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	Space debris - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Space debris or orbital debris, also called space junk and space waste, are the objects in orbit around Earth created by man that no longer serve any useful purpose.
		Space debris is most concentrated in low Earth orbit, though some extends out past geosynchronous orbit.
		Space debris has become a growing concern in recent years, since collisions at orbital velocities can be highly damaging to functioning satellites and can also produce even more space debris in the process.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Space_debris (1039 words)

	Debris - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cosmology, debris usually refers to the remains of spacecraft that have either fallen to Earth or are still orbiting Earth, and is generally known as space debris.
		Space debris may also consist of natural components such as chunks of rock and ice.
		In medicine, debris usually refers to biological matter that has accumulated or lodged in surgical instruments and is referred to as surgical debris.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Debris (726 words)

	OPTICAL GROUND STATION (OGS)
		Space debris are artificial, non-functional objects orbiting the Earth.
		Due to the collision risk with space debris, it is necessary to shield spacecrafts against impacts of uncontrolled fragments.
		One of the aspects in the space debris field in which a great effort is still needed is the cataloguing and characterization of the orbiting object population, as well as the determination of their orbital parameters (which must be periodically revised since they are affected by numerous perturbations).
	www.iac.es /telescopes/ogs/notiE.html (2700 words)

	Article 1
		Space station partners should resolve issues that would prevent the spacecraft from moving promptly whenever a warning is received, the committee said.
		Debris creation is governed by factors such as the number of launches each year, the rate at which the redundant satellites and rocket stages begin to fragment and the size of particles they form.
		He says, "Because space is a commerce and the people who operate in space know each other, it's in everybody's self-interest to preclude contamination of the space environment." In the past, he says, weather satellites have routinely been sent into space for up to five years, after which parts would fail or become obsolete.
	see.msfc.nasa.gov /sparkman/Section_Docs/article_1.htm (10743 words)

	ipedia.com: Space debris Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Space debris, also known as space junk, are any of the tens of thousands of small artificial objects in orbit around Earth that are a result of the planet's space programs over the years.
		Debris are most concentrated in low Earth orbit, though some extends out past geosynchronous orbit.
		However, currently most effort is being devoted to prevention of collisions by keeping track of larger debris, and prevention of more debris: satellites are deliberately deorbited at the end of their useful lifespan, or moved to "graveyard orbits" where no valuable functioning satellites are present.
	www.ipedia.com /space_debris.html (409 words)

	NASA WSTF Orbital Debris and Micrometeoroids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Debris hits spacecraft and satellites and to minimize the potential hazard of debris impacts it is necessary to understand the current orbital debris environment.
		The man-made debris or space junk consists mainly of fragmented rocket bodies and spacecraft parts created by 40 years of space exploration.
		For example, when a space shuttle is in orbit, the USSPACECOM regularly examines the trajectories of orbital debris to identify possible close encounters.
	www.wstf.nasa.gov /Hazard/Hyper/debris.htm (434 words)

	Russell D. Hoffman Discusses SPACE DEBRIS
		When orbiting debris collides, it usually does so at such a speed that it is more than pulverized--it is liquefied and turned into not one or two, not even dozens, but millions of new pieces of space debris.
		That's how fragile outer space in near earth orbit is. When a 5000 pound satellite is exploded in near earth orbit it can create tens of thousands or even millions of pieces of space debris which will orbit the earth for tens of thousands or even millions of years.
		On several space shuttle missions, course corrections have had to be made to avoid a collision with a known item of space debris.
	www.animatedsoftware.com /spacedeb/spacedeb.htm (3288 words)

	Space station crew spots bits of debris - Space News - MSNBC.com
		And experts on space debris say that because the crew is looking out only a small fraction of the time, what they see is likely only a small fraction of the material being shed by the station as it orbits 235 miles (375 kilometers) above the planet.
		NASA has been sensitized to the issue of debris lost by space vehicles because it was a small piece of debris from the space shuttle Columbia that might have been a timely warning of the fatal damage to the wing’s thermal protection system.
		During the Apollo missions, debris flaking off spacecraft became such a common occurrence that astronauts and ground controllers nicknamed them "moon pigeons." At that time, NASA created an aggressive safety program to detect and identify all such objects in case any were indicative of some unexpected failure mode of the space vehicles.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/4285550 (1247 words)

	Space Debris Basics
		Orbital debris generally refers to material that is on orbit as the result of space missions, but is no longer serving any function.
		In addition, the debris research community has concluded that at least one additional breakup was caused by collision.
		At altitudes of 2,000 km and lower, it is generally accepted that the debris population dominates the natural meteoroid population for object sizes 1 mm and larger.
	www.aero.org /capabilities/cords/debris-basics.html (365 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Was Columbia struck by space debris?
		It went on to say that space debris could pose risks "during launch or re-entry to the Earth's atmosphere" and that there was a risk that "the crew will be harmed or that the spacecraft will incur major damage.
		The report said that Nasa's space shuttles, designed in the 1970s, were not built to withstand bombardment by orbital debris because such objects were not then recognised as a substantial threat.
		It remains to be seen if space debris was the cause of the accident, as Columbia's crew compartment has not been recovered in any identifiable form.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/2732711.stm (588 words)

	Subcommittee on Space Debris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Recognizing the risks posed by space debris on activities in space, and to some extent also on ground, the subcommittee shall study all related aspects of the space debris environment, risks to activities in space as well on ground, and methods of debris mitigation and control.
		Its objective was to inform participants of the space debris problem, applied space debris mitigation measures and activities related to space debris by professional societies, the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), and the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.
		More accurate space debris models are needed which provide the particulate flux at different altitudes and for a large range of object sizes.
	www.iaanet.org /commite/8b.htm (1720 words)

	Spotlight On Space Debris
		One cm is also the maximum size of debris that can be defeated by modern shielding technology; Space Shuttle windscreens have been damaged by flecks of paint as small as 0.3 mm in size travelling at a mere 14 400 kph.
		Debris studies are a growing field of space science attracting a lot of interest.
		Requirements include limiting debris during normal operations, suppressing deliberate break-up of rockets or payloads, and properly disposing of spacecraft and upper stages, typically by moving them to "graveyard" orbits or by deorbiting them into the atmosphere, where most burn up.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/debris-04c.html (1235 words)

	Paul Maley's Satellite Page
		Space debris might be defined as material orbiting the earth that has outlived its useful lifetime.
		Another form of space debris is that which reenters the earth's atmosphere and is recovered on the ground.
		The 3 objects qualify as space debris since they were jettisoned as part of the mission scenario yet followed along in roughly parallel trajectories to the Apollo.
	www.eclipsetours.com /sat/debris.html (2909 words)

	Universe Today - How to Deal with Space Debris
		Assessing the risk that space debris pose to operational spacecraft and satellites is a challenge and depends on whether you are worried about being hit by a known, tracked debris object or by an unknown object.
		Smaller debris range from microscopic particles of dust, which are relatively harmless, up to objects about 1 cm in diameter.
		In addition to a debris warning system developed at ESOC, additional ESA space debris research is done at the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), in The Netherlands, mainly focusing on the space segment.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/deal_space_debris.html?2232005 (874 words)

	SPACE.com -- Space Junk
		Aware of the threat, the U.S. Space Command monitors space debris and other objects, reporting directly to NASA and other agencies whenever there's threat of an orbital impact.
		Of the total, 2,671 are satellites (working or not), 90 are space probes that have been launched out of Earth orbit, and 6096 are mere chunks of debris zooming around the third planet from the Sun.
		The most space debris created by a spacecraft's destruction was due to the upper stage of a Pegasus rocket launched in 1994.
	www.space.com /spacewatch/space_junk.html (789 words)

	ESA Portal - Focus On - Space debris spotlight
		Not only is space debris a hot topic, it is also a fascinating — and growing — field of space science.
		Typical of the debris impact assessment work done at ESA, Dr Gerhard Drolshagen, at ESA/ESTEC, has analysed micro-debris impacts on the solar arrays used by the Hubble space telescope; the arrays were supplied by ESA and retrieved in March 2002 after more than 8 years in space.
		Debris preventative measures need to be applied now," he said at a recent conference.
	www.esa.int /esaCP/SEMHDJXJD1E_FeatureWeek_0.html (1176 words)

	The Ultimate Space Debris Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This page has been created to inform the general public of the growing problem that is commonly referred to as Space Debris.
		The earliest forms of space debris were derived from the thirteenth century, when people began experimenting with rockets.
		Space debris is a problem that grows tremendously each year with new space shuttles and satellites launched into space.
	members.aol.com /earth2039 (376 words)

	SpaceRef - Astronautics - Space Debris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The orbital debris research team has taken the international lead in conducting measurements of the environment and in developing the technical consensus for adopting mitigation measures to protect users of the orbital environment.
		Space Debris monitor (SDM) - SDM is a publication issued periodically by the Service for Monitoring of Space Objects (SMOS) of the CNUCE Spaceflight Dynamics Section to inform the Italian (and international) space community about space debris and reentry of uncontrolled space objects.
		Space Debris, ESA, Mission Analysis Section at ESOC - This website describes the tracking, analysis, and modeling activities underway at the Mission Analysis Section of ESA's European Space Operations Centre with regard to space debris and the hazards that this debris can pose to spacecraft.
	www.spaceref.com:16080 /Directory/Astronautics/Space_Debris (572 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Space debris warning
		Despite this dire warning, space agencies say that, while in the past they may have been responsible for a growing amount of space junk, they now have policies to minimise the hazard.
		From this data the authors of the report conclude that even if nothing is done to reduce the number of satellites in orbit, there is the possibility that they could contribute to a growing cloud of space debris in certain orbits.
		In its 14 years in space the Mir space station did not have its work hindered by space debris, even though its exterior was pitted with minute holes from collisions.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1351000/1351233.stm (385 words)

	ESA Portal - Space debris: assessing the risk
		For example, for a satellite with a 100-m2 cross-sectional area (including solar panels) orbiting at 400 km altitude, the mean time between impact with a debris object 10 cm in size has been calculated to be on the order of 15 000 years.
		Spacecraft operators must avoid deliberate and unintentional break-up of their craft including deliberate and unintentional explosions or collisions, as these are the major sources of untrackable yet deadly debris.
		Part 3 will be published early in April, in advance of the the 4th European Conference on Space Debris, taking place at ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany, 18-20 April 2005.
	www.esa.int /esaCP/SEMH5KRMD6E_index_0.html (773 words)

	The Growing Hazard of Artificial Space Debris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Because of their savage velocities, even a space debris fragment as small as a garden pea can damage an artificial satellite.
		Sixty percent of the trackable objects in NORAD's inventory have been produced by violent explosions in space, nearly 100 of which are known to have occurred.
		According to industry rumors, early Soviet astronauts may have further aggravated the space debris problem by tossing garbage out of their manned space stations.
	www.aticourses.com /news/debris.htm (437 words)

	Debris Field
		The debris field comprises burnt-out launch vehicle upper stages, dead or inactive spacecraft and other objects ranging in size from as big as an automobile to microscopic dust.
		The refuge site is in the debris field of the wreckage of the space shuttle Columbia and has been proposed as a memorial to this national tragedy.
		The debris field covered an area 25' x 40' at a depth of approximately 5' in depth when it was taken outside.
	columbiahistory.inkycolumbia.com /debrisfield (887 words)

	RedOrbit - Space - Shining the Spotlight on Space Debris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		One cm is also the maximum size of debris that can be defeated by modern shielding technology; Space Shuttle windscreens have been damaged by flecks of paint as small as 0.3 mm in size travelling at a mere 14,400 kph.
		The fastest debris, at 50,000 kph, are travelling about 17 times faster than a machine gun bullet.
		View of space debris from geosynchronous orbit (around 35,785 km altitude).
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=108540 (1264 words)

	USATODAY.com - Space debris crowds the not-so-friendly skies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It was identified as debris from a third stage of an American Delta 2 booster that had been orbiting since October 1993.
		Fragmentation debris appears to have decreased noticeably in recent years, but unfortunately the true picture is slightly different, said Nicholas Johnson, Program Manager and Chief Scientist of the NASA Orbital Debris Program Office at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.
		There's another "message" that can be seen in charting out the space junk saga, found in the relative numbers of spacecraft, rocket bodies, and other debris.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/space/2005-02-02-look-out-above_x.htm (772 words)

	ARPANSA: Emergency Preparedness - Space Debris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Over recent years thousands of individual items of hardware have been placed in space orbit, varying in size from a few cubic centimetres to complete space laboratories weighing many tonnes with some having on-board nuclear reactors.
		Fortunately no one suffered injury or property damage from these incidents, but they highlight that there is danger to life and property from space debris, which could include radioactive fallout.
		The Australian Contingency Plan for Space Re-Entry Debris (AUSCONPLAN-SPRED) has been prepared to coordinate the activities of Commonwealth, State and Territory Departments/Authorities involved in recovering and neutralizing any radiological threat arising from the re-entry of space debris over Australia and the island territories.
	www.arpansa.gov.au /arlspace.htm (656 words)

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