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	Space Weather Center
		Scientists estimate that this boundary is between 9 and 15 billion kilometers away from the Sun, far beyond the orbits of all the planets.
		Space Weather: The conditions and processes occurring in space which have the potential to affect the near Earth environment.
		Space Weather processes can include changes in the interplanetary magnetic field, coronal mass ejections from the Sun, and disturbances in Earth's magnetic field.
	www.spaceweathercenter.org /glossary/001/01.html (1941 words)

	Space Today Online -- The Sun and the Solar System -- Space Weather Forecasts
		Space weather forecasts are issued by the Space Environment Center, a division of the U.S. Commerce Department's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
		Even though we can't see space weather like we might see a tornado, hurricane or blizzard, our high-tech environment can be disrupted by the electromagnetic storms that race across the 93 million miles of space separating us from the Sun.
		Space weather reports discuss current conditions and outlooks and describe general expectations for future conditions.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/Sun/SpaceWx.html (356 words)

	Space Weather Center of Excellence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Rather, it is a dynamic 'space weather' system driven by violent solar mass ejection events and variations in ultraviolet and X-ray photon output that propagate through the interplanetary medium and hit the earth's magnetosphere causing particle energization, geomagnetic storms, and ionospheric disturbances.
		An excellent summary of space weather and the effects on military systems is contained in the March 2000 issue of AFRL Technology Horizons.
		The new Space Weather CoE seeks to partner with other DoD organizations, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Science Foundation, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to break new technological ground and prototype systems that will meet user needs as envisioned by the NSSA and NSWP.
	www.vs.afrl.af.mil /ProductLines/SpaceWeather.aspx (897 words)

	Understanding and predicting space weather - The Industrial Physicist
		Like terrestrial weather, space weather is characterized by an average state of relative calm punctuated by bursts of activity.
		During calm periods, the only manifestation of solar weather may be the auroras (Northern or Southern Lights), caused by the excitation of atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen by the solar wind’s energetic electrons.
		Weather satellites returned pictures blurred by static, commercial fishing boats lost radio communication, and power companies in the northeastern United States had to reroute electricity in response to voltage disruptions.
	www.aip.org /tip/INPHFA/vol-9/iss-6/p18.html (2342 words)

	Space weather - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Space weather is the concept of changing environmental conditions in outer space.
		It is distinct from the concept of weather within an atmosphere, and generally deals with the interactions of ambient radiation and matter within interplanetary, and occasionally interstellar space.
		A variety of physical phenomena are associated with space weather, including geomagnetic storms and substorms, energization of the Van Allen radiation belts, ionospheric disturbances and scintillation and geomagnetically induced currents at Earth's surface.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Space_weather (297 words)

	SECEFPrimer
		Space weather is a complex series of events that begin deep inside the Sun, and extend throughout the solar system, carried by the solar wind.
		Most of this weather is both invisible and benign, but occasional severe storms can shake the Earth's magnetic field and spawn aurora, electrical power flouts and satellite outages.
		Space weather comes in 11-year cycles that are in step with the ebb and flow of solar activity.
	sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov /sechtml/tut.html (271 words)

	Space Weather (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		``Space weather'' is a recent phrase and indeed a buzzword in solar and space physics.
		The first section contains a general overview of space weather, in which the phenomena, solar-terrestrial relationships, locations, and important effects of space weather events are summarized and then explained in more detail.
		The second section sets these phenomena in context by describing the space weather events observed during one of the most intense space weather events in recent history, that of March 1989.
	www.physics.usyd.edu.au /~cairns/teaching/lecture15/node1.html (228 words)

	MarylandWeather.com: Space weather Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		An active sunspot group that has been blasting solar particles into space from the far side of the sun, will soon be pointed more nearly in Earth's direction.
		Speaking of the International Space Station, here's a cool picture of the station as it flew in front of the sun this week, as seen from Athens, Greece.
		For more from NASA on how vulnerable our astronauts will be to nasty "space weather" when they return to the moon, click here.
	blogs.marylandweather.com /space_weather/index.html (332 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Scientists predict calmer space weather ahead
		The predictions of calmer weather are the result of analyzing observations from a CfA instrument called the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer, or UVCS.
		Space weather is influenced not only by the presence of active regions, but also by coronal holes - open magnetic field regions of the corona that have low density and brightness.
		The changes in the magnetic field that lead to the flipping of the Sun's magnetic poles is the major reason for long-term variations in space weather.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0203/20spaceweather (1663 words)

	Innovation Canada \| Space Weather, Forecasting weather to help minimize damage on Earth \| Andrew Yau
		Now, researchers at the University of Calgary say forecasting space weather could have a big impact on life here on Earth—and may even help to protect everyday devices and systems, from radios, to cell phones, to power grids.
		Space weather, on the other hand, is completely different.
		The probe will study space weather in the ionosphere—the region about 100 km above the Earth between the upper atmosphere and the Earth’s magnetosphere—where the solar wind interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field and creates disturbances and dazzling light shows like the Northern Lights.
	www.innovationcanada.ca /16/en/articles/weather-in-space.html (939 words)

	Space Weather
		Space weather is a relatively new field of science dedicated to the understanding of interactions between the sun and Earth, and to the forecasting of solar flares, magnetic storms and other space-related phenomena.
		The role of the center is to provide space weather alerts and warnings to the nation and the world for disturbances that can affect people and equipment working in space and on Earth.
		Using NOAA's Space Weather Scales, emergency managers can track solar flare activities in advance of their impact on earth.
	www.floridadisaster.org /bpr/EMTOOLS/spacewx/index.htm (283 words)

	Weather Elements: Space Weather
		Extending out from the surface of the Sun to the Earth is a region of space known as the Sun-Earth environment or interplanetary medium.
		Variations in space weather result from the blowing and gusting of the solar wind, primarily from changes in the speed or density of the wind.
		If you wish to keep your eye on space weather, the Solar Environment Center has a website at www.sec.noaa.gov which provides information on solar activity, observations and forecasts.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/elements/spacewx.htm (1458 words)

	Johns Hopkins Magazine
		Out in space, the solar radiation that accompanies such storms can affect spacecraft lifetimes as well as the long-term health of astronauts in space stations orbiting Earth, and pilots and crews of high-altitude planes.
		Questions about such incidents have sparked a growing scientific field focused on "space weather," essentially the study of radiation-laced storms that blow across the seemingly empty 93 million miles from the sun to Earth.
		As Carlowicz and Lopez note, "The key to space weather is the transformation of energy, a transformation from magnetic energy and intense heat on the sun to plasma energy in interplanetary space to magnetic and electrical energy around the Earth."
	www.jhu.edu /~jhumag/0902web/space.html (3791 words)

	Desert Storm - Military Space Weather Systems
		Weather was cited as a major factor in the timing of the initiation of the ground campaign.
		Weather was the only military factor that could have altered the date of the attack, (Defense Secretary) Cheney said last night.
		Iraq was capable of receiving weather imagery transmitted by the American NOAA low altitude weather satellites, in addition to the European geostationary METEOSAT spacecraft, the Soviet low-altitude Meteor satellites, and the Chinese Feng Yun.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/docops/operate/ds/weather.htm (3812 words)

	Space Weather Forecasts Clear Communication
		Space weather Airmen closely observe a variety of space weather effects such as solar winds, geomagnetic storms and solar flares ensuring that satellite communications are not disrupted.
		It is this plan of gathering technology and research for continued success in the future that the Airmen at space weather are using today.
		While some people may question the true importance of space weather in today’s combat environment, to the Airmen who provide this unique mission, their importance seems obvious.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/solarscience-05t.html (1395 words)

	Saab Space - Weather (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Weather satellites measure the radiation from Earth and from the atmosphere.
		When data is processed you can extract information about type of clouds, height of clouds, humidity and temperature as well as surface conditions on land and at sea.
		Geostationary satellites watch weather globally from a distance of 36 000 km.
	www.space.se /en/MediaRelations/why_space/weather.htm (184 words)

	USATODAY.com - Resources: The sun and space weather (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Auroras — the northern and southern lights — are the one easily visible result of storms in space.
		The Space Environment Center is the federal office in charge of forecasting space weather.
		Until the 1990s scientists studying space weather believed that solar flares were the cause of geomagnetic storms that affect the Earth.
	www.usatoday.com /news/science/astro/understanding-space-weather.htm (202 words)

	Space Weather Guide \| SpaceRef - Space News as it Happens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		However, when the space environment is disturbed by the variable output of particles and radiation from the Sun, technologies that we depend on in our daily life, in space orbit as well as on the ground, can be affected.
		Some of the most dramatic space weather effects occur in association with eruptions of material from the solar atmosphere into interplanetary space.
		Thus, our space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the Sun, the nature of Earth's magnetic field and atmosphere, and our location in the solar system.
	www.spaceref.com /spaceweather (444 words)

	CNN - Space weather to get watches and warnings - November 3, 1998
		There will be space weather watches indicating severe space disturbances are expected, warnings that events are imminent, reports on current conditions and outlooks describing the general expectations for future conditions.
		"Compared with Earth weather forecasting, space weather forecasting is still in its infancy," Hildner said, but it is improving with the development of better technology and satellites to measure conditions.
		Monday's space weather outlook called for low solar activity with some continued X-rays from the sun, with the Earth's magnetic field expected to be quiet to unsettled for the next three days.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/space/9811/03/space.weather/index.html (519 words)

	Space Science Institute - Science Education
		The Space Weather Outreach Project (SWOP) was funded by NSF and NASA.
		A centerpiece of SWOP is the Space Weather Center Web site that was launched in 1999 in support of the 1,000 square foot nationally touring science exhibit of the same name (developed in partnership with NASA/GSFC).
		The overall structure of the site tells the space weather story, beginning with the plasma state of matter and a thorough introduction to the Sun.
	www.spacescience.org /education/projects/spaceweather.html (378 words)

	ESA - Space Science - Space weather
		For these reasons, space weather is a hot topic for scientific research.
		Eruptions on the Sun can produce a sequence of events in space and in Earth's vicinity, although not all of the elements are apparent every time.
		These projects are SOHO (1995), which is the multi-purpose flagship of the solar space fleet, Ulysses (1990), flying over the poles of the Sun, and Cluster (2000), with four identical satellites promising the first 3D views of the non-stop battle between solar storms and Earth's magnetic field.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEMLC2T1VED_index_0.html (518 words)

	SPACE.com -- SPACE.com Space Weather Forecast, Solar, Meteor Forecasts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		With space weather on the decline, SPACE.com will discontinue this forecast as of Aug. 24.
		We will continue to cover major space weather events, meteor showers and research news in our Science section.
		29 October 2002: Between Earth and space, between what geologists and astronomers study, is the atmosphere.
	www.space.com /spacewatch/space_weather.html (576 words)

	SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The USAF Space Surveillance Radar is scanning the skies above the southern USA, pinging anything that flies overhead.
		Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU.
		NOAA Space Environment Center -- The official U.S. government bureau for real-time monitoring of solar and geophysical events, research in solar-terrestrial physics, and forecasting solar and geophysical disturbances.
	www.spaceweather.com /index.cgi (712 words)

	SPACE UPDATE: SPACE WEATHER module
		SPACE WEATHER describes what space weather is, what an aurora is, shows auroral images and movies, magnetic fields of the planets, etc. It also includes daily images of the sun in several wavelengths, daily images of the aurora and real-time predictions of space weather.
		For our web-based version of space weather today, see "Space Weather Today", a joint project of the University of Michigan's Windows to the Universe, Weathernet4 from WRC-TV (Washington), and our "Public Connection" program.
		The web version of Space Weather Today is not organized in the same way as our CD version, but has most of the same material.
	earth.rice.edu /connected/space_weather.html (199 words)

	Chinese Scientists To Study Space Weather
		Chinese scientists are drawing up a long-term strategy to study space weather and improve forecast accuracy, Xinhua news agency reports.
		According to Wei Fengsi, a researcher at the CAS Space Science and Application Research Center, under the 15-year "Space Weather Strategic Plan" China will improve space weather forecast accuracy and increase monitoring capability.
		The emphasis of the strategic plan will be on researching fundamental processes of space weather, building physical and forecast models, and establishing an information database and communications system.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/china-00p.html (464 words)

	Space Weather
		The Space Environment Center in Boulder, Colorado, maintained by of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has a Space Weather Operation facility which constantly tracks the "weather" in space.
		For a view of NOAA's "space weather report," click here; another such report, from the University of Michigan, is linked here.
		Nothing in space can be guaranteed, however, and re-entry modules for quick escape into the protecting atmosphere have been studied.
	www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/weather.html (812 words)

	Space Weather Mission Nears Launch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Unfortunately for technophiles, space weather forecasting is about 40 or 50 years behind everyday weather predictions.
		During the past 40 years, space physicists have made many individual measurements of conditions at different points in the magnetosphere, but the overall picture of plasmas, fields, and flowing currents is missing.
		Technical information about current space weather conditions may be found at the NOAA Space Environment Center.
	www.spacescience.com /headlines/y2000/ast24feb_1m.htm (1165 words)

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