things, a pistol and ammunition.
		This is not so much to put down the occasional space mutiny, but as a precaution in case of an off-course landing in a region with dangerous wildlife.
	www.fourmilab.ch /documents/spaceguns (619 words)

	Inside the Soviet Space Program
		The program was developed by Geary Broadnax, Executive Assistant to the Senior Vice-President at the Houston Post, Fred Baldwin, Director of Houston FotoFest, and Natalya Yermilina, Assignments Editor of Fotokhronika TASS.
		On board the joint U.K./U.S.S.R. space flight are two Russian cosmonauts, Anatoli Artsebarski and Sergi Krikalyov, and the first British cosmonaut, Helen Sharman.
		The entire Soviet space program looks primitive to me. With modifications, they are using the same booster they used 30 years ago.
	home.att.net /~hotdog321/sovietspace.htm (960 words)

	SpSt 450 Soviet/Russian Space Program (Site not responding. Last check: )
		From the launch of the world's first satellite to the present space station, the Soviet Union and Russia have dominated the world's space stage.
		A study of the Soviet/Russian Space Program determines why this country has been so successful in its space exploration despite economic and cultural chaos.
		This course presents the development of the Russian Space Program from its eariest roots to its plans for collaboration with the U.S. on an international space station.
	www.space.edu /Information/MasterProg/450.asp (131 words)

	Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge -Asif A. Siddiqi- A new book from the University Press of Florida
		First published by NASA in 2000 as Challenge to Apollo, these two volumes are the first comprehensive history of the Soviet-manned space programs covering a period of thirty years, from the end of World War II, when the Soviets captured German rocket technology, to the collapse of their moon program in the mid-1970s.
		The spectacular Soviet successes of Sputnik--the first Earth satellite (1957) and Yuri Gagarin--the first man in space (1961) shocked U.S. leaders and prompted President John F. Kennedy to set the goal of landing a man on the moon before the end of the 1960s.
		The epic story of the Soviet space program remained shrouded in secrecy until the unprecedented opening of top secret documents.
	www.upf.com /Spring2003/Siddiqi1.htm (473 words)

	Boing Boing: Soviet space pioneer Sergey Korolyov's 100th birthday
		[Friday, January 12th 2007 was] the 100th anniversary of the birth of a giant of space exploration -- Sergey Korolyov (sometimes also transliterated as Sergei Korolev).
		For much of the 20th century, Korolyov was the prime driving factor behind the Soviet space program.
		Yet during Korolyov's life, even his existence was a Soviet state secret -- he was only ever publicly referred to as the "Chief Designer." After his death, he finally received some recognition for his accomplishments, yet many parts of Korolyov's life and work were more rumor than fact until after the collapse of the USSR.
	www.boingboing.net /2007/01/13/soviet_space_pioneer.html (263 words)

	Universe Today
		If space agencies started planning now, the scientists hope there could be a lander on the surface of Europa within 15 years.
		Not only that, but scientists will use Planck to understand the overall geometry of space, the density of normal matter versus dark matter, and the rate at which the Universe is accelerating apart.
		Once it was in orbit, and its optics repaired, SN 1987A was one of the first targets for the Hubble Space Telescope.
	www.universetoday.com (2115 words)

	Buran
		The Soviets built a bewildering number of airframes - both partial and complete - for every sort of vibration, electrical and static test imaginable to make up for their lack of computer simulation.
		Unfortunately, the collapse of the USSR hasn't changed that policy: the Russians are just as selfish and miserly although their photographic archives must be bulging with spectacular images of their Salyut space stations, their moon rocket and Zond programs, the early manned missions and so on, to name but a few.
		I would have thought that the Soviets must have been expecting to launch their 2nd (crew-capable) vehicle within a year or so at most and that it would have been named and painted around that time, although it appears not if this is in fact that vehicle.
	www.netspace.net.au /~pargoo/buran.html (1224 words)

	Soviet Lunar Space Program
		While all this was taking place, Korolev hurriedly designed a manned 'stopgap' program called Voskhod ('Sunrise') to satisfy Khrushchev's appetite for new space spectaculars.
		The Chelomei bureau fell from favor after Khrushchev was removed from power (Logsdon, 1994), and ist contract for the circumlunar spacecraft was cancelled sometime in 1965 (Lebedev,1993), despite reports that ten LK-1 capsules were under construction by September of that year (Pesavento,1994).
		But the real, principal reasons were that (1) the Soviets entered the Moon race far too late; (2) the lack of cooperation between the leading personalities such as Korolev/Mishin vs.
	www.meduni-graz.at /iap/lunar.htm (9124 words)

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