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Soviet submarine K 479

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	Russian / Soviet Mines
		It was the most widely used Soviet mine of World War II with 16,794 mines laid down during the first year of the war.
		Submarine launched mine with pneumatic flotation mechanism, which allowed the mine to be set at any depth and held it there for up to 10 days.
		Submarine mine for launching from 533 mm (21") torpedo tubes of standard submarines.
	www.navweaps.com /Weapons/WAMRussian_Mines.htm (1350 words)

	Operation Torch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Soviet Union had pressed the United States and Britain to start operations in Europe, and open a second front to reduce the pressure of German forces on the Russian troops.
		The Vichy French had around 60,000 soldiers in Morocco as well as coastal artillery, a handful of tanks and aircraft, with ten or so warships and 11 submarines at Casablanca.
		General Mark Wayne Clark, one of Eisenhower's senior commanders, was dispatched to Cherchell in Algeria aboard HMS Seraph, a submarine, and met with these Vichy French officers on 21 October, 1942.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_Torch (2587 words)

	MBARI - Marcia McNutt, Publications
		Thermal and mechanical constraints on the lithosphere beneath the Marquesas swell.
		Submarine hydrogeology of the Hawaiian archipelagic apron, Part 1, Heat flow patterns north of Oahu and Maro Reef.
		Submarine hydrogeology of the Hawaiian archipelagic apron, Part 1, Numerical simulations of flow.
	www.mbari.org /staff/marcia/pubs.htm (1455 words)

	CRS Report: 98-496 - Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Demarcation and Succession Agreements: Background and Issues - NLE
		Consequently, Russia appeared to be a logical successor to the Soviet Union for the ABM Treaty.
		Even if the United States had agreed to "grandfather" older Soviet facilities that were outside Russia, this new radar would have violated the Treaty's mandate that all future radars be located on the nation's periphery.
		The "Tashkent Agreement" of 1992 allocated Soviet allotments under the CFE Treaty to Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine, and Georgia.
	www.ncseonline.org /nle/crsreports/international/inter-68.cfm (11059 words)

	Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On June 22, 1941, Hitler broke the pact with the Soviet Union by opening the Eastern Front and invading the Soviet Union.
		Although initially the German army rapidly advanced into the surprised Soviet Union, the Battle of Stalingrad marked a major turning point in the war.
		Germany and Berlin were occupied and partitioned by the Allies into four military occupation zones controlled by France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Germany (6646 words)

	The Psychology of Isolation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Submariners are highly motivated volunteers who seek financial and educational rewards from their duty.
		There are generally no women submariners and no crew members from cultures outside the United States, and these factors, despite agreement on symptomology observed with other analogies and experiments tend to make this analogy a tenuous one for the heterogenous space station.
		The psychosocial support program of the Soviets may not be copyable exactly for use by the United States and other western space powers because of the culture gap, but it is an intrigueing starting point for the psychosocial development of Freedom.
	www.space.edu /libraryresearch/undgrant.html (8774 words)

	Timeline Russia 1911-1944
		Although he participated in writing the 1936 Soviet constitution, he was ultimately expelled from the Communist Party in 1937 for being a Trotskyite, was falsely accused and found guilty of counterrevolutionary activities and espionage.
		The Soviets were feted in the U.S. for their accomplishment and each honored as Heroes of the Soviet Union.
		The Soviets began a counter-attack with 17 armies and their T-34 tanks that included 25 Siberian divisions and the Nazis were forced to retreat in panic.
	timelines.ws /countries/RUS_B_1911_1944.HTML (12764 words)

	BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 4(2) September-October 2001
		Thereafter Ghazi's primary role was the ASW training of Pakistan's surface fleet flotilla and the training of submarine personnel to man the new Daphne class submarines being acquired from France.
		As minesweepers and the Daphne class submarines did not have the range to operate in the Bay of Bengal, it was assumed that the submarine Ghazi was stalking the Vikrant.
		He was told that if the deception plan had worked, the Ghazi would be prowling about, looking for the Vikrant and in the darkness, she may mistake one of the merchantmen for the carrier and have a go or could be laying a mine-field.
	www.bharat-rakshak.com /MONITOR/ISSUE4-2/harry.html (2555 words)

	FRUS 1961-63, Vol. XI Cuba: 346-360 documents and memos
		Carlos Rafael Rodriguez, writing in a Soviet publication late last year, claimed that 80 percent of agricultural production in Cuba is now accounted for by farms operated by or under the close control of the state and that a similar percentage of industrial production comes from state-owned plants.
		Soviet technicians have been active, though thus far apparently with only partial success, in the two Cuban nickel plants confiscated by the Castro regime in 1960, one of them, at Nicaro, US-government owned.
		The Soviet Union is not believed to have sent to Cuba any guided missiles or nuclear weapons; it is possible that some surface-to-air missiles are to be delivered to Cuba, but none are believed to have arrived thus far.
	karws.gso.uri.edu /Marsh/Bay_of_Pigs/346_360.html (17353 words)

	German battleships
		The SMS Westfalen was commissioned in November 1909. Her first combat mission was that of the Battle of Jutland, where she was damaged by enemy shells. The in 1915, she also led an attack on the British fleet at Jutland during the night in which they sank four British destroyers.
		Then on 19 August 1916, she was torpedoed by a British submarine in the North Sea. Westfalen was turned into a training ship in 1918 and was given to the British on 5 August 1920. She was scrapped in 1924.
		The SMS Rheinland was commissioned in April 1910, she too was part of the Battle of Jutland, where she received damages. On 11 April 1918, she ran aground in the Aaland Sea and was towed to Kiel. She became an accommodation ship without having any repairs done on her. She was scrapped on July 1920.
	www.ussmissouri.com /Battleship-German.htm (1289 words)

	Second World War Books Review
		In Warsaw, though, the greatest devastation was caused by the 1944 Polish uprising and the 1943 uprising of the Jewish ghetto; in Stalingrad the Soviets had been able to evacuate the majority of the civilian population.
		Mary K. Browne, observing from her American Red Cross Center across the road, described it as "a riot of about two thousand" that "steadily grew in size and seriousness." The name "Cigarette War" refers to one precipitating factor: the banning of sales of American cigarettes to Australians.
		The participation of men from the submarine base was minor, reflecting their small numbers in the total of Brisbane servicemen.
	www.sonic.net /~bstone/archives/050717.shtml (3222 words)

	wiki/1990 Definition / wiki/1990 Research
		February 7 - Collapse of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist PartyThe Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за = КПСС) was the name used by the successors of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from 1952 to 1991, but the wording C...
		The GDR was proclaimed in the Soviet sector of Berlin on October 7, 1949.
		It was declared fully sovereign in 1954, but Soviet troops remained on grounds of the four-power Potsdam agreement, largely to counteract the American presence in West Germany during the Cold War.
	www.elresearch.com /wiki/1990 (13630 words)

	Strategic Equivalence: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		To produce this conclusion, ACDA assumed that differences in Soviet and American target systems were not significant and evaluated the effectiveness of both nations’ forces against a hypothetical common set of 1500 hard targets and 5000 soft targets.
		And if the Soviets are preempting rather than retaliating, there is no reason to believe they would seek to destroy as many soft countervalue targets as hard military ones.
		The U.S. position that LRTNF are balanced by Soviet intermediate range SS-20s and Backfires is rejected because those weapons cannot reach U.S. territory; "equal security" of the two superpowers in terms of homeland vulnerability, rather than "essential equivalence" in force levels, is the Soviet criterion for parity.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1981/nov-dec/betts.htm (4303 words)

	German coastal defence in Norway during WW II
		The ammo was a depth charge, which got rocket-fired from the shore, and into the water where it sank to the predestined depth, and exploded.
		One unit was added In sept ’44, with 2 x 10,5 cm K 331 (f) guns, and palced at Mörvika.
		These replaced the original 4 x 10,5 cm K 332 (f) guns, which was transferred out of Norway in august ’44.
	www.feldgrau.com /norwcoast.html (7496 words)

	Out of Balance: Will Conventional ICBMs Destroy Deterrence? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		During the Khrushchev years, the Soviet posture was relatively weak, and the threats bombastic and unrestrained.
		Ten years later, both the Soviet empire and its successor (the Commonwealth of Independent States) have dissolved; part of the former empire is at war with Russia; parts of the former bloc are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); and Soviet-style communist governments have disappeared everywhere except North Korea and Cuba.
		But Soviet authorities might have used nuclear weapons under similar circumstances 15 years ago, depending on their calculations of force balances and perceptions of Western intentions.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/apj01/fal01/butterworth.html (6306 words)

	CHAPTER 22: World War II: The War Against Germany and Italy
		In the last two years of the war the submarines would sink only one-seventh of the shipping they did in the earlier years.
		Soon after the opening of the Soviet January offensive, the Western Allies began a new drive to reach and cross the Rhine, the last barrier to the industrial heart of Germany.
		With Berlin in Soviet hands, Hitler a suicide, and almost every corner of Germany overrun, emissaries of the German Government surrendered on May 7 at General Eisenhower's headquarters in Reims, France.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/BOOKS/amh/amh-22.htm (8860 words)

	van Creveld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		If, at present, the number of states with nuclear weapons in their arsenals remains limited to eight, on the whole this is due less to a lack of capability than to a lack of will on the part of potential proliferators.
		The time since the Soviet Union tested its first atom bomb suggests that the fears of nuclear proliferation proved to be greatly exaggerated.
		Of the former Soviet navy, built by Admiral Sergei Gorshkov in order to project the power of the state, little remains but rusting surface vessels and old, poorly maintained submarines that allegedly are liable to leak nuclear material into the sea.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/2000/autumn/art2-a00.htm (8297 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		T. 37-48" Sea level P "Kaplin, P.A., LeontÕev, _._., LukÕanova, S._., Nikiforov, L.G. (1991) Berega (Coasts) Moscow, MyslÕ, 479 p." general theory O "Kaplin, P.A., LukÕyanova, S.A. (1992) Beregovaya zona i pod""em urovnya okeana (Coastal zone and sea level rise) In: Evolyutsiya beregov v usloviyakh podnyatiya urovnya okeana (Evolution of coasts under sea-level rise).
		Obninsk, VNIIGMI-MCD." general theory N "Voskresenskij, K.S. (1992) Sovremennye tempy denudatsii ravnin kriolitozony (Contemporary denudation rate at the plains of cryolithozone) (In: Geoekologiya Severa (Geoecology of the northern regions).
		83-94.)" general theory O "Voskresenskij, K.S., Novikov, V.N. (1991) Termoabraziya i termoeroziya arkticheskikh morej kak sistema ekzogennikh protsessov (Coastal and lateral thermoerosion of the Arctic coasts as the system of exogenous processes) (In: Problemy ekologii polyarnikh oblastei (Problems of polar ecology).
	nsidc.org /fgdc/biblio/acd/ggd629_acd_bib.txt (16209 words)

	Navy League of the United States - Citizens in Support of the Sea Services
		As he astutely observes: "Cold War submariners were also ordinary people doing extraordinary things." Americans often tend to forget that several other countries "fought" the Cold War on the U.S. side, and that British submarines--attack boats as well as "boomers"--were important participants in that conflict.
		Their submarines were joined on that broad sea by opposing British and Dutch submarines, and on one occasion by a U.S. boat.
		One is told how Rickover was not selected for a submarine command although two officers in his squadron who were junior to him were given commands; later, Rickover, a lieutenant commander, is given command of an old minesweeper in the Asiatic Fleet, normally a lieutenant's billet.
	www.navyleague.org /sea_power/almanac_jan_02_10.php (9158 words)

	Houghton Mifflin Textbook - Glossary
		The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another.
		Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed increasingly to the poor, and it organized mass protests demanding self-government and independence.
		The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union.
	college.hmco.com /history/world/bulliet/earth_peoples/2e/students/glossary/index.html (14327 words)

	FAS Email Archives -- Missile Defense Monitor
		Soviet / Russian Strategic and Nuclear Weapons Facilities http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/facility/ This resource provides fairly detailed location information for many if not most of the facilities associated with the Soviet and Russian strategic nuclear weapons programs.
		The director of the Energy Dept.'s Office of Arms Control and Nonproliferation fears that the cuts could mean that one-third of her trained staff would vanish.
		The staff now training hundreds of customs officials in the states of the former Soviet Union could be fired.
	www.fas.org /MHonArc/BMDList_archive/msg00260.html (2804 words)

	Georgetown: Government: Course Announcements
		This course will provide students with an overview of the sources of contemporary Russian foreign policy (including the legacies bequeathed by the Soviet Union) and to examine Russia's position in the international system and her relationships with the great powers and with her immediate neighbors.
		With the coming of the twentieth century, land, air and sea warfare were transformed by the advent of the internal combustion engine that gave rise to the tank, truck, airplane and submarine.
		Nikolas K. Gvosdev is a Senior Fellow in Strategic Studies at The Nixon Center.
	www.georgetown.edu /departments/government/courseannouncements.htm (3314 words)

	The Avalon Project : Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 5
		Now the first point at which this defendant seems to have considered special problems of aggression against the Soviet Union was just after the 20th of April 1941, when the Defendant Rosenberg and this defendant met or communicated to consider the problems which were expected to arise in Occupied Eastern Territory.
		Then, as a matter of fact, as the Tribunal are aware, on the 11th of December 1941 this Defendant Ribbentrop, in the name of the German Government, announced a state of war between Germany and the United States.
		The execution of the crimes will be dealt with by my friends and Soviet colleagues, but it is relevant to show how this defendant participated in the planning of such crimes.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/01-09-46.htm (19859 words)

	IUGG XXI General Assembly: Scientific Program: IAG
		Establishing long-term seafloor stations to cover 70% of the Earth's surface, hosting most of the active plate boundaries and hot spots, is the key to bringing about a breakthrough in understanding the dynamic Earth.
		Scientific objectives and the technological feasibility of establishing deep sea floor stations to observe geophysical or geochemical parameters ranging from ocean to core processes are to be discussed in light of experimental and theoretical studies.
		Specific topics: (1) international coordination of space techniques for geodesy and geodynamics; Wegener project; gravity field determination by satellite gravity-gradiometry; application of space VLBI in the field of astrometry and geodynamics; nongravitational force modelling effects on satellite orbits; spaceborne GPS/GLONASS; time-varying gravitational effects on satellite orbits; altimetry: optimal processing for geodesy, geophysics, and oceanography.
	www.agu.org /iugg/iag_p.html (3218 words)

	LIPs Bibliography
		Ricciardi, K., and Abbott, D., 1996, Increased mantle convection during the mid-Cretaceous: A comparative study of mantle potential temperature, J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 101(B4): 8673-8684.
		Righter, K., Carmichael, I.S.E., Becker, T.A., and Renne, P.R., 1995, Pliocene-Quaternary volcanism and faulting at the intersection of the Gulf of California and the Mexican Volcanic Belt, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 107:612-626.
		Rocha-Campos, A.C., Cordani, U.G., Kawashita, K., Sonoki, H.M., and Sonoki, J.K., 1988, Age of Paran‡ flood volcanism, in E.M. Piccirillo and A.J. Melfi (eds.), The Mesozoic flood volcanism of the Paran‡ Basin, 23-45, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo.
	www.ig.utexas.edu /research/projects/lips/biblio/lips.biblio3.htm (14525 words)

	Washington
		At 1228 on the 27th, the search for Wilcox was abandoned, and command of the task force devolved upon the next senior officer, Rear Admiral Robert C. Giffen, whose flag flew in the cruiser Wichita.
		On the 28th, the force got underway to engage in reconnaissance for the protection of the vital convoys running lend-lease supplies to Murmansk in the Soviet Union.
		The departure of his carrier group, however, came under the scrutiny of the submarine Redfin (SS-272), as it left Tawi Tawi, the westernmost island in the Sulu Archipelago.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/w3/washington-viii.htm (3962 words)

	NARA - ALIC - Compilation of Periodical Literature: Defense Cluster
		Armstrong, Charles K. "The Cultural Cold War in Korea, 1945-1950." Journal of Asian Studies 62, no.1 (February 2003): 71-99.
		"Soviet War Aims at the Moscow and Teheran Conferences of 1943." Journal of Modern History 47, no.3 (September 1975): 481-504.
		Nenninger, Timothy K. "United States Prisoners of War and the Red Army, 1944-1945: Myths and Realities." Journal of Military History 66, no.3 (July 2002): 761-781.
	www.archives.gov /research/alic/periodicals/nara-citations/defense.html (9249 words)

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