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	Soyuz 18a - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Soyuz 18 was a Soyuz spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union but which failed to achieve orbit due to a serious malfunction during launch.
		The Soyuz 18 mission was supposed to be the second mission to take cosmonauts to the Soviet Salyut 4 space station.
		Both cosmonauts were on their second mission; they had flown their first mission together, Soyuz 12 in September 1973 to test a new type of Soyuz spacecraft.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soyuz_18a (436 words)

	Soyuz
		The manned Soyuz spacecraft was originally conceived by Sergei Korolev in 1961 as a component of the “Soyuz complex” that also included unmanned booster modules and orbiting fuel tankers and was geared toward a manned mission to the Moon (see Russian manned lunar programs).
		Three-man missions involving a Soyuz modified by the removal of large fuel tank at the rear of the instrument module (not needed with the abandonment of the Moon plan) and the addition of a new docking system with a hatch to allow cosmonauts to transfer to a space station without a spacewalk.
		Soyuz 11 docked with the station normally but its crew was killed during reentry when a valve opened suddenly and allowed all the air in the descent module to escape.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/Soyuz.html (1255 words)

	Soyuz 1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Soyuz 1 (Russian Союз 1, Union 1) was part of the Soviet Union's space program and was launched into orbit on April 23, 1967, carrying a single cosmonaut, Colonel Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov, who was killed when the spacecraft crashed after its return to Earth.
		Yuri Gagarin was the backup pilot for Soyuz 1.
		Soyuz 1 problems delayed the launch of Soyuz 2 and Soyuz 3 until October 25, 1968.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soyuz_1 (534 words)

	Soyuz spacecraft
		The longest serving manned spacecraft in the world, the Soyuz was originally conceived in Sergei Korolev's OKB-1 design bureau for the Soviet effort to explore the Moon at the beginning of the 1960s.
		However, long after the Moon race was over, the Soyuz continued ferrying Russian crews to the Salyut and Almaz orbital stations, as well as it performed several solo flights and the historic docking with the US Apollo spacecraft in 1975.
		The Soyuz T version of the spacecraft flew its first manned mission in 1980, and since 1986 the Soyuz TM modification of the spacecraft has been delivering crews to the Mir space station.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /soyuz.html (1035 words)

	Apollo-Soyuz Test Project - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Soyuz 19 and Apollo craft launched within seven-and-a-half hours of each other July 15, and docked on July 17.
		The two spacecraft remained linked for 44 hours, long enough for the three Americans and two Soviets to exchange flags and gifts (including tree seeds which were later planted in the two countries), sign certificates, pay visits to each other's ships, eat together and converse in each other's languages.
		Soyuz 19 spacecraft as seen from Apollo CM The docking was made possible by a specially-built adapter that was carried into orbit with the Apollo craft and took place on July 17, 1975.
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Apollo-Soyuz (955 words)

	Chronology of Manned Space Missions
		Soyuz 6, 7, and 8 were launched within a day of each other, putting a total of seven cosmonauts in space at the same time for a joint mission.
		Soyuz 13 carried the Orion astrophysical observatory, which was never deployed to the Salyut space station.
		Soyuz 15 had to cut its trip to Salyut 3 for a two-week mission short when their guidance system failed.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /cgi-bin/tour_def/space_missions/manned_table.html (3072 words)

	Sandcastle V.I. - Spaceflight Directory - Soyuz Flight Details 2
		A pressure release valve in the Soyuz spacecraft malfunctioned, allowing the oxygen to escape from the cabin during reentry.
		Soyuz 16 also tested the new docking mechanism to be used on ASTP.
		Soyuz was the passive target for docking by the Apollo spacecraft.
	www.sandcastlevi.com /space/soy-11.htm (561 words)

	Soyuz R
		This station was based on the Soyuz 7K, but the descent apparatus and living module were replaced with a storage section for modular equipment (this would later be developed further as a free-flyer spacecraft for the giant MOK orbital complex 19K, finally resulting in the 1990 (!) autonomous spacecraft 19KA30 Gamma).
		This version of the Soyuz was equipped with rendezvous and docking equipment, including a hatch in the docking collar that allowed the cosmonauts to enter the station without donning space suits.
		This version of the Soyuz was equipped with rendezvous, docking, and transition equipment, including an airlock, that allowed the two cosmonauts to enter the station without using EVA.
	astronautix.com /craft/soyuzr.htm (1514 words)

	Vectors For October 2003
		The third and last Soyuz flight to Mir was "Soyuz TM-20", launched on 3 October 1994 with cosmonauts Yelena Kondakova (a woman) and Aleksandr Viktorenko, plus ESA astronaut Ulf Merbold of Germany, a veteran of two NASA shuttle missions.
		The first Soyuz flight to Mir in 1995 was "Soyuz TM-21", which was launched on 14 March with a crew of cosmonauts Vladimir Dezhurov and Gennady Strekalov, plus NASA astronaut Norman Thagard MD, a shuttle veteran.
		Soyuz TM-21 was followed on 20 May 1995 by the launch by a Proton booster of a Mir expansion module named "Spektr (Spectrum)".
	www.faqs.org /docs/air/v2003m10.html (5173 words)

	[No title]
		Soyuz 10 was to be the first attempt to put a crew aboard Salyut 1 (4/24/71), but when a docking mechanism failed, the mission was aborted.
		Soyuz 15 was meant to also man Salyut 3, but the automatic docking system failed, and the mission was aborted.
		Soyuz 18-1 was suppose to dock and man Salyut 4, but a booster failure occurred, and the mission was aborted before reaching orbit.
	ganymede.nmsu.edu /tharriso/class13.html (992 words)

	Soyuz 18
		Soyuz 18, of the Soyuz spacecraft series, brought cosmonauts Pyotr Klimuk[?] and Vitaly Sevastyanov[?] to the Salyut 4 space station where they remained in orbit for 63 days.
		The name Soyuz 18 was also given to an earlier, unsuccessful Soyuz flight that is now often referred to as Soyuz 18-1 or Soyuz 18a.
		The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/so/Soyuz_18.html (73 words)

	A brief history of space accidents - Jane's Civil Aerospace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Soyuz 1 (24 April 1967): after launch, only one solar panel deployed, meaning that there was only 50% of the expected electrical power and also some of the control thrusters were blocked by the folded panel.
		Soyuz 5 (18 January 1969): echoing the problems with the first Vostok, the Soyuz 5 descent module failed to separate from the rear instrument/ propulsion module until the heat of re-entry severed the straps holding the two modules together.
		Soyuz ‘18-1’ (5 April 1975): the second crew was launched to the Salyut 4 space station, but the central core of the Soyuz launcher failed to separate from the third stage of the vehicle.
	www.janes.com /aerospace/civil/news/jsd/jsd030203_3_n.shtml (946 words)

	1993 - Russia and Piloted Space Missions
		As Soyuz TM-16 approached to within 150m of the Mir space station on the morning of 26 January Manakov and Poleshchok disengaged the automatic rendezvous and docking system to assume manual control during the final few minutes.
		The Soyuz TM-15 post-mission review highlighted the achievements of the twelfth expedition which included four spacewalks (three for the installation of an attitude control unit on the Sofora girder) and experiments in a wide range of scientific disciplines.
		Lift-off occurred on schedule in the afternoon of 1 July, and a normal two-day rendezvous brought the Soyuz TM-17 spacecraft to the vicinity of the Mir complex on 3 July (References 143-147).
	www.fas.org /spp/guide/russia/piloted/1993.htm (3288 words)

	Makorov, Oleg G. (1933-)
		Makarov’s first flight was Soyuz 12 in September 1973, the first Soviet manned mission in the wake of the Soyuz 11 tragedy which killed three cosmonauts during their reentry.
		The Soyuz command module containing Makarov and Lazarev was separated from the booster and plunged back to Earth, eventually coming to rest on a Siberian mountainside near the Chinese border.
		He was aboard Soyuz 27 in January 1978, a week-long flight during which he and commander Vladimir Dzhanibekov docked with the Salyut 6, swapping vehicles with the Soyuz 26 crew of Yuri Romanenko and Georgi Grechko, who were in the first month of a planned three-month mission.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/M/Makorov.html (470 words)

	Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		For the Apollo side of the mission, the difference in spacecraft atmospheres, for example was handled by building a special Docking Module to fit between the two craft.
		Soyuz had to operate with a lower than usual internal atmospheric pressure and the vehicle had to be fitted with a new docking unit.
		The specially-designed ASTP docking collar was fitted to the 'Soyuz end' of the Docking Module.
	www.zarya.info /Diaries/Apollo-Soyuz/Index.htm (277 words)

	Soyuz Radio Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		All the early versions of Soyuz had an extensive short-wave communications system for both AM voice and for CW-PDM telemetry.
		For ASTP and Soyuz 22 the frequency 142.417 MHz was used for downlink FM voice so that 121.75 MHz could be used for inter-ship communications with Apollo-18.
		The ASTP vehicles (Soyuz 16, 19 and 22), 7K-TM, had these antennas at the midpoint of the outer edge of the solar panels.
	www.svengrahn.pp.se /histind/Soyuz1Land/SoyRadio.htm (874 words)

	CNN.com - Replacement crew on way to space station - Apr 19, 2004
		Since then, Soyuz spaceships have become the only means of transporting crews to and from the space station.
		The rocket carrying the Soyuz craft into space is seven times less powerful than the shuttle, and the capsule has less space for supplies.
		The Soyuz now on its way to the station is carrying spare pumps to repair another broken generator.
	www.cnn.com /2004/TECH/space/04/18/soyuz.launch/index.html (1070 words)

	1975
		Soyuz 19 launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Soyuz rocket into 191 x 218 kilometre orbit at 51.6 degrees inclination with Alexei Leonov and Valeri Kubasov aboard (for the first time ever, two unrelated space missions are being controlled simultaneously as cosmonauts Klimuk and Sevastyanov work aboard Salyut 4)
		Soyuz 19 and Apollo undock and move away from each other - Apollo is between Soyuz 19 and the Sun, creating a solar eclipse for observation by the Soyuz 19 crew
		Soyuz 20 launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Soyuz rocket into 177 x 251 kilometre orbit - it has no crew aboard but carries a cargo of biological specimens including turtles and plants - experiments are to performed in parallel with the Cosmos 782 biological satellite on a three-week mission
	www.zarya.info /Diaries/1975.htm (1294 words)

	Soyuz 18-1
		The crew demanded that the abort procedures be implemented but ground control could not see the launch vehicle gyrations in their telemetry.
		Soyuz finally was separated from by ground control command at 192 km, and following a 20.6+ G reentry, the capsule landed in the Altai mountains, tumbled down a mountainside, and snagged in some bushes just short of a precipice.
		Crew aborted to 20 G landing in mountains near Chinese border, sliding down a slope towards a cliff until their parachute snagged on a tree.
	www.astronautix.com /flights/soyuz181.htm (489 words)

	CNN.com - Sci-Tech - Space - Alpha crew makes room for guests - April 18, 2001
		The Russian and two Americans moved the Soyuz from one docking port to another on the modular complex.
		To prepare for the Soyuz move, a Progress cargo ship loaded with trash was commanded to undock on Monday from Zvezda and fly into the atmosphere.
		Soyuz spacecraft serve as emergency lifeboats for Alpha.
	premium.europe.cnn.com /2001/TECH/space/04/18/alpha.soyuz/index.html (550 words)

	Apollo to the Moon -- Reference Timeline
		Soyuz 5 cosmonauts Yevgeni Khrunov and Alexei Yeliseyev transfer to Soyuz 4 in an emergency rescue rehearsal, leaving their fellow cosmonaut Volynov to return the Soyuz 5 spacecraft back to Earth alone.
		The crew of the Soviet Soyuz 11 successfully enter Salyut 1 and remain docked with the space station from June 7 to June 29.
		Soyuz 19 and Apollo 18 dock on the 36th orbit of Soyuz, remained in orbit together almost 6 days.
	www.nasm.si.edu /exhibitions/attm/timeline.html (3562 words)

	Valeri Polyakov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		He was a Doctor Cosmonaut on Soyuz TM-6 / Soyuz TM-7 and Soyuz TM-18 / Soyuz TM-20 mission to the Mir space station.
		Soyuz TM-6 / Soyuz TM-7 - August 28, 1988 to April 27, 1989 - 240-days, 22-hours, 34-minutes
		Soyuz TM-18 / Soyuz TM-20 - January 8, 1994 to March 22, 1995 - 437-days, 17-hours, 58-minutes
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Valeri_Polyakov (279 words)

	R-7 family of launchers and ICBMs
		The Soyuz, the most recognizable Russian rocket, is only one of several space boosters, which derived from the R-7 ballistic missile developed in the mid-1950s.
		On Wednesday, Oct. 16, Russian officials said the launch of the Soyuz TMA-1 spacecraft, which is to use the Soyuz FG rocket could be delayed, pending the investigation of the Plesetsk crash.
		On a foggy morning in October 2000, the Soyuz booster was being prepared for the launch of the first resident crew of the International Space Station, more than 43 years after the original version of the rocket flew.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /soyuz_lv.html (3924 words)

	Encyclopedia: Soyuz 18
		Soyuz TMA-6 spacecraft approaching International Space Station Soyuz 19 spacecraft as seen from Apollo CM Soyuz spacecraft of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) Early 7K-OK Soyuz at National Space Centre, Leicester, England Soyuz (Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÐ·, union) is a series of spacecraft designed by Sergey Korolev for the Soviet Union...
		Vitali Ivanovich Sevastyanov, cyrillic Виталий Иванович Севастьянов, (born July 8, 1935 in Krasnouralsk) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 9 and Soyuz 18 missions.
		Salyut 4 (DOS 4) was a Salyut space station launched on December 26, 1974 into an orbit with an apogee of 355 km, a perigee of 343 km and an orbital inclination of 51.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Soyuz-18 (607 words)

	Soyuz
		Soyuz 19 space capsule used to dock with Apollo 18.
		The Soyuz class of space capsule was one of the longest running series of space vehicles in the early history of Terran space flight.
		By 1979, the Soyuz capsules were replaced by the Soyuz T model, which was again capable of carrying 3 people.
	www.fortunecity.com /tattooine/servalan/110/soyuz.html (571 words)

	Soyuz 18 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Soyuz 18, of the Soyuz spacecraft series,brought cosmonauts PyotrKlimuk and Vitali Sevastyanov to the Salyut 4 space station where theyremained in orbit for 63 days.
		The focus of the mission seems to have been research into long-term stays in space, with the crew performing variousbiomedical experiments and growing plants in orbit.
		The name Soyuz 18 was also given to an earlier, unsuccessful Soyuz flight that is now often referred to as Soyuz 18-1or Soyuz 18a.
	www.therfcc.org /soyuz-18-220368.html (101 words)

	[No title]
		512 2003 Oct 22, Cambridge, MA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shuttle and Station -------------------- The Soyuz TMA-3 spaceship was launched on Oct 18 at 0538 UTC on a Soyuz-FG rocket from Baykonur, carrying the Expedition 8 crew of Mike Foale and Aleksandr Kaleri and the EP-5 (Cervantes) mission crewmember Pedro Duque.
		The Soyuz TMA-3 ascent crew are Commander Aleksandr Kaleri of the Russian Space Agency, Flight Engineer-1 Pedro Duque of the European Space Agency, and Flight Engineer-2 Mike Foale of NASA.
		Soyuz TMA-3 docked with the Pirs module at 0716 UTC on Oct 20.
	www.planet4589.org /space/jsr/back/news.512 (1061 words)

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