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Topic: Sovkhoz

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	Sovkhoz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Under Stalin's collectivization campaign, most farmers were forced into either a sovkhoz or a kolkhoz.
		The distinction between sovkhoz and kolkhoz was not significant in practice most of the time.
		Sovkhoz farms were more dominant in the Asian part of Soviet Union.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sovkhoz (243 words)

	Sovkhoz -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		A sovkhoz ((Click link for more info and facts about Russian language) Russian language: Совхоз, Советское хозяйство;, sovetskoe khoziaistvo, "soviet household"), typically translated as state farm, is a Soviet state-owned farm, in contrast with (A collective farm owned by the communist state) kolkhoz, which is a collective-owned farm.
		Under (Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)) Stalin's (The organization of a nation or economy on the basis of collectivism) collectivization campaign, most farmers were forced into either a sovkhoz or a kolkhoz.
		Sovkhoz farms were more dominant in the (The largest continent with 60% of the earth's population; it is joined to Europe on the west to form Eurasia; it is the site of some of the world's earliest civilizations) Asian part of Soviet Union.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/so/sovkhoz.htm (349 words)

	Eesti Rahva Muuseum
		Members of each sovkhoz (obviously excluding its administration) are divided into 6—7 brigades of 8—10 reindeer herders in each, responsible for some part of the sovkhoz's joint reindeer stock.
		Each division, which originally was an independent sovkhoz included in the enterprise in the period of "magnification" (ukrupneniye) in the 1970s, includes 6—7 brigades and, therefore, repeats the structure of the smaller sovkhozes.
		Similarly, the amount of money reindeer herders get for pasturing the sovkhoz reindeer (which depends on the number of reindeer in the herd minus the price of the supplies provided) is also given to the brigade in general and its further redistribution is supposed to be up to the brigade members.
	www.erm.ee /?node=184 (10277 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 5
		Similarly, during my stay among the reindeer herders of this sovkhoz in the summer of 2000, there were rumors in the brigades that keeping domestic reindeer (with the exception of riding bulls) was to be banned as soon as oil extraction begins, due to insufficient winter pastures.
		Regarding social and economic effects of oil extraction to the subject of reindeer husbandry in the Republic, we should state that a significant correlation exists among the Komi Republic’s reindeer husbandry enterprises between the economic state of the enterprise and the proximity of its slaughtering points and central farmstead to the oil extraction region.
		In the case of the Usinskiy sovkhoz, this is explained by the high purchasing capacity of the inhabitants of this favourable oil extracting area.
	www.npolar.no /ansipra/english/items/Reindeer_herders_Komi.html (4610 words)

	Business & Economy \| Transformation of Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Each sovkhoz and kolkhoz was to establish a reform committee with an equal number of representatives from large-scale farms, farmers and local governments and a representative of the state involved.
		The remaining part of the kolkhoz or sovkhoz property was to be distributed among the members of the farm and other people who are working or had worked for the farm.
		Kolkhozes and sovkhozes and cooperatives and joint-stock companies that have cropped up as a result of the splitting up of large-scale farms are not interested in the formation of owner-operated farms as they would lose the land they are presently using.
	www.ibs.ee /ibs/economics/tee/maide2.html (3765 words)

	Tony Cliff: Russia - A Marxist analysis (Chap.11-2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		In the first half of 1960 collective farms were transformed into sovkhozes on a scale sufficient to raise the labour force in the latter from 4.9 million to 6.6 million, and in 1961 to 7.4 million.
		[98] At the end of the 1960 spring sowing campaign the sown area of sovkhozes was 13 million hectares, or 24 per cent greater than a year earlier, whereas that of kolkhozes had fallen by an estimated 6 million hectares, or 5 per cent.
		The replacement of the kolkhozes by sovkhozes is reflected clearly in the decline in the number of peasant households in the kokhozes in recent years: in 1955 there were 19.8 million, falling to 18.8 million in 1958, and to 17.1 million in 1960, a decrease of some 2.7 million over five years.
	www.marxists.org /archive/cliff/works/1964/russia/ch11-s2.htm (5855 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Soviet Economic Developments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		...For example, today the farm family on the kolkhoz (collective farm) or sovkhoz (state farm) is usually entitled, on condition of performing its work quota in the socialized sector, to a family plot, representatively under three-quarters of an acre...
		...Sovkhoz managements are reportedly impatient of private plots for their workers...
		...The sovkhoz is a giant farm, averaging 800 workers and 24,000 sown acres...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V37I2P56-1.htm (11907 words)

	AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The average size of the sovkhoz was 15 300 ha and of the kolkhoz 5 900 ha.
		The size of the sovkhoz and kolkhoz tended to increase from west to east and there were relatively more kolkhoz in the western (European) part of the FSU and relatively more sovkhoz in the eastern (Asian) part.
		Together, the sovkhoz and kolkhoz accounted for up to 75% of the gross value of agricultural output in 1990.
	www.fao.org /ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/regions/fussr/index3.stm (877 words)

	Soviet Economic Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Sovkhoz performance, however, fell short of official expectations, though their efficiency has improved and their relative number and importance has grown since the mid-fifties.
		On the kolkhoz, in contrast to the sovkhoz, the land is socialized but parts of it are allocated to individual kolkhoznik households for private use.
		Until recently kolkhoz members were obliged to work for their collective farm a minimum number of days a year, which generally varied between 100 and 150 days (60 to 100 prior to 1954).
	mars.acnet.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/stalin/lectures/EconDev.html (2825 words)

	Untitled Document
		By the end of 2002 approximately 25% of all land, or 60% of intensively farmed former kolkhoz and sovkhoz land, had been transferred to private ownership.
		Thus ex-kolkhoz and sovkhoz workers are entitled to a maximum of 1.25 ha of land, village residents working in the non-agricultural sector (eg.
		Apart from the privatisation of kolkhoz and sovkhoz land, villagers are also entitled to a maximum of 1 ha for the purposes of a household plot.
	www.eth.mpg.de /people/kaneff/comparisons.html (1997 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Three issues of MTS, a Soviet illustrated propaganda journal on the development of MTS (Machine-transport Stations) and the Sovkhoz (Soviet collective farms).
		On the Construction of MTS and the Sovkhoz, 1936: Issue #12.
		On the Construction of MTS and the Sovkhoz, 1934: Issue #1.
	www.schicklerart.com /auto_exh/MTS_001 (75 words)

	Farm adapts to growing market (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Former sovkhozes are being hit particularly hard by rising costs.
		Five years ago, the Rapty (former Dzerzhinsky) Sovkhoz was considered the worst in the area.
		Next to the region's director of agriculture's office are the offices of the Russky sovkhoz, the first farm in the region to face bankruptcy.
	archive.sptimes.ru /archive/sppress/106/farm.html (530 words)

	Íèæåãîðîäñêàÿ äåëîâàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ 2000-2001
		Lindovsky sovkhoz was founded in 1992 as a merger of two kolkhozes - Pravda and Linda.
		In 1993 the sovkhoz was reorganised in a joint-stock company.
		In March 1993 the sovkhoz was transformed into the Lindovsky pedigree cattle farm involved in rearing of livestock of the fl-motley strains.
	www.innov.ru /nnbe/8/373-e.htm (233 words)

	Document 127
		The sovkhoz administration did not attach much importance to this but in May some water was poured into one of my cans of milk and people started saying right off that Maksimovskaia is fulfilling the plan with water.
		We have had a lot of dekulakized people working at the Victory Sovkhoz who were admo-exiled [administratively exiled], who do not like shockworkers and who tried to spread these rumors as widely as possible.
		The sovkhoz took me in, raised me, educated me. The sovkhoz was dearer than life itself to me, I lived and breathed the sovkhoz.
	www.yale.edu /annals/siegelbaum/English_docs/Siegelbaum_doc_127.htm (1443 words)

	RUSNET.NL :: Encyclopedia :: S :: Sovkhoz
		Abbreviation of Russian Sovetskoe Khozyaystvo ("soviet farm"), plural Sovkhozy, or Sovkhozes, state-operated agricultural estate in the USSR organised according to industrial principles for specialised large-scale production.
		Workers were paid wages but might also cultivate personal garden plots.
		In 1990 the Russian government began encouraging the gradual conversion of sovkhozy to private farms.
	www.rusnet.nl /encyclo/s/print/sovkhoz.shtml (142 words)

	AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		After independence at the end of 1991, there were still 120 sovkhoz occupying about 30% of the agricultural land, 265 kolkhoz (collective farms) occupying 57% of the agricultural land, and 7 227 registered private farms occupying the remaining 13% of the agricultural land.
		The area equipped for irrigation reached almost 14 000 ha by the end of the 1970s, but was reduced to 3 680 ha in 1995 due to the liquidation of the kolkhoz and sovkhoz (Figure 4).
		As part of the agrarian reform, the former kolkhoz and sovkhoz were liquidated after 1 April 1993.
	www.fao.org /ag/AGL/aglw/aquastat/countries/estonia/index.stm (1718 words)

	Youth Activity Workshop FEB 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Your village was part of a large Sovkhoz in which all of the families worked for the farm.
		The principal issue is how to hold on to their ethnic character and find ways to survive as a village, particularly without support from a Sovkhoz or other structures.
		The village is family oriented, but there is not much available for young people outside of their families or their groups of friends, once the school day has ended.
	www.reapintl.com /pr-yac_wkshp.shtml (1223 words)

	Mankova, Petia: Privatisation Face-To-Face: Support Networks And The Former State Enterprise In A Remote Russian ...
		For the sovkhoz in Krasnoshchel'ye the introduction of market economy was accompanied with the fact that the state suspended buying up its production of reindeer meat, the existing state infrastructure for export of meat from the village broke down, and the main source of income stopped.
		In the sovkhoz there were only the papers from the past ten years, and I couldn't compare and trace the whole historical development as it was on papers.
		The old woman used quite a lot of firewood, but she was also in some kind of kin relation to the director of the sovkhoz, and he had fixed it so that she got quite a big amount of firewood from the sovkhoz.
	www.anthrobase.com /Txt/M/Mankova_P_01.htm (21085 words)

	ISCIP - Perspective
		However, the apparent decisiveness of these measures melts away as soon as one raises the bold question of who is going to carrying out this land repartition (cherny peredel)—and consequently to whose benefit it is going to be.
		President Yel'tsin provided a clear answer to this question in a government decree that he signed, according to which the kolkhoz chairmen or sovkhoz directors are to be appointed to head the relevant commissions for land privatization.
		These figures, who represent the top echelon of the agrarian Gulag, are thus not merely recognized as possessing legal powers—even after the liquidation of the CPSU Central Committee, the KGB, and other pillars of "developed socialism"—but are now made plenipotentiaries for carrying out the government's agrarian reform.
	www.bu.edu /iscip/vol2/Chernichenko.html (1512 words)

	Conversations with Elders #10: Maria Haverkand Lang
		They soon learned that they were to work on a Soviet sovkhoz [state farm], different from a kolkhoz [collective farm] because they would receive small salaries in return for their labors.
		Despite her eight-hours-a-day job on the sovkhoz, Maria's mother did all she could to provide her children with a childhood as happy as possible under the circumstances.
		An older woman on the sovkhoz, however, began thinking that Maria would be the perfect match for her 24-year-old nephew in Chelyabinsk.
	feefhs.org /lfs/cwe/cs-con10.html (2388 words)

	Tony Cliff: Russia - A Marxist analysis (Chap.11-1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		[31] The kolkhozes and sovkhozes of Kazakhstan delivered 15,561,000 tons of grain to the state in 1958, 11,446,000 tons in 1959, 10.5 million in 1960, 7.5 million in 1961.
		A considerable portion of the apparatus of Union Ministries and depots, of republic, province and district organisations and of specialists at enterprises, MTS and sovkhozes, is busy compiling reports, memoranda, resolutions, decisions, directives, telegrams, replies and accountings.
		Trained personnel are diverted from concrete, efficient work in guiding industry, transportation, agriculture and cultural construction, with a resultant serious lowering in the level of work of the apparatuses and great damage to agriculture.
	www.marxists.org /archive/cliff/works/1964/russia/ch11-s1.htm (6789 words)

	Document 125 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		According to our information, the best shockworker on the sovkhoz, who has been awarded prizes by the Central Contest Commission, Comrade Sychov, has yet to be provided with the necessary cultural and living conditions, training has not been set up for him, etc.
		At the same time we call your attention to the absence of veterinary training for workers on your sovkhoz.
		Chief of the Sector for Dairy and Meat Sovkhozes of the Puns [The Political Administration of Narkomsovkhoz].
	www.yale.edu /annals/siegelbaum/English_docs/Siegelbaum_doc_125.htm (335 words)

	Hemp research and growing in Ukraine
		Hemp fibre is used exclusively to manufacture technical products such as marine and river cordage, ropes, cores for steel cables, twines, technical clothes, etc. Since industrial demand for hemp fiber is not satisfied, and there is a large demand for hemp products, the area under hemp production in Ukraine will increase.
		During 1929-1930 in the Soviet Union large collective farms (kolkhoz) and state farms (sovkhoz) replaced individual peasant farms.
		In kolkhozes and sovkhozes with large hemp areas, hemp is grown in cereal root crop rotations.
	mojo.calyx.net /~olsen/HEMP/IHA/iha02113.html (1619 words)

	Chechnya news 8/9 2003
		He was scalped, had his right arm broken, a big hole on the left side of the chest.
		On that day two dead bodies were discovered not far from the sovkhoz of "Stepnyak": the young men were killed by shots into the head.
		One of them had a tattoo on the left forearm: a jet fighter with an inscription: ZAB.VO (for the relatives to identify him).
	www.hrvc.net /news8-03/16b-8-03.html (1677 words)

	Conversations with Elders #11: Agatha Albert Moor
		To his way of thinking life on a sovkhoz would be preferable by far to life on a kolkhoz [collective farm], for at least the sovkhoz workers would receive salaries twice a month.
		In fact, Agatha herself was fortunate to have survived infancy, and it was the nachal'nik on their sovkhoz who saved her life.
		When Agatha reached the age of eight, she, too, was expected to work on the sovkhoz.
	feefhs.org /lfs/cwe/cs-con11.html (2702 words)

	ALEKSEI ARBUZOV from Alice in Theaterland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Also he takes on the literature department of the first sovkhoz theatre in the capital area of Russia.
		In the same year writes his first play -in a total of 30 that he has written- «Rank».
		After four years writes his first comedy, «Six Lovers» (the idea was born from his experience in sovkhoz).
	www.geocities.com /akatsavou/arbuzov_en.html (381 words)

	The Monster of Semipalatinsk
		During the nuclear testing range's operation form the 1950s to 1990, 468 nuclear tests were carried out, including 26 above-ground tests, 124 atmospheric and 344 underground.
		A survey of the residents of the nearby Abai Sovkhoz confirmed that no protective measures such as decontamination of the land were taken before their return.
		Radiation pollution also resulted from the underground testing that began in 1963.
	www.sandia.gov /ASC/russia/semipalatinsk.html (1140 words)

	Palana, Kamchatka
		The sovkhoz is visible in the background, slightly to the right.
		Although Palana still has a functioning sovkhoz, most employment is in bureaucracy or other service organizations.
		Palana has the distinction of having the highest prices for apartments on the Kamchatka Peninsula.
	www.koryaks.net /palana.html (777 words)

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