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Topic: Soyuz 38

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	Soyuz TMA
		Soyuz TMA-2 would be instead flown by a two-man skeleton crew (Malenchenko and Lu) to keep the station alive until shuttle flights could resume.
		Soyuz TMA-4 was ISS transport mission ISS 8S and delivered the EO-9 caretaker crew of Gennadiy Padalka and Michael Fincke, together with the ESA/Netherlands Delta mission crewmember Andre Kuipers, to the Space Station.
		Soyuz TMA-4 docked with the nadir port on Zarya at 05:01 GMT on April 21 and the hatches to the ISS were opened at 06:30 GMT.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/soyuztma.htm (1433 words)

	Romanenko
		Check-out of the Soyuz space craft's on-board systems which had been modernized to meet the requirements of the 1975 joint flight in accordance with the programme of the Soviet-United States experiment; conduct of scientific and technical investigations.
		Soyuz 19 initial orbital parameters were 220.8 by 185.07 kilometres, at the desired inclination of 51.80°, while the period of the first orbit was 88.6 minutes.
		EVA Soyuz 26-1 - - 1977 Dec 19 - Assignment: EVA Crew.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/astros/romnenko.htm (558 words)

	Chronology of Manned Space Missions
		Soyuz 6, 7, and 8 were launched within a day of each other, putting a total of seven cosmonauts in space at the same time for a joint mission.
		Soyuz 13 carried the Orion astrophysical observatory, which was never deployed to the Salyut space station.
		Soyuz 15 had to cut its trip to Salyut 3 for a two-week mission short when their guidance system failed.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /cgi-bin/tour_def/space_missions/manned_table.html (3072 words)

	List of human spaceflights by program - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Soyuz 5 - two cosmonauts space walked to Soyuz 4, and returned to Earth on that.
		Soyuz 7 - failed to dock with Soyuz 8.
		Soyuz 23 - failed to dock with Salyut 5 space station, cosmonauts nearly died on landing.
	open-encyclopedia.com /List_of_human_spaceflights_by_program (446 words)

	Lovaura.com Space Memorabilia - Salyut Space Stations.
		Original Soviet postcard issued in 1985 to commemorate the 15th Anniversary of the Soyuz 9 mission which was a long-duration mission to gather data on the effects of long-term space flight on humans and other organisms.
		They were visited by two other Soyuz crews during their time in space and three rendezvous with Progress resupply vehicles, including two refuelings, and conducted an EVA spacewalk to retrieve detectors and material samples attached the the hull of Salyut 6.
		The Soyuz 29 crew returned to Earth in the Soyuz 31 spacecraft, landing on the 3rd September and having broken the American-held long-duration spaceflight record.
	www.lovaura.com /salyut.htm (3826 words)

	Articles - Soyuz programme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Soyuz human spaceflight programme was initiated in the early 1960s as part of the manned lunar programme that was intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon.
		Soyuz survived the demise of the manned lunar programme in that it developed into a variety of projects (both military and civilian), mostly in conjunction with space stations.
		Soyuz 1 through 11 (1967-1971) were first-generation vehicles, carrying a crew of up to three without spacesuits and distinguished from those following by their bent solar panels and their use of the Igla automatic docking navigation system, which required special radar antennas.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Soyuz_programme (574 words)

	Boeing Human Space Flight & Exploration: ISS Crew Return Vehicles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Soyuz TM will stay docked to the ISS to serve as a Crew Return Vehicle in case of a medical or other emergency.
		Every six months, a different Soyuz will assume this duty as part of a 180-day rotation program that will ensure a lifeboat always is available to ISS crew.
		Soyuz TM is made up of three modules: a pressurized, 9.8-ft. long Orbital Module that houses the cockpit, a pressurized, 7.2-ft. Descent Module, and an unpressurized, 7.5-ft. long Instrument Service Module.
	www.boeing.com /defense-space/space/spacestation/systems/crew_return_vehicles.html (1307 words)

	Soyuz 7K-T
		Soyuz finally was separated from by ground control command at 192 km, and following a 20.6+ G reentry, the capsule landed in the Altai mountains, tumbled down a mountainside, and snagged in some bushes just short of a precipice.
		A Soyuz 25 mission to the Salyut 5 space station with the crew of Berzovoi and Lisun was to have followed Soyuz 24.
		The flight was cancelled and the spacecraft allocated for Soyuz 25 flew as Soyuz 30 to Glushko's civilian Salyut station.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/soyuz7kt.htm (2567 words)

	Soyuz program
		The Soyuz human spaceflight program was initiated in the early 1960s as part of the Luna program that was intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon.
		This objective was abandoned when technological problems meant that the US would reach the Moon first, and Soyuz then developed into a variety of projects (both military and civilian), mostly in conjunction with space stations.
		As of 2003, Soyuz derivatives provide Russia's human spaceflight capability and are used to ferry personnel and supplies to and from the International Space Station.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/s/so/soyuz_program.html (138 words)

	The Partnership - Appendix D
		Soyuz control requirements were discussed, and although previous documentation specified the docked attitude, control, maneuver, and translation requirements for Soyuz, the Soviets were "unprepared to and reluctant" to provide the data and level of detail necessary to fulfill the agreed requirements.
		Before WG 2 departed, a meeting was held to discuss the effects that Apollo maneuvering during the docked phase might have on the Soyuz solar panels; this issue was resolved.
		Test flights of Soyuz equipped with ASTP systems were planned by the U.S.S.R. The two sides discussed possibilities of joint participation in or observation of test activities and flight preparations of compatible equipment.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4209/appd.htm (3859 words)

	X-38
		But until it is launched into orbit the crew will have to use a Russian Soyuz as a rescue boat.
		The Soyuz has been in use by the Russians for many, many years and is a reliable spacecraft but it only holds 3 people and the ISS will carry a crew of 6.
		This means that there will have to be 2 Soyuz vehicles parked at the station at all times.
	home.c2i.net /jonass/engelsk/iss-x38.htm (482 words)

	Soyuz 37 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Viktor Gorbatko and Pham Tuan of Vietnam arrived aboard Salyut 6 in Soyuz 37, and returned to Earth in Soyuz 36.
		Tuan’s 30 experiments involved observing Vietnam from space, life sciences (including tests of growth of Vietnamese azolla water ferns, with application to future closed-loop life support systems), and materials processing.Carried Intercosmos cosmonaut from Vietnam.
		Returned the Dneiper long-duration crew launched in Soyuz 35 to Earth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soyuz_37 (100 words)

	collectSPACE - news - "Original cosmonaut laid to rest"
		Later in 1965 Khrunov joined the group of cosmonauts training for the first Soyuz missions, which were designed to demonstrate rendezvous, docking, and EVA crew transfer.
		Shortly after the launch of Soyuz 1 on April 23, 1967, however, it became apparent that the spacecraft was difficult to control.
		In the spring of 1969, Khrunov was briefly assigned as backup commander for the Soyuz 6/7/8 missions, but was removed for disciplinary reasons, which kept him from future crew assignments for the next 11 years.
	www.collectspace.com /news/news-052300a.html (652 words)

	Appendix C-U.S. and Russian Human Spaceflights, 1961-Sep. 30, 1995
		Docked with Salyut 3 and Soyuz 14 crew occupied space station.
		Soyuz stages failed to separate; crew recovered after abort.
		Docked with Salyut 6, later served as ferry for Soyuz 32 crew while Soyuz 32 returned without a crew.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/presrep95/c1a.htm (325 words)

	Frontier Status Report #110
		In preparation for the August 15 arrival of a Soyuz capsule with the last Mir crew, the present Mir crew detached the Progress cargo vessel on August 13.
		The Soyuz TM-38 was successfully launched on Thursday, August 14 at 1:43 pm local time from Baikonur, Kazakstan.
		It is hoped that the Soyuz will be able to dock with Mir using the intermittently operational Kurs automatic docking system.
	www.asi.org /adb/06/09/07/1998/fs-19980814.html (2439 words)

	Astronauts flight times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Soyuz TM-11, Soyuz TM-18, Soyuz TM-29, Soyuz TM-33
		Soyuz TM-14, Soyuz TM-24, Soyuz TM-30, Soyuz TMA-3
		Soyuz TM-3, Soyuz TM-8, Soyuz TM-14, Soyuz TM-20
	www.hoerstemeier.com /astro.htm (113 words)

	Space Today Online -- Man In Space Firsts -- table of contents
		Cuban cosmonaut Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez was launched in 1980 in Soyuz 38 for an eight-day visit to the Salyut 6 station.
		Sigmund Jahn flew to Salyut 6 in 1978.
		Mae C. Jemison, M.D., was the science mission specialist aboard shuttle Endeavour's eight-day flight STS-47 Spacelab-J in 1992, a cooperative mission between the United States and Japan.
	www.spacetoday.org /History/ManInSpaceFirsts/ManyPeoples.html (934 words)

	: : d u r a : m a t e r : :
		Soyuz TMA-3 is on its way, chasing down the ISS to deliver Expedition 8, and to change out the Soyuz.
		While I was in Star City in the summer of 2000, I got the chance to sit in the TM series trainer, which was being phased out for the newer TMA, in which Sheperd, Gidzenko and Krikalev were training at the time.
		In 1976, Soyuz 23 landed in a marsh, on the edge of Lake Tengiz, in the middle of a blizzard.
	filmer.blogspot.com /2003_10_01_filmer_archive.html (5328 words)

	Universe Today - Soyuz Launches to the International Space Station
		This is the third Soyuz TMA flight, the first having been in October 2002 with ESA astronaut Frank De Winne from Belgium on board.
		Soyuz TMA-3 will replace Soyuz TMA-2, currently docked with the ISS, and remain there with the Expedition 8 crew, Kaleri and Foale, for approximately six months as an emergency lifeboat.
		Malenchenko and Lu arrived at the ISS on 28 April in Soyuz TMA-2.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/expedition_8_launches.html (574 words)

	X-38
		The project also intended to develop a crew return vehicle design that could be modified for other uses, such as a possible joint U.S. and international human spacecraft that could be launched on the French Ariane 5 booster.
		In the early years of the International Space Station, a Russian Soyuz spacecraft was be attached to the station as a CRV.
		But, as the size of the crew aboard the station increases, a return vehicle that can accommodate up to six passengers would be needed.
	www.fas.org /spp/guide/usa/launch/x-38.htm (909 words)

	[No title]
		Conrad and Bean collected 31 kilograms of lunar rock and soil, and retrieved parts of the unmanned Surveyor 3 spacecraft." "Soyuz 6","(USSR)","Antei (Anteus)","1969, October 11","Shonin, Kubasov","Soyuz 6, 7, and 8 were launched within a day of each other, putting a total of seven cosmonauts in space at the same time for a joint mission.
		Scientists of the crew conducted 72 experiments." "Soyuz T-11","(USSR)","Yupiter","1984, April 3","Malyshev, Strekalov, Sharma","Sharma became the first astronaut from India to make a spaceflight as he and his fellow cosmonauts spent a week aboard Salyut 7." "41-C","NASA","Challenger","1984, April 6","Crippen, Scobee, Hart, van Hoften, Nelson","This mission accomplished the first capture, repair, and redeployment of a satellite.
		McAuliffe was to be the first teacher in space." "Soyuz T-15","(USSR)","Mayak","1986, March 13","Kizim, Solovyov","The 125-day Soyuz T-15 mission was one of the most difficult and successful missions in Soviet space history.
	3lib.ukonline.co.uk /pocketinfo/data/manned.csv (1641 words)

	Russia's early space stations (1969-1985)
		The station used the body from the Almaz project and modified systems from the Soyuz spacecraft.
		The crews would visit the station onboard a new version of the Soyuz spacecraft designated 7K-T. On Feb. 9, 1970, the Soviet government officially endorsed the program, under code DOS-7K.
		A 3rd generation Salyut space station, differs from its predecessors by a second docking port and a capability to be refueled in orbit from the Progress cargo ships.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /spacecraft_manned_salyut.html (1215 words)

	Romanenko, Yuri (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Docked with Salyut 6 on December 11, 1977 aboard Soyuz 26
		Docked with Mir on February 7, 1987 aboard Soyuz TM-2
		Returned to Earth on December 29, 1987 aboard Soyuz TM-3
	pages.prodigy.net /pxkb94ars/Romanenko_Yuri.htm (92 words)

	SPACE.com -- Russia"s Role in ISS Boosted by X-33, X-38 Cuts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These roles are currently filled by Russian Progress and Soyuz spacecraft, respectively, both of which are launched on Soyuz rockets from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
		If the U.S. were to call upon Russia to develop a CRV replacement for the X-38, they might already have a spacecraft that could fulfill the requirements.
		Several features distinguish the ACRV from the Soyuz model already in use.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/missions/x-33_russia_010307.html (541 words)

	Babynamer on Oxygen
		Cosmonaut on Soyuz TM-3 (1987), TM-8 (1989), TM-14 (1992), TM-20 (1994)
		Cosmonaut on Soyuz TM-9 (1990), Soyuz TM-15 (1992), Atlantis (1995)
		Cosmonaut on Soyuz 26 (1977), Soyuz 38 (1980), Soyuz TM-2 (1987)
	tools.oxygen.com /babynamer/TypeBSearch.cfm?SortMode=0&Candidates=N&ClassString=4X1&Gender=B&Unique=1&BabySiteID=11384238 (1124 words)

	Salyut 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Soyuz spacecraft docked to one port, leaving the other available for visiting Soyuz crews on short-duration missions or Progress resupply vehicles.
		There was also a changeover from the Soyuz to the Soyuz-T manned spacecraft during this time.
		This was the first time since the Soyuz 11 flight in 1971 that three cosmonauts were able to fly a mission together.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /spacestation/salyut6.html (1033 words)

	SPACE.com -- NASA Weighs Options for Station Escape Craft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		If the crew expanded to six as the station grows, the addition of a second Soyuz capsule would be the cheapest and fastest option to support the return of all six, according to NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel.
		With just one Soyuz on the station, all three crew members would leave if one needed evacuation so no one would be left aboard without a means of escape, NASA spokesman John Ira Petty said.
		There could be a combination of two Soyuz or a Soyuz and crew return vehicle.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/fl_crv_020811.html (1173 words)

	Astrophilately - History of Manned Space Flights
		Soyuz 11 (Salyut 1), June 6-29, 1971, USSR
		Soyuz 38 (Salyut 6 VE-9), September 18-26, 1980, USSR
		Soyuz TM-4, December 21, 1987 - June 17, 1988, USSR
	www.freewebs.com /astrophilately/mannedspaceflights.htm (1526 words)

	spacetoday.net: Soyuz launched to ISS
		A Soyuz spacecraft carrying a new crew for the International Space Station lifted off early Saturday.
		The Soyuz TMA-3 spacecraft launched from Baikonur on a Soyuz rocket at 1:38 am EDT (0538 GMT, 11:38 am local time) and entered orbit nine minutes later.
		On board the Soyuz TMA-3 is the Expedition 8 crew of Russian cosmonaut Alexander Kaleri and British-born US astronaut Michael Foale, as well as visiting Spanish astronaut Pedro Duque, who will spend a week on the station.
	www.spacetoday.net /Summary/1974 (261 words)

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