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Topic: Space programme of Europe

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	Hopper (spacecraft) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hopper is designed to be more economical than today's space vehicles and even reliable for manned space operations.
		In the first few decades of the 21st century, it will be the first independent manned European non-military attempt at space operations and will be an important part of the ISS project.
		Hopper is to be launched on a 4 km magnetic track which will accelerate it to launch speed, providing far cheaper access to space than the current Ariane 5 launcher.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft) (159 words)

	First ever "Space Council" paves the way for a European space programme
		Space is an area where the added value of a joint and coherent policy on the European level is very clear.
		The European space programme, to be defined in concept by the end of 2005, will constitute a common, inclusive and flexible platform encompassing all activities and measures to be undertaken by the EC, ESA and other stakeholders (e.g.
		To this end, a second “Space Council” meeting is planned for Spring 2005 to define general governance principles, identify priorities as well as the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders and establish industrial policy principles.
	www.southgatearc.org /news/november/european_space.htm (514 words)

	Europe considers its future in space - Breaking News \| Print \| New Scientist
		The European space programme is being asked to do some serious soul searching about its future, with the launch of a public consultation paper by the Europe Commission (EC) on Monday.
		However, the paper also asks if Europe is capable of playing a bigger role in the global space industry, "intervening on a par with its partners and playing a strategic role".
		James Oberg, a space analyst and veteran of the US space program, agrees that the consultation comes at a key time for Europe's space programme.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn3308&print=true (502 words)

	Rednova NEWS \| Bush aims to put a man on Mars; President sees US space programme as vote winner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		George W Bush is poised to rejuvenate America's ailing space programme with a bold plan to establish a permanently-manned lunar station as a stepping stone for landing an astronaut on Mars, perhaps within the next 10 years.
		India's space programme is well advanced, with a number of geo- stationary telecommunications satellites in situ.
		Europe's space programme has no ambitions for a manned space flight to the moon, preferring to concentrate on satellites, space probes, and other research projects.
	www.rednova.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=39131 (1039 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| MPs criticise UK space programme
		The committee criticised the risk management of civil space activities, and said the progress of projects was not sufficiently monitored.
		The government spent £188m on civil space activities in 2003-04, which were carried out by a partnership of 10 government departments, agencies and research councils.
		The cost of space programmes are increased by the system, meaning contracts are not always awarded to the most cost-effective bidder.
	www.guardian.co.uk /space/article/0,14493,1502714,00.html?gusrc=rss (543 words)

	MarsNews.com :: Runners-up in the space race (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Europe, Japan, India and China all have space programmes, and several other countries are bringing up the rear.
		The Indian and Chinese space programmes, like those of Russia and America four decades ago, are by-products of missile development that are meant to show off their technological prowess.
		Europe’s space programme is driven by commercial rather than military ambitions.
	www.marsnews.com /archives/2001/04/12/runnersup_in_the_space_race.html (108 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Europe to hitch space ride on Russia's rocket
		If Europe decides to join Russia's Clipper project, a proposal to be outlined before the ESA council in the next week, it will mark a turning point in relations among space powers.
		Europe has usually allied itself with the US in setting up space projects but has become disappointed with the behaviour of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Nasa).
		For example, the delay in resuming space shuttle launches after the Columbia disaster in 2003 has cost the ESA £100m in maintenance costs for the space station sections it has built and which should have been put into orbit by now.
	www.guardian.co.uk /space/article/0,14493,1489679,00.html (685 words)

	EUROPA - Space - - First ‘Space Council’ sets sights on European Space Programme
		The Space Council is a major political milestone for Europe in space, gathering ministers representing all 27 EU and/or ESA Member States in joint discussions aimed at developing an overall ‘European Space Programme’.
		The Space Council was chaired jointly by Edelgard Bulmahn, German Minister for Education and Research and current chair of the ESA Council, and Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst, Dutch Minister for Economic Affairs and current chair of the EU Competitiveness Council.
		The European Space Programme is to be defined in concept by the end of 2005.
	europa.eu.int /comm/space/news/article_1701_en.html (715 words)

	ESA Portal - Space serving European citizens
		ESA is increasingly committed to closer cooperation with the European Union to further its aim of putting space at the service of European citizens and also to focus attention on space at the highest political level in Europe.
		As Europe grows, ESA is bound to grow too: the recent accession of Portugal, the interest expressed by Greece in becoming a member state, and the intensifying cooperation with Central and Eastern European countries all testify to the continuing vitality of the Agency and its programmes.
		Outstanding space programmes are only possible with a strong technology base, the key to the competitiveness of European industry in world markets.
	www.esa.int /export/esaCP/ESAY1I8VTTC_index_0.html (931 words)

	Europe 2020 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Year 2003, with recent tragedy of US space shuttle Columbia and with very likely launch of a manned spacecraft by China, is definitely closing an era of space conquest and opening a completely new one.
		Simply said: Europe will have to be a leader in one of the key global project of tomorrow’s world space projects; as well as taking part as partner in other major projects.
		Whether it is terms of science, seriously testing ‘industry in space’, finding new solutions to get rid of very dangerous pollutants, or even setting up a more adequate base for future exploration of other planets, the interest of such a ‘Europeans on the Moon’ space programme are numerous and concrete.
	www.europe2020.org /en/section_space/011203.htm (1156 words)

	noticias - First ever “Space Council” paves the way for a European space programme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Space Council was established in order to coordinate and facilitate cooperative activities between the European Community and ESA through their Framework Agreement, which was adopted in 2003 and entered into force in May this year.
		The European Space Programme — expected to be endorsed by a Space Council session at the end of 2005 — will constitute a common platform including all activities and measures to be undertaken by the EC, ESA and other stakeholders in order to achieve the objectives set by the European Space Policy.
		The European Space Programme will be drawn up in light of the overall recommendations set out in the White Paper on Space, an action plan adopted by the European Commission in November 2003 for implementing an enlarged European Space Policy.
	www.noticias.info /archivo/2004/200411/20041127/20041127_40879.shtm (807 words)

	Reflecting on Europe's space missions (September 2003) - Review - PhysicsWeb
		It attempts to describe Europe’s achievements in space over the past 60 years, starting with the successful launch of the first V2 rocket – or A4 as it was then known – by Werner von Braun and colleagues in 1942.
		They point out the heroes who led Europe to space glory but who are often ignored by the literature on space, dominated as it is by a US perspective.
		Chapter four is devoted to the European Space Agency (ESA), emphasizing – in perhaps a little too much detail – the key role played by the Ariane launcher in the evolution of the European space programme.
	physicsweb.org /articles/review/16/9/3/1 (229 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Europe leads space race to hunt down ET
		Labeyrie's space telescope is unlikely to be built for decades, although preliminary optical tests have already begun.
		In the meantime, the European Space Agency (Esa) is preparing to launch a programme aimed at developing less complex missions for pinpointing stars with life-bearing planets.
		This will see the construction of several major space telescopes, designed to spot exo-planets, over the next 20 years and could ultimately lead to the con struction of an Exo-Earth Imager, though this is not yet part of the programme.
	www.guardian.co.uk /space/article/0,14493,1334702,00.html (1055 words)

	Yorkshire CND - Europe in space, overtaking the cold warriors - 23/4/01
		Representatives of Boeing and the state-controlled Russian Aeronautics and Space Agency agreed on 13 April to expand aerospace co-operation.
		Europe's southernmost latitude is roughly equivalent to that of Tennessee; its primary launch site has consequently been in French Guiana, across the Atlantic.
		Once Galileo is fully realised in 2007, Europe will have the infrastructure in place to allow it to operate its space programme independently, should it so choose.
	www.gn.apc.org /cndyorks/yspace/articles/eurospace/europeinspace.htm (768 words)

	The Impact of Space Activities upon Society
		Its mission is to shape the development of Europe's space capability and ensure that investment in space continues to deliver benefits to the people of Europe.
		Its task is to draw up the European space plan (for example in manned space flight, earth observation, communications, science, technology etc) and carry it through.
		The space industry benefits from the award of ESA contracts and also puts the technical experience gained from taking part in ESA's programmes to other uses.
	www.spaceandsociety.org /esa.html (282 words)

	The Role of Space Science in a Developed Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It will look at why the exploration of space is more than a scientific endeavour and why society needs to look outwards and also backwards to its origins.
		Although science and physics, in particular, are at the root of space science, any modern technologically developed society needs, for its own health, to look outwards and backwards to its origins.
		Space science does these tasks in the grandest ways, looking outwards to its limits of the ability to see and to measure, and backwards to whence our galaxy, our planet and outselves came.
	news.man.ac.uk /1069250578/index_html (202 words)

	CNN.com - Bush to seek manned flights to moon, Mars - Jan. 9, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Bush will lay out his "vision for expanding the space program," which is expected to include long-term moves for manned missions to the moon and an eventual manned mission to Mars, an official said.
		Some of the things that had been under consideration were a proposal for a permanent presence on the moon, setting a target for retiring the shuttle fleet, and a plan to phase out the international space station.
		An administration official said the president is not expected to immediately discuss the potential cost of his new space vision.
	edition.cnn.com /2004/TECH/space/01/08/bush (465 words)

	Chinese Defence Today - Space Programme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		China is one of the world’s major players in the field of space technology along with the United States, Russia and Europe.
		China’s space programme, though relatively small and less advanced comparing to the those of the US and Russia, has been impressive since its birth back in the 1960/70s.
		Although the current Chinese military space programme is far behind US, Russia and Europe, its future potential should not be underestimated.
	www.sinodefence.com /space/default.asp (413 words)

	EU Councils discuss space cooperation and Kok report
		The first meeting of the European Space Council has taken place with members from the EU and the Council of the European Space Agency.
		The ESC agreed that the space sector requires the development of an appropriate industrial policy and that work on a Europe-wide space programme should begin.
		The programme is due to be discussed at the next space council session planned for the end of next year.
	www.researchresearch.com /news.cfm?pagename=newsStory&type=default&elementID=45690 (228 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond (Springer-Praxis Books S.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In Europe's Space Programme - to Ariane and Beyond, author Brian Harvey begins with the fledgling European rocket effort of the 1930s and the key pioneers of the period, examining the significance of the V-2 and the technological advances represented by its development.
		Both Britain and France developed national space programmes in the 1950s and 1960s and the early attempts at European co-operation for launcher development - ELDO and ESRO - are described.
		The formation of the European Space Agency and the origins of the successful Ariane launcher programme are discussed and Europe's subsequent success in the world launcher market, its cutting-edge role in space applications and European manned spaceflight, are all described in detail.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/1852337222 (412 words)

	ESA - Science - Home - ESA's 'Cosmic Vision'
		Space science is playing a prominent role in Europe’s space programme.
		The Horizon 2000 long-term plan for space science, formulated 20 years ago (1984), is almost completed.
		In the first years of this new millennium, ESA is building its future in space science based on a ‘Cosmic Vision’.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEMA7J2IU7E_index_0.html (584 words)

	Chinese Defence Today - Space Programme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Currently China runs one of the world’s largest infrastructure of space institutions, which comprises three space launch complexes, two space command and control centres, and a global space tracking network covering China mainland, South Pacific, South Asia, Africa and Atlantic.
		According to the 2000 white paper ‘China’s Space Activities’ published by the Chinese state council in November 2000, China is going to establish an independently operated space-based network for earth observation, broadcasting and telecommunications, navigation and positioning, and remote sensing by 2010.
		Meanwhile China's military space programme includes at least one dedicated military telecommunications satellite, two civilian/military telecommunications satellites, one imagery intelligence satellite, one maritime surveillance satellite, and two experimental navigation and positioning satellites.
	www.sinodefence.com /space (413 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| New setback for Mir space programme
		The Russian space agency in Moscow says it has abandoned a project to photograph damage caused to the space station Mir during its collision in space last June.
		A space robot was launched to film the outside of Mir, but after it was deployed, its cameras were found to be facing the wrong way.
		Mir was badly damaged when a module collided with the space station during a practise docking.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/europe/newsid_40000/40317.stm (132 words)

	EUROPA - Space - Europe’s space programme is looking up
		Vital to Europe’s bold space programme plans is a new co-operation agreement with Russia, which sees Soyuz experts and technology teamed up with Arianespace at the Guiana Space Centre to carry out joint launch activities from 2006 onwards.
		Ariane 5 is designed to meet the challenges of a modern and competitive space programme: the ability to launch larger satellites, increasing use of low orbits for servicing the International Space Station and the need to reduce costs while maintaining reliability.
		This time last year, hundreds of top-level representatives from the European Union, ESA and the Russia space agency, Rosaviakosmos, were meeting in Moscow to draw up a road map for enhancing joint space research within the context of the EU’s Sixth Framework Programme (FP6).
	europa.eu.int /comm/space/russia/highlights/news_97_en.html (639 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Europe's eye in space views dark side of moon
		For the first time, western Europe has seen the far side of the moon.
		The ride to the moon is driven by an exhaust pressure of seven grams, Bernard Foing, chief scientist of the European Space Agency told the British Association science festival in Exeter yesterday.
		The moon is believed to have formed 4.5bn years ago when an object about the size of Mars collided with Earth, hurling huge amounts of debris into space.
	www.guardian.co.uk /space/article/0,14493,1299361,00.html (659 words)

	European Space Program - European Space Agency -ESA
		European Space Agency was created in 1975 by the merger of European Space Research Organisation and European Launcher Development Organisation.
		Europe sent its first astronaut to the International Space Station on 19 April 2001 during the Space Shuttle Endeavour visit.
		Russia and Europe are establishing launch facilities for the Russian Soyuz-ST rockets from the Kourou space center in French Guiana.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /worldspace/europe_in_space.html (301 words)

	campus-germany.de - News - Europe's Space Programme heads in a new direction -to Mars (10/06/2003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Despite the recent successful launch of the moon space probe, Smart, Europe lacks well behind her American cousins when it comes to space exploration.
		Topics emerged as diverse as launching a space programme in the developing world to exploring signs of life in the cosmos.
		But it was hoped that the conference held in the northern German town of Bremen, would leave the public with that space exploration could play a vital role in the community, in terms of jobs and general scientific advancement.
	www.gatewaytogermany.de /english/10.2110.1.57.html (348 words)

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