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Topic: Space programme of the USSR

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	Mars (space programme) - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Mars (space programme), series of spacecraft that the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) launched towards the planet Mars in the...
		The USSR in May 1971 launched Mars 2 and 3, two probes that crash-landed on Mars but transmitted data briefly.
		In the US programme, Mariner 4, launched in November 1964, flew past Mars in July 1965 and transmitted to Earth the first close-up photographs of the...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Mars_(space_programme).html (119 words)

	Soviet space program - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The theory of space exploration was well-established in the USSR before the First World War by the writings of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (published in late 19th and early 20th centuries), and by early experiments of the reactive propulsion study group, GIRD.
		This image was recorded by astronauts as the Space Shuttle Atlantis approached the Russian space station prior to docking during the STS-76 mission.
		The monument "To the Conquerors of Space" near the All-Soviet Exhibition Centre.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Space_programme_of_the_USSR (2251 words)

	SHOULD USSR CONTINUE
		While USSR may be planned by the school to begin at a certain time for a relatively short session each day, extensive reading may be done independently by the pupils any time and at their leisure.
		Some tell-tale signs of the mass USSR losing its efficacy are the visible restlessness of pupils, the random flipping of the pages of books brought in for the reading session, the disinterested look on the readers' faces, the unhealthy competition among readers for more physical space in a crowded reading area, and so forth.
		USSR is frequently allowed to drag on as a programme for too long.
	www.extensivereading.net /er/seow1999.html (1725 words)

	For Beijing, it's 3, 2, 1....BLASTOFF!
		Space remained a largely unexplored territory until the fall of 1957, when the former Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first orbiting satellite.
		Despite their distance in a remote base and a lack of proof, the space scientists were implicated by association with Defense Minister Lin.
		Ouyang insists that space is still a race, at least from the point of view of the world's most populous nation, which has already depleted much of its forest and farmland.
	www.gluckman.com /ChinaSpaceSeed.html (3950 words)

	The Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in Outer Space of the EU and Thailand
		An outer space is all the space surrounding the Earth.
		An outer Space was declared as a res communis which is not subject to the sovereignty of any State, and where States are bound to refrain themselves from any acts that can adversely affect the use of an outer space by the other states.
		In the Outer Space Treaty, Article III provides that activities of all states parties in an outer space shall be carried out in accordance with international law, including the Charter of United Nations since Space Law is considered a lex specialis or a branch of international law.
	members.tripod.com /Asialaw/articles/ipspacenoichim.html (5004 words)

	Ulf Merbold (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ulf Merbold became the first non-American to fly on the Space Shuttle during the STS-9 mission (28 November to 8 December 1983).In 1984 he was involved in the Space Shuttle Spacelab German D-1 mission, as both back-up Payload Specialist and Crew Interface Coordinator (CIC).
		Merbold transferred to the European Space Research and Technology Center (ESTEC) in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, in 1986 to support ESA in the planning of Columbus, the European laboratory for the International Space Station.
		He was appointed Head of the DLR (German Aerospace Research Establishment) Astronaut Office in 1987 and, on the basis of a secondment to DLR, led the German astronauts and supported the preparation of the D2 mission.
	www.spaceflight.esa.int /file.cfm?filename=astfmmerbold (638 words)

	PRESS INFORMATION BUREAU
		In the seventies Indian Space Programme was formally organised in a self-reliant manner.
		Now the scope of space programme ranges from development of Space Launch Systems, sophisticated satellites, their operation in the orbit, to the conducting of extensive application-oriented research and execution of different missions.
		Space Science research encompasses a wide spectrum of activities including study of cosmic rays, astronomical investigation using space and ground-based systems, study of meteorites and lunar samples and physical observations of sun.
	www.fas.org /spp/guide/india/bspace.htm (2369 words)

	Vostok programme Summary
		Vostok's engineering and scientific goals were secondary to the political aim of putting a man into space first but included testing basic spacecraft systems such as life support and demonstrating that humans could withstand launch, weight-lessness, re-entry into the atmosphere, and landing.
		The Vostok programme (Восто́к, translated as "East") was a Soviet human spaceflight project that succeeded in putting a person into Earth orbit for the first time.
		The programme developed the Vostok spacecraft from the Zenit spy satellite project and adapted the Vostok rocket from an existing ICBM design.
	www.bookrags.com /Vostok_programme (792 words)

	Space Race On As Russia Puts $10bn Into Reaching Mars
		Russia's achievements in space such as Yuri Gagarin's space flight in 1961, the world first manned mission, remain a source of enduring national pride.
		For although the Cold War and the space race are over, Russia feels its space programme is one of the few Soviet legacies it should develop and maintain in order to qualify as "a great nation" in outsiders' eyes and not be left behind by its old rival the United States.
		While the amount of funding is significant by Russian standards it is still less than America spends on its space programme in one year and the Russian funds are supposed to last a decade and fund a wide array of projects.
	www.rense.com /general67/dne.htm (533 words)

	What was the USSR? Part I
		Furthermore, despite all its faults, it was the USSR who could be seen to be the champion the millions of oppressed people of the Third World with its backing for the various national liberation movements in their struggles against the old imperialist and colonial powers and the new rapacious imperialism of the multinationals.
		Trotsky's notion that the USSR was in a state of transition from capitalism to socialism was central to his theory of Russia as a degenerated workers' state and, at the time of writing, seemed to give his theory substantial explanatory power.
		As we have seen, on the basis of his theory of the USSR as a degenerated workers' state, Trotsky had argued that, despite all the crimes perpetuated by the Stalin's regime, it was necessary, in order to defend the proletarian gains of the Russian Revolution, to give critical support to the Soviet Union.
	www.geocities.com /aufheben2/auf_6_ussr1.html (19989 words)

	Sputnik
		While the US aimed its missile technology at the still-developing hydrogen bomb based on nuclear fusion, the USSR forged ahead on the basis of delivering the heavier fission bomb as used during the War.
		In order to ensure that the USSR was first into space, work on building Korolyov's satellite was suspended temporarily while the first Sputnik was put together in a matter of weeks.
		USSR Council of Ministers approves development of the R-7 rocket as a missile to carry nuclear warheads
	www.zarya.info /Diaries/Sputnik/Index.htm (942 words)

	Space Frontier Foundation - Keep Mir Alive – Mir Comments
		The MIR space station is a monument of the history of mankind.
		The MIR stands for peace in space, which was for decades the battlefield for the unarmed fight in the Cold War.
		Think how much it would mean to the former USSR if their pride and joy was used in some way in the new space station.
	www.space-frontier.org /Projects/Mir/mirworldcomments.html (1389 words)

	The challenge of Nationalism in the USSR
		The USSR extended its borders in 1939 by occupying Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Finland and parts of Poland.
		The present situation in the USSR must be analysed in the light of this long and sorry history of national oppression under Stalinism.
		It is little wonder that mass nationalist movements have emerged in the space provided by Glasnost, expressing extreme dissatisfaction on the part of these oppressed nations with their national fate.
	www.angelfire.com /alt/ceri_evans/writings/nationalism_ussr.htm (4487 words)

	Space
		In June another three man crew were sent to the station and set a space flight duration record of 24 days.
		In 1973 USSR failed to send up Salyut 2 when it went out of control in space and shed its parts, though Salyut 3 (1974), Salyut 5 (1976), Salyut 6 (1977) and Salyut 7 (1982) were successfully put into orbit and were visited by many international crews.
		Venera 8 was sent by the USSR to Venus where it transmitted surface data including soil analysis.
	library.thinkquest.org /03oct/01944/t1971.htm (663 words)

	Space Today Online - China explores the Moon
		Luan Enjie, China National Space Administration (CNSA) director, said China would finish the first phase of the Chang'e Programme by 2010, according to a March 2003 report in the state newspaper China Youth Daily.
		In 2001, the head of CNSA was reported by the official Xinhua News Agency as saying that, first, the nation would like to build a series of robot probes to be launched on Long March rockets to land and explore the lunar surface.
		The probe would fly around the Moon for at least a year, sending back detailed maps of the surface as well as data on the Moon's radiation levels and the resources in the polar regions that could be used by astronauts who might land there in the future.
	www.spacetoday.org /China/ChinaMoonflight.html (1715 words)

	Biography: Ulf Merbold
		In 1977, Ulf Merbold was preselected by the European Space Agency (ESA) as a Payload Specialist astronaut for the first flight of the European-built laboratory Spacelab on board the Space Shuttle (Spacelab 1).
		In 1986, Ulf Merbold was transferred to the "European Space Research and Technology Centre" (ESTEC) in Noordwijk (The Netherlands) in order to support ESA in the planning of Columbus, the European contribution to the International Space Station.
		On the basis of a secondment to DLR he lead the German astronauts and supported the preparation of the D-2 mission until he was nominated, in December 1988, as ESA Payload Specialist candidate for the International Microgravity Laboratory mission (IML-1) on board the Shuttle.
	www.spaceonline.tv /merbold.htm (559 words)

	“First Space Walk 40th Anniversary” Omega Speedmaster Professional - collectSPACE: Messages
		The Gemini space exploration programme was developed as an intermediate step between the Mercury and Apollo programmes.
		The main objectives of the programme were, among others, to subject two astronauts and their equipment to long-duration flights and to perfect methods of re-entry and landing the spacecraft at a pre-selected land-landing point — both of which were important for later trips to the moon.
		Not only did the historic press photos of Edward H. White’s 36-minute space walk capture the world’s imagination, they also stunned the people at Omega, who noticed he was wearing one of the brand’s Speedmaster chronographs.
	collectspace.com /ubb/Forum3/HTML/002590.html (1015 words)

	Uzbekistan 2003
		Uzbekistan, as a part of the previous USSR, dealt with a large part of the Soviet Space Programme, especially on the exploration of Moon and Venus, and has retained the remaining infrastructure as well as young people who are interested in space activities.
		A lecture for the pupils in several schools was held in the capital city Tashkent.
		The pupils were made aware about world space activities and World Space Week history as well.
	www.spaceweek.org /uzbekistan_2003.html (183 words)

	ESA - Human Spaceflight and Exploration - Business - Estonia - Long tradition in astrophysics research
		Amongst others, the meeting was supported by Lauri Tammiste, Executive Officer of Technology and Innovation Division of the Economic Development Department of the Estonian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications, who highlighted the possibilities for Estonian scientists and Small Medium Enterprises to gain local funding for the realisation of future research projects on the ISS.
		Space is not a completely unknown field for Estonia: during the cold war it was associated with and active in the extensive space programme of the USSR.
		Furthermore the Tartu observatory played a vital role in catapulting the career of Jaan Einasto, one of the most famous and eminent Estonian astrophysicists and one of the discoverers of ‘Dark Matter’ and of the cellular structure of the Universe.
	www.esa.int /esaHS/SEMVOZLVGJE_business_0.html (347 words)

	Key dates in the history of space exploration
		May 25: US President John F. Kennedy announces the Apollo programme and that America aims to place a man on the Moon by the end of the decade.
		April 24: Launch of of the Hubble Space Telescope, a joint venture between NASA and the European Space Agency, which has provides spectacular images that revolutionise the field of astronomy.
		August 8: A private rocket, built by Space Transport Corp and the latest contender for the Ansari X Prize, is launched off the north-west Pacific coast of the United States but blows up on take-off.
	www.spacedaily.com /2004/040927094110.tadw6c14.html (784 words)

	The UK's Space Programme
		Interesting article on BBC site, Britain's first space pioneers, which explains that penny pinching led to a choice between the UK's space programme or Concorde.
		For a brief time in the late 1960s, it looked as if Britain could be more than just a footnote in the annals of space history.
		The UK was third only to the United States and USSR in the field of rocket technology.
	www.anoasis.co.uk /archives/000383.html (203 words)

	Chapter 1 of Capitalism and Class Struggle in the USSR - (Neil Fernandez) \| libcom.org
		Since the nature of the USSR is considered in context below (Chapter 3), as is the class struggle within its borders (Chapter 7), the current chapter is confined to considerations deemed to be the most over-arching.
		Whilst recognising that the decisive factor is the transformation of the underlying social relations, he states that "corresponding" to this social transformation there must also be a "transition in the political sphere." During this time there is still a 'state,' but this state can "only take the form of a revolutionary dictatorship ofthe proletariat." (p.355).
		Trotsky even writes that the transition from capitalism to socialism in the USSR must actually mean the "extraordinary extension" of commodity relations.
	libcom.org /library/capitalism-class-struggle-ussr-fernandez (9807 words)

	Chinese Defence Today :: ShenZhou Spacecraft
		China’s current manned space programme, known as Project 921, was officially launched in September 1992.
		The initial target of the programme is to send a manned spacecraft into the earth orbit and recover it successfully.
		In the future missions, the remaining orbital module of a ShenZhou spacecraft could also be used for space docking with another spacecraft, forming a temporary space station.
	www.sinodefence.com /strategic/mannedspace/shenzhou.asp (1325 words)

	THE SOVIET MANNED LUNAR PROGRAM
		Since all the early satellites and lunar probes were launched on converted intercontinental ballistic missiles, the Soviet advantage underlined fears in the US that a "missile gap" existed between it and its Cold War enemy, an issue that Kennedy exploited to his advantage in the 1960 presidential campaign.
		Although the future course of the Soviet space program was unclear when the Soyuz was conceived in 1959-62 (space stations, lunar missions or even a manned flight around Mars were considered), it was generally agreed on that rendezvous and docking would play a major role.
		In December 1970, Cosmos 382 successfully tested the operation of the Block-D rocket stage in space, which would be used by the L3 complex during lunar orbit insertion and descent to the surface.
	www.fas.org /spp/eprint/lindroos_moon1.htm (9269 words)

	The Blog \| RJ Eskow: Neocons in Space: Pre-emptive War Goes Interplanetary \| The Huffington Post
		And they emphasize nuclear power in space - ironically, on the same day that Americans learned of hundreds of cancer deaths from a nuclear accident in Southern California - deaths that were covered up by the U.S. government and its contractor Boeing.
		The development of a healthy private-sector space industry is, in fact, a good goal for U.S. public policy - provided that it's balanced by strong oversight and supported with public-sector research that's available to all Americans.
		You don't have to be in favor of the U.S. dominating outer space militarily to be even more troubled at the thought of any other country doing so, and if we don't you can be sure that sooner or later some other country will.
	www.huffingtonpost.com /rj-eskow/neocons-in-space-preem_b_31536.html (3275 words)

	SPACE-TALK - Manned spacecraft Shenzhou 5 will be launched this Oct, let's talk about it! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Much of the space program's research is overseen by the military, and launches -- Monday's included -- haven't been announced in advance, possibly out of fear something might go very publicly wrong.
		In a rare glimpse into its taikonaut program, the newspaper China Space News posted a photograph on its Web site of two men in space suits and offering what might be the first public view of the faces of China's future space travelers.
		The former USSR lost many cosmonauts lives in their un-bridled programs to "beat" the US in our space programs to their peril.
	www.space-talk.com /ForumE/showthread.php3?threadid=1372 (1447 words)

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