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Topic: Space Shuttle Challenger

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	TSGC \| Spacecraft Design Archive
		The second leg was a manned orbiting space station which would be resupplied by the Shuttle and would serve as both a transfer point for activities further from Earth and as a scientific and manufacturing platform.
		Both the Space Station and the Journey to Mars were delayed indefinitely and the United States manned space program was left standing on one leg, the space shuttle.
		At the time of the Challenger accident there was a general feeling among both NASA and the public that the space shuttle was no longer an experimental vehicle, but was now a fully operational vehicle, in the same sense as a commercial airliner.
	www.tsgc.utexas.edu /archive/general/ethics/shuttle.html (4490 words)

	Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster 1986
		Although the destruction of the Shuttle Challenger was caused by the hardware failure of a solid rocket booster (SRB) "O" ring, the human decision to launch was, in itself, flawed.
		Conceptually, the Space Shuttle was introduced during the crest of the successful Apollo mission.
		Globally, the Shuttle was sold as a partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA) and as a means to improve national and social relations by combining peoples of different nationalities, races and sexes who would serve as crew members.
	dssresources.com /cases/spaceshuttlechallenger/index.html (3270 words)

	Spaceflight :The Challenger Accident
		Wreckage from the Space Shuttle mission 51-L mission retrieved from the Atlantic Ocean by a flotilla of U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Navy vessels was returned to the Trident Basin at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station aboard the U.S. Coast Guard cutter Dallas.
		The problem with the Space Shuttle's Solid Rocket Booster joint began with its faulty design and increased as both NASA and Thiokol management first failed to recognize the problem, then failed to fix it, and finally treated it as an acceptable flight risk.
		The findings of the commission determined that the genesis of the Challenger accident-the failure of the joint of the right solid rocket motor-began with decisions made in the design of the joint and in the failure by both Thiokol and NASA to understand and respond to facts obtained during testing.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/SPACEFLIGHT/challenger/SP26.htm (1503 words)

	Space Shuttle Challenger - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Challenger, along with Discovery was modified at KSC to be able to carry the Centaur-G upper-stage in its payload bay.
		Challenger was one of two space shuttles destroyed in an accident during a mission, the other being Columbia.
		Challenger was destroyed in the second minute of STS-51-L, the orbiter's tenth mission, on January 28, 1986, when an O-ring seal on its right solid rocket booster failed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger (591 words)

	Space Shuttle Challenger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		January 28, 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger the 25th space shuttle mission, was set to be launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida at, 11:38am.
		Hopes ran high as many were lined outside to watch the Challenger being launched, the lift-off was being watched live on television for those who couldn't make it to the Kennedy Space Center.
		The Challenger was at a height of 46,000 feet when it exploded.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Agora/9806/challenger.html (417 words)

	Challenger Paper
		Unlike the Apollo mission, the Space Shuttle was approved as a method for operating in space, without a firm definition of what its operational goals would be (Ref pg.3).
		Globally, the Shuttle was sold as a partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA) and as a means to improve national and social relations by combining different nationalities, races and sexes to act as crew members.
		That is, the Shuttle engineering and management decisions were made to meet the needs of organizational, political, and economic factors as opposed to a single entity mission profile with specific goals (Ref, Ibid.
	frontpage.hypermall.com /jforrest/challenger/challenger_sts.htm (2874 words)

	Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster
		NASA was under a lot of pressure to launch the Challenger in time so it would not delay other shuttle launches scheduled for later in the year.
		Even when the Challenger was launched, NASA was aware it had a few problems, but NASA knew they had those same problems before with other spacecraft and nothing went wrong.
		The second lesson would be "Space: Where We’ve Been, Where We’re Going." This lesson would show kids what NASA is planning to do in the future with space, especially the manned space station.
	library.thinkquest.org /J002040F/space_shuttle_challenger_disaster.htm (711 words)

	John F. Kennedy Space Center - Space Shuttle Challenger
		On January 28, 1986, the Challenger and its seven-member crew were lost 73 seconds after launch when a booster failure resulted in the breakup of the vehicle.
		Challenger had been built with a simulated crew module and the forward fuselage halves had to be separated to gain access to the crew module.
		wo orbiters, Challenger and Discovery, were modified at KSC to enable them to carry the Centaur upper stage in the payload bay.
	www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov /kscpao/shuttle/resources/orbiters/challenger.html (549 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster
		On 28 January 1986, the American space program suffered one of its greatest tragedies when the Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed 76 seconds into the mission, killing all seven crew members.
		It is also a common misconception that the Challenger "exploded." In actuality, the Shuttle was destroyed by a structural failure that caused the vehicle to break apart.
		Prior to Challenger, it was thought that any failure of the SRBs would occur at the moment of ignition and result in the catastrophic loss of the entire vehicle and launch pad.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/investigations/q0122.shtml (3022 words)

	Challenger Accident
		On January 28, 1986 America was shocked by the destruction of the space shuttle Challenger, and the death of its seven crew members.
		Appendix to the Roger's Commission Report on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident by R. Feynman from Middle of Nowhere "It appears that there are enormous differences of opinion as to the probability of a failure with loss of vehicle and of human life.
		The records of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident in the custody of the National Archives exist in several media - the electronic records (i.e., the computer-readable datasets) are in the custody of the Center for Electronic Records.
	www.fas.org /spp/51L.html (3783 words)

	StarChild: The Space Shuttle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Called "the first true aerospace vehicle", the Space Shuttle has the ability to take off like a rocket, orbit the Earth like a spaceship, and land on a runway like an airplane.
		The major components of the Space Shuttle are two solid rocket boosters (SRBs), an external tank, and a winged orbiter.
		The orbiter is the only part of the Space Shuttle which is given a name as well as an identification number.
	starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/StarChild/space_level2/shuttle.html (507 words)

	Space Shuttle Challenger Accident FBI NASA Files
		Challenger, named after an American Naval research vessel that sailed the Atlantic and Pacific oceans during the 1870's, joined NASA's fleet of reusable winged spaceships in July 1982.
		This Shuttle mission received greater attention, especially in American schools, due to the fact that a Concord, New Hampshire school teacher, Christa McAuliffe was onboard.
		The consensus of the commission appointed to investigate the accident and participating investigative agencies, is that the loss of the Space Shuttle Challenger was caused by a failure in the joint between the two lower segments of the right Solid Rocket Motor.
	www.paperlessarchives.com /challenger.html (691 words)

	Selected Congresional Hearings and Reports from the Challenger Space Shuttle Accident: Main Page
		Following the tragedy, a series of congressional hearings were held, including a joint hearing between the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the House Science Committee (February 12); and a House Science Committee hearing on implications of the Columbia accident on NASA programs and budget (February 27).
		Space Shuttle Accident - (Hearing) U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, Subcommittee on Science, Technology and Space.
		Space Shuttle Oversight - (Hearing) U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, Subcommittee on Science, Technology and Space.
	www.gpoaccess.gov /challenger (536 words)

	The Space Shuttle Challenger
		Challenger: On January 28, 1986 a space shuttle exploded during the program's twenty-fifth mission, killing seven crew members.
		High-profile investigations found that the technical cause (leaking joints in the solid rocket boosters) was suspected and troubling to engineers and managers before launch, but that for various political and financial reasons they were overruled and pressured to conform and approve launch.
		Abstract: Official archive of the Commission, available at National Archives: "The Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, chaired by former Secretary of State William P. Rogers, investigated the circumstances surrounding the explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger shortly after liftoff on January 28, 1986.
	userpages.umbc.edu /~tatarewi/Welcome/Challenger-Columbia.htm (1181 words)

	Space Today Online - Seven Astronauts - Space Shuttle Challenger
		Flying in the shuttle Challenger with Christa McAuliffe were commander Francis R. "Dick" Scobee, pilot Michael J. Smith, mission specialists Judith A. Resnik, Ronald E. McNair and Ellison S. Onizuka, and payload specialist Gregory B. Jarvis, an employee of Hughes Aircraft Corp.
		After Challenger, shuttle flights were on hold for almost three years to 1988.
		The Columbia disaster » The Challenger disaster » The Apollo 1 disaster »
	www.spacetoday.org /SpcShtls/ChallengerSevenPhotoNASA.html (413 words)

	51-L
		The fl color and dense composition of the smoke puffs suggest that the grease, joint insulation and rubber O-rings in the joint seal were being burned and eroded by the hot propellant gases.
		Also scheduled were the initial "teacher in space" (TISP) video taping and a firing of the orbital maneuvering engines (OMS) to place Challenger at the 152-mile orbital altitude from which the Spartan would be deployed.
		The Challenger was scheduled to land at the Kennedy Space Center.144 hours and 34 minutes after launch.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/missions/51-l/mission-51-l.html (1602 words)

	Space Shuttle Challenger disaster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was a space disaster that occurred at 11:39 a.m.
		It found that the Challenger accident was caused by a failure in the O-rings sealing a joint on the right solid rocket booster, which allowed pressurized hot gases and eventually flame to "blow by" the O-ring and make contact with the adjacent external tank, causing structural failure.
		In response to the commission's recommendation, NASA initiated a total redesign of the space shuttle's solid rocket boosters, which was watched over by an independent oversight group as stipulated by the commission.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster (6016 words)

	wcbstv.com - CBS2 Classics: Space Shuttle Challenger Tragedy
		Twenty years ago, space shuttle Challenger blew apart into jets of fire and plumes of smoke, a terrifying sight witnessed by the families of the seven astronauts and onlookers who came to watch the historic launch of the first teacher in space.
		"Because in 1986, the space shuttle was the symbol of technological prowess of the United States and all the sudden it's destroyed in front of everybody's eyes."
		The Challenger disaster came in an era of tighter budgets, smaller work forces and a constant need for the space agency to justify the shuttle program that followed the heyday of the Apollo moon shots.
	wcbstv.com /topstories/local_story_025211237.html (816 words)

	Challenger Remembered
		EST on January 28, 1986, Space Shuttle Challenger lifted off from the launch pad 39B at Cape Canaveral's Kennedy Space Center.
		The 25th space shuttle launch received widespread attention because of the presence of Sharon Christa McAuliffe, who was to have been the first teacher in space.
		Viewers on the ground were initially alarmed by the puff of smoke, which was seen well before the solid rocket boosters were scheduled to separate from the space shuttle.
	www.space.com /news/spacehistory/challenger_rem_000128.html (387 words)

	Challenger Center: The 51-L Crew: Francis R. (Dick) Scobee
		Dick Scobee was selected as an astronaut candidate in January 1978, along with fellow Challenger crew members El Onizuka, Ron McNair, and Judy Resnik.
		After completing a one-year training and evaluation period, he qualified for future shuttle missions as a pilot.
		His first mission was the April 1984 flight of the Challenger STS 41-C, launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
	www.challenger.org /about/scobee.cfm (430 words)

	Space Shuttle Challenger Decision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		On January 28, 1986, at 11.38 am EST, the space shuttle Challenger was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
		The Presidential Commission investigating the accident subsequently concluded that Challenger was destroyed after hot propellant gases flew past the aft joint of the shuttle's right solid rocket booster, burning through two synthetic rubber seal rings called O-rings, and vaporizing the seal.
		The Commission also concluded that "the decision to launch the Challenger was flawed." The House of Representatives conducted its own hearings and also concluded that "the fundamental problem was poor technical decision-making over a period of several years by top NASA and contractor personnel."
	choo.fis.utoronto.ca /FIS/Courses/LIS2149/challenger.html (137 words)

	Shuttle
		The shuttle solid rocket boosters (or SRBs), are key elements in the operation of the shuttle.
		To minimize the gap and increase the squeeze on the O-ring, shims are inserted between the tang and the outside leg of the clevis.
		The shuttle flight 51-C of January 24, 1985, was launched during some of the coldest weather in Florida history.
	ethics.tamu.edu /ethics/shuttle/shuttle1.htm (3755 words)

	STS-8 Challenger Space Shuttle Cover FLOWN IN SPACE /Joe Frasketi's Philatelic Space Covers
		Carried into space aboard the Space Shuttle "Challenger" this NASA cover is a key item for a Space topical collection - and it's a beauty!
		These are the first covers to be carried into space aboard the Space Shuttle and then made available to the public.
		Where stamp(s) used on the item are of significance, such as being a space stamp or a flag stamp or related to the event or location, it will be described.
	www.spacecovers.com /pricelists/prclst_sts8fln.htm (512 words)

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