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Topic: Space Adaptation Syndrome

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	Human adaptation to space - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While space is typically very cold, due to the lack of a medium to allow convection, loss of heat is by radiation only, and so very slow.
		Data is inconclusive, however the syndrome does appear to exist as a manifestation of all the internal and external stress crews in space must face.
		The amount and quality of sleep experienced in space is poor due to highly variable light dark cycles on flight decks and poor illumination during daytime hours in space craft.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_adaptation_to_space (2374 words)

	space medicine. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The medically significant aspects of space travel include weightlessness, strong inertial forces experienced during liftoff and reentry, radiation exposure, absence of the earth’s day-and-night cycle, and existence in a closed ecological environment.
		Problems include space adaptation syndrome (nausea, motion sickness, and sensory disorientation during the first few days), weakened immune defenses, loss of bone mass, loss of muscle mass (including loss of heart muscle), and space anemia, which results as the number of red cells decreases.
		In space the astronauts are exposed to ionizing radiation from particles trapped in the earth’s magnetic field, from solar flares, and from the onboard nuclear reactors that help power the spacecraft.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sp/spacemed.html (931 words)

	NASA - Space Exploration
		Space exploration is our human response to curiosity about Earth, the moon, the planets, the sun and other stars, and the galaxies.
		Space is the near-emptiness in which all objects in the universe move.
		Space shuttles use their wings to skim the atmosphere and stretch the slowdown period to more than 15 minutes, thereby reducing the deceleration force to about 11/2 g's.
	www.nasa.gov /worldbook/s_exploration_worldbook.html (4096 words)

	Space Stations Research Topic History Summary
		Space stations, especially the most recent ISS, were designed to keep the astronauts as comfortable as possible-the ISS modules are roomy, bright, and kept at a constant 70 degrees Fahrenheit.
		Once on board a space station, the first order of business for novice astronauts is to become accustomed to the weightless environment, adjust to living in close quarters, and master new technologies necessary for carrying out routine daily activities.
		Not all hazards and inconveniences of space travel are as mundane and mechanical as using the bathroom and brushing one’s teeth.
	www.bookrags.com /researchtopics/space-stations/04.html (395 words)

	Astrobiology: The Living Universe - Physiological Effects of Weightlessness
		In space, actions and movement require considerably less exertion because the force of gravity is practically non-existent.
		Space adaptation syndrome often results from the weakening of the immune system (and from the general stresses of a microgravity environment).
		It is interesting to note the striking similarities between aging and the effects of space flight on a person’s health.
	www.ibiblio.org /astrobiology/index.php?page=adapt02 (1155 words)

	Space Today Online - Animals - Dogs in Space
		Preparations for human space activities depended on the ability of animals that flew during and after the 1940s to survive and thrive.
		Whichever, it was the first cat in space as the capsule in the rocket's nose cone separated at 120 miles altitude and descended by parachute.
		It is lofted to space by a Soyuz rocket from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia.
	www.spacetoday.org /Astronauts/Animals/Dogs.html (3769 words)

	Space Biology / Modules / Neuroscience / Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Scientists have postulated that after a slightly longer space flight, the body's neuromuscular system would have adapted to microgravity to the extent that fine motor skills may not have been adequate to land a spacecraft safely in the Earth environment.
		The goals of space neuroscience are to understand the acute and long-term central and peripheral nervous system adaptation to space, and develop adequate physiological and performance countermeasures.
		Describe the relative incidence of space sickness throughout space exploration, correlating it to vehicle, mission type, and astronaut experience.
	www.spacebio.net /modules/ns_intro.html (406 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 20, Ch. 282, Motion Sickness
		In the space adaptation syndrome (motion sickness during space travel), weightlessness (zero gravity) is an etiologic factor.
		This syndrome reduces the efficiency of astronauts during the first few days of space flight, but adaptation occurs over several days.
		In the space adaptation syndrome, movement, which aggravates the symptoms, should be avoided.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section20/chapter282/282a.htm (518 words)

	Long = 29 pages including everything
		Evidence that the sopite syndrome is somewhat distinct from the nausea syndrome and from fatigue due to non-motion stimuli are discussed by Lawson et al, 1998, who review what is known about the scope of the problem and its potentially insidious character.
		A vestibular etiology for the sopite syndrome is implied by the fact that subjects tended to restrict their head movements intentionally (and hence the amount of vestibular stimulation) long after the cessation of nausea (Graybiel et al, 1965).
		Since sopite syndrome effects may be lasting in nature (Graybiel and Knepton, 1976), it is possible that some students who successfully adapt to motion-induced nausea are not disqualified from further flight training, despite their tendency to exhibit severe and lasting drowsiness during and after motion stimuli.
	vehand.engr.ucf.edu /handbook/Chapters/Chapter34.html (10890 words)

	San Francisco Medical Society Online: Library
		Removing gravity changes the signals to the vestibular apparatus and the semiciracular canals: although the astronauts are in a type of "free fall" no sensation of falling occurs; however the perception of many astronauts is that they have "flipped" 180 degrees.
		In space, the hydrostatic pressure differential disappears causing fluids to re-distribute to the upper body.
		The wobbliness following flight resembles the tendency of the elderly to fall; the loss of bone during spaceflight is analogous to age-related osteoporosis; immunodeficiency, poor sleep quality and loss of some motor coordination afflict astronauts in flight and the elderly on the ground.
	www.sfms.org /sfm/sfm299h.htm (1484 words)

	Space Future - Artificial Gravity and the Architecture of Orbital Habitats
		If the costs of launch and reentry are significant compared to the per-day cost of lodging in space, and if the space habitat is comfortable, then it is reasonable to expect that clients or guests will want to maximize the duration of each visit, to get the most value for their money.
		With the beginning of manned space flight in the 1960s, there was concerted effort to determine the comfort criteria for rotating habitats.
		(The dots are spaced at 0.1-second intervals.) The trajectory of a thrown object is influenced by the ratio of its initial relative velocity to the habitat's tangential velocity.
	www.spacefuture.com /archive/artificial_gravity_and_the_architecture_of_orbital_habitats.shtml (6858 words)

	space sickness at Business.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		These two issues are "space sickness" and the long-term effects of living in space.
		space sickness susceptibility is usually limited, he added,...
		syndrome, or space sickness, is what astronauts go through during adaptation...
	www.business.com /popular/space_sickness (228 words)

	FDA Consumer: When motion sickness goes along for the ride
		American and Soviet space travelers have fallen victim to a special zero-gravity form of motion sickness that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has dubbed "Space Adaptation Syndrome." The syndrome was first reported among astronauts on the Apollo 8 moon voyage in 1968.
		Apparently the crews of earlier space flights were not afflicted because they were generally restricted to their seats in the small capsules.
		While the symptoms of Space Adaptation Syndrome differ slightly from those experienced by earthbound travelers, motion sickness is by and large the same whether it comes on in a Chevy, a skiff or a 747.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1370/is_v19/ai_3664124 (1537 words)

	AndrÃ© Kuipers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He was involved in research on the Space Adaptation Syndrome, contact lenses for pilots, vestibular apparatus, blood pressure and cerebral blood flow.
		In particular he was a project scientist for the Anthrorack, a human physiology facility that flew on the D-2 Spacelab mission in 1993, and for two payloads, for lung and bone physiology, that flew on board the Mir space station during the half-year Euromir 95 mission.
		André Kuipers was assigned to the European Space Technology Center (ESTEC), Noordwijk, The Netherlands, continuing his former work for the Microgravity Payloads Division within the Directorate of Manned Spaceflight and Microgravity.
	www.spaceflight.esa.int /file.cfm?filename=astkuipers (447 words)

	Space Tourism
		Space tourism may become possible when the next generation of space boosters begins flying, in five to ten years.
		Space tourism is not the only goal driving this new wave of development.
		The commercial uses of orbital space, ranging from communications satellites to industrial experiments in zero-gee, are already generating hundreds of billions of dollars in launch services.
	www.sff.net /people/benbova/spactour.htm (671 words)

	SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION SUMMARIES
		Major objectives of the flight were to continue testing the RMS arm, and to carry out extensive thermal testing of the Columbia by exposing its tail, nose and top to the sun for varying periods of time.
		Thagard conducted medical tests of the Space Adaptation Syndrome nausea and sickness frequently experienced by astronauts during the early phase of a space flight.
		Astronaut Sullivan became the first woman to walk in space when she and David C. Leestma performed a 3 hour EVA on Oct. ll demonstrating the Orbital Refueling System (ORS) and proving the feasibility of refueling satellites in orbit.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/stsover-missions.html (8363 words)

	ESA - Human Spaceflight - Astronauts - Living in space
		And space adaptation involves some very complex changes in the human body, both short-term and long-term.
		This disorientation is the main cause of so-called Space Adaptation Syndrome, which one astronaut wryly described as "a fancy term for throwing up".
		In space, there is nothing to pull body fluids down: there is no "down" to pull them to.
	www.esa.int /export/esaHS/ESAGO90VMOC_astronauts_0.html (1831 words)

	USATODAY.com - Nauseating news about 'space sickness' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Oman said that he thinks space sickness is motion sickness, but it is overlaid on a bunch of other discomforts that come from being in weightlessness, such as puffy faces, headaches and fluid shifts in the body.
		Space motion sickness projects are funded and underway said Lauren Hammit, a spokesperson for the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) in Houston, Texas.
		But being a "customer-focused" space travel provider, Anderson said his company is resolute on providing their patrons enjoyable space experiences.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/space/2005-11-21-space-sickness_x.htm?POE=TECISVA (1324 words)

	SPACE MOVIES CINEMA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The exploration of space will go ahead, whether we join in it or not, and it is one of the great adventures of all time, and no nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in the race for space.
		Space suits used for the lunar surface EVA were pressurized to approximately 3.7 pounds per square inch and, as a result, the amount of force that the astronauts could apply with their gloved hands was limited and their range of movement was restricted.
		The Space Shuttle is the principal component of the Space Transportation System, which includes the Spacelab a manned laboratory carried in the Orbiter's cargo bayand several types of upper stage ''space tugs'' for boosting payloads to orbits beyond the Shuttle's operational altitude.
	vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov /er/seh/movies.html (13700 words)

	NASA - anatomical studies of vestibular adaptation
		Adaptation to the microgravity environment usually occurs within one week, and a subsequent re-adaptation period of several days is often required upon return to Earth.
		The structural changes that take place in one of the vestibular regions of the brain (the cerebellar cortex) during the process of adaptation to Earth’s gravity remain unclear and are the subject of an experiment being conducted on STS–107 by Dr. Gay Holstein of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York.
		The results of this experiment will help to identify the cellular bases underlying the vestibular changes experienced by astronauts during periods of adaptation and re-adaptation to altered gravitational forces, and may provide insights for the development of effective pharmacotherapeutic countermeasures.
	weboflife.ksc.nasa.gov /currentResearch/currentResearchFlight/sts107AnatomicalStudies.htm (756 words)

	CSA - Why do astronauts suffer motion sickness in space?
		In reflecting on this observation and some of his experience in space life sciences, Dr Watt asked himself whether such a strategy might play a role in the motion sickness, or space adaptation syndrome, that affects about 50% of astronauts at the beginning of a space flight.
		If torso rotation does indeed play a role in space adaptation syndrome, then researchers expected to observe evidence of the strategy of the head moving with the torso.
		An egocentric strategy like this, that is, one that relies on a sense of self rather than on the outside world, motor strategy will result in gaze slip from a point to another, where the world seems to slip or seems unstable in the visual field, which often results in nausea and motion sickness.
	www.space.gc.ca /asc/eng/sciences/tre.asp?printer=1 (581 words)

	CSA - STS-42 - Science Experiments
		The Space Adaptation Syndrome experiments are designed to study the nervous system's adaptation to the weightlessness of space.
		To design proper fitness programs for astronauts on long duration flights it is necessary to have accurate information on the amount of energy expended during space flight.
		This experiment investigates the symptoms of back pain in space possibly caused by elongation of the spine with the goal of developing techniques to be used before or during flight to alleviate its effects.
	www.space.gc.ca /asc/eng/missions/sts-042/experiments.asp?printer=1 (418 words)

	Space Station \| The Station \| Living in Space
		Many of the problems that arise from living and working in space have been resolved.
		Among these are the leaching of certain minerals from bones; atrophy of muscles when not exercised; and space adaptation syndrome, a form of motion sickness found only in spaceflight.
		This will be particularly important for the longer tours of duty on the Space Station, where crew members will be in orbit for three months or more at a time.
	www.pbs.org /spacestation/station/living_microgravity.htm (165 words)

	Scientists seek a cure for space sickness - Space.com - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Space travelers face a topsy-turvy world where up and down is nowhere to be found.
		Three-quarters of the astronaut community is likely to be susceptible to space sickness, he said.
		Space sickness susceptibility is usually limited to the first two to four days, he noted.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/10145715 (793 words)

	Intracranial
		Currently, up to 40% of all astronauts develop a condition called "space adaptation syndrome" in their first few days in space.
		When an astronaut flies into the weightlessness of space, his body continues to function as if he is still on earth pushing fluids up and causing an unbalanced fluid distribution in his upper body.
		The objective of this monitor is to assist in the prediction and treatment of space adaptation syndrome.
	www.cet.edu /gstw/intracranial.html (788 words)

	Psychophysiology Research Lab at NASA - Ames Research Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The title of this study was A Preventive Method For Space Adaptation Syndrome: Autogenic-Feedback Training.
		To predict susceptibility to space motion sickness based on preflight data of each treatment group crewmember
		To study physiological and behavioral indicators of human adaptation to the microgravity environment
	human-factors.arc.nasa.gov /ihh/psychophysio/space_research/preventive_method.html (136 words)

	Mixed Up in Space
		Nevertheless, first-time space travelers can be surprised by some very unearthly sensations that can confuse and amuse the astronauts who feel them.
		"Space sickness relieves itself after about 3 days, although individual astronauts and cosmonauts may have a relapse at any time during their mission," Schneider says.
		Key issues under investigation at the NSRBI include the psychology of long-term space flight, physical changes to bones and muscles in weightlessness, and of course the adaptation of the vestibular system.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2001/ast07aug_1.htm (1400 words)

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