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Topic: Spaceflight

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	Sub-orbital spaceflight - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A sub-orbital spaceflight (or sub-orbital flight) is a spaceflight that does not involve putting a vehicle into orbit.
		The sub-orbital spaceflight should not be confused with a partial orbital spaceflight: a low Earth orbit, with deorbiting after less than one full orbit, as in the Fractional Orbital Bombardment System.
		During freefall the trajectory is part of an elliptic orbit as given by the orbital equation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight (734 words)

	Human spaceflight - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Human spaceflight is space exploration with a human crew and possibly passengers, which is in contrast to robotic space probes or remotely-controlled dog-manned space missions.
		The term "manned" is accurate in terms of gender when speaking of all U.S. spaceflight programs before the Space Shuttle program and Soviet spaceflights before Vostok 6.
		The first human spaceflight was Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961; Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made one orbit around the earth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_spaceflight (565 words)

	Spaceflight Revolution
		Spaceflight has been achieved despite the world's indifference and without compelling economic, military, or scientific reasons for its accomplishment.
		Either spaceflight will be proven a successful revolution that opened the heavens to human use and habitation, or it will be proven an unsuccessful revolution that demonstrated in its failure the limits of technological advance.
		This spaceflight movement was carried on by an extremely small dedicated network of men and was sometimes led by single individuals.
	home1.gte.net /wsbainbridge/dl/spacerev.htm (3833 words)

	BIS Spaceflight - Spaceflight
		Spaceflight is published monthly with each volume of 12 issues having continuous pagination and an annual index included with the December issue.
		Widely used as a magazine of authoritative reference, Spaceflight has long been recognised as a prime source of information on international space programmes and commercial space exploration.
		Spaceflight is the ideal magazine for anyone professionally involved in the space business or for those with a general interest in the subject.
	www.bis-spaceflight.com /publicA.htm (181 words)

	Issues in S and T, Summer 2004, Is Human Spaceflight Obsolete?
		Nonetheless, advocates of human spaceflight defy reality and struggle to recapture the level of public support that was induced temporarily by the Cold War.
		In a dispassionate comparison of the relative values of human and robotic spaceflight, the only surviving motivation for continuing human spaceflight is the ideology of adventure.
		At the end of the day, I ask myself whether the huge national commitment of technical talent to human spaceflight and the ever-present potential for the loss of precious human life are really justifiable.
	www.issues.org /20.4/p_van_allen.html (1535 words)

	Animal housing influences the response of bone to spaceflight in juvenile rats -- Morey-Holton et al. 88 (4): 1303 -- ...
		Body weight during and after spaceflight in group- and single-housed animals is shown in Table 2.
		Spaceflight has compartment- and gene-specific effects on mRNA levels for bone matrix proteins in rat femur.
		Spaceflight effects on biomechanical and biochemical properties of rat vertebrae.
	www.jap.org /cgi/content/full/88/4/1303 (3914 words)

	Cardiovascular and sympathetic neural responses to handgrip and cold pressor stimuli in humans before, during and after ...
		The second possibility is that in contrast to the leg, arm muscles, because they are not primarily antigravity muscles, may not atrophy during spaceflight, as suggested by the absence of a significant change in maximal voluntary contraction after spaceflight in our study.
		Similar increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure during the cold pressor test were observed pre- and in-flight, documenting the integrity of the central reflex activation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity and appropriate vasomotor responses.
		In a complex spaceflight experiment such as this one, there are so many individuals who contribute substantively to the success of the project that it is extremely difficult to acknowledge them all.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/544/2/653 (6161 words)

	Space Adventures — Spaceflight Club (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Spaceflight Club will serve as the unifying voice of the next generation of space explorers and a catalyst for the private space industry.
		Through your membership, the Spaceflight Club will provide you with the tools, experience, training, and education you need to realize your goal of flying to space in your lifetime.
		Be a part of history as you participate in the beginning of the private spaceflight industry and inspire future generations of explorers.
	www.spaceadventures.com /flight/spaceflightclub (353 words)

	STS-105 DSO: Spatial Reorientation Following Spaceflight
		Spatial orientation is altered during and after spaceflight by a shift of central vestibular processing (from a gravitational frame-of-reference to an internal, head-centered frame-of-reference) that occurs during adaptation to microgravity and is reversed during the first few days after return to Earth.
		Discordant sensory stimuli during the postflight readaptive period will temporarily disorient/destabilize the subject by triggering a shift (state change) to the previously learned, internally referenced, microgravity-adapted pattern of spatial orientation and sensorimotor control.
		The findings are also expected to demonstrate the feasibility of triggering state changes between sensorimotor control sets using a centrifuge device.
	www.shuttlepresskit.com /STS-105/dto145.htm (124 words)

	NASA - Study Suggests Spaceflight May Decrease Human Immunity
		Results of the study were recently published in "Brain, Behavior, and Immunity." The results may help researchers better understand the affects of spaceflight on the human immune response.
		Researchers concluded the general effect of spaceflight, pre- and post flight-related stress decreases the ability of crewmembers' neutrophils to destroy microbial invaders.
		This finding suggests crewmembers returning from longer missions may be briefly more susceptible to infections than before launch, because these cells are not as efficient in ingesting and destroying infectious agents.
	www.nasa.gov /home/hqnews/2004/sep/HQ_04320_immunity.html (604 words)

	Space Science Pioneer Van Allen Questions Human Spaceflight
		A leading space scientist has called to question the validity of human spaceflight, suggesting that sending astronauts outward from Earth is outdated, too costly, and the science returned is trivial.
		The human spaceflight critic is no stranger to space -- in fact he’s a pioneer in the space science arena from the premier days of satellites orbiting Earth.
		Supporters of human spaceflight “defy reality and struggle to recapture the level of public support that was induced temporarily by the Cold War,” van Allen charges.
	space.com /scienceastronomy/vanallen_spaceflight_040726.html (756 words)

	Space Adventures — Orbital Spaceflight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Space Adventures is the only private company to have successfully flown clients to the International Space Station, and is the only private space exploration company with an established track record of success.
		This innovative Space Adventures program secures the only seats available aboard the Soyuz TMA spacecraft traveling to the ISS in 2004 and 2005, providing exclusive and unprecedented opportunities for Space Adventures' orbital clients flights to the ISS through our agreement with the space agencies and their contractors.
		Space Adventures is currently seeking candidates who wish to participate in one of the greatest experiences of a lifetime by becoming a part of the historic SA-1 mission or by flying on an ISS taxi mission.
	www.spaceadventures.com /orbital (428 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Spaceflight: A Smithsonian Guide (Smithsonian Guides Series) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Spaceflight This comprehensive, easy-to-use guide tells the fascinating story of one of the greatest scientific achievements of our times—the conquest of space.
		Produced in association with the world-renowned Smithsonian Institution and its scientific experts, Spaceflight recounts the epic adventure of the men, women, and machines that took us into space.
		In well-divided chapters it features an overview of spaceflight (what are the necessary elements of a workable spacecraft?) and its early history (the great men of rocket theory and design).
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/002860007X?v=glance (656 words)

	Spaceflight induces changes in splenocyte subpopulations: effectiveness of ground-based models -- Pecaut et al. 279 ...
		As is common to most spaceflight studies, other experimental questions were being considered in these same animals.
		Spaceflight produced several significant changes in the percentage of splenocyte subpopulations.
		The effect of spaceflight on splenic subpopulation distributions is equally unclear.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/279/6/R2072 (4492 words)

	Chapter 12 -- Human Spaceflight: The Soviets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		There was a debate within the Soviet Union about whether or not to accomplish piloted flight or continue with the highly successful unmanned satellite program; the manned side of the argument won.
		Another argument ensued on how to handle a human spaceflight program; one side wanted to go slowly with suborbital missions; Korolev wanted the first mission to be orbital; Korolev won another argument.
		General Nikolai Kamanin, the Chief of Space Flight, told the cosmonauts: "The first spaceflight will be the task of the man who embodies the noble spirit of his people.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter12.html (2128 words)

	Genetic Models in Applied Physiology: Selected Contribution: Effects of spaceflight on immunity in the C57BL/6 mouse. ...
		Altered skeletal pattern of gene expression in response to spaceflight and hindlimb elevation.
		Effects of spaceflight on levels and activity of immune cells.
		Lack of effect of spaceflight on bone mass and bone formation in group-housed rats.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/94/5/2085 (6173 words)

	Effect of a 17 day spaceflight on contractile properties of human soleus muscle fibres -- Widrick et al. 516 (3): 915 ...
		Soleus biopsies were obtained from four male astronauts 45 days before and within 2 h after a 17 day spaceflight.
		The changes in soleus fibre diameter and function following spaceflight were similar to those observed after 17 days of bed rest.
		In conclusion, 17 days of spaceflight decreased force and increased shortening velocity of single Ca -activated muscle cells expressing type I MHC.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/abstract/516/3/915 (1533 words)

	spaceflight - flight,mars,nasa,shuttle,space,spacecraft,spaceflight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Spaceflight Now \| 2001 Mars Odyssey \| Mission...
		Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Boulders seen...
		Franz Viehböck, the first Austrian in space, fulfilled his dream of the space flight, developed an impressive international career and continues to enjoy new challenges associated with advancement, innovation and his vision of the future.
	www.science-index.com /technology/topics/spaceflight.html (554 words)

	Spaceflight or Extinction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The goal of the human spaceflight program should be to increase our survival prospects by colonizing space.
		A global catastrophe, although terrible, would not end the human species and the potential of a universe filled with intelligent life.
		We have a choice between two possible futures: spaceflight or extinction.
	www.spaext.com (285 words)

	Spaceflight induces changes in splenocyte subpopulations: effectiveness of ground-based models -- Pecaut et al. 279 ...
		Spaceflight induces changes in splenocyte subpopulations: effectiveness of ground-based models -- Pecaut et al.
		Spaceflight induces changes in splenocyte subpopulations: effectiveness of ground-based models
		Genetic Models in Applied Physiology: Selected Contribution: Effects of spaceflight on immunity in the C57BL/6 mouse.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/279/6/R2072 (426 words)

	SPACE.com -- Personal Spaceflight Leaders Eye New Federation
		Most of the expertise resides in the private sector and I hope that the Department of Transportation/FAA will allow the industry to establish a set of proposed standards that can be voluntary submitted,” explained Peter Diamandis, Chairman of the X Prize Foundation.
		SPACE.com that the risk for the medical aspects of personal spaceflight must be transferred to the passenger and the spaceflight operator.
		The reason we have focused on creating commercial suborbital flight is because it is a type of spaceflight that everyone who desires should be able to enjoy,” Diamandis advised.
	space.com /news/personal_spaceflight_050209.html (702 words)

	Spaceflight News: Daily Space news, Space Shuttle, Space Station and Space Exploration updates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Our aim is to provide an easy to use news source pertaining to space and space exploration.
		Spaceflight News brings you space news stories and headlines from the internet's top sources of space news, providing you with a complete selection of news stories on an up-to-the-minute basis.
		Visitors are welcome to browse and participate on our friendly community discussion forums.
	www.spaceflightnews.com (237 words)

	Spaceflight Now
		Space shuttle program officials Friday held a news conference at the Johnson Space Center to provide a status report on efforts to understand and fix the external tank foam insulation problems and confirm that the next launch won't happen before May 2006.
		Spaceflight Now is pleased to announce the availablity of an RSS feed of our news headlines.
		By subscribing to our feed you can be alerted when we post new stories on the site via an RSS compatible news reader or web browser.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /index.html (2631 words)

	Spaceflight News : Putting a Man on Mars by 2030 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Spaceflight News : Putting a Man on Mars by 2030
		Add the latest Spaceflight News headlines for free to your own website or news aggregator.
		A worldwide effort could put a human on Mars by the year 2030 as part of a 100-year plan for the exploration of the planet, says the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab.
	www.spaceflightnews.com /newsitem.php?topicid=429 (221 words)

	Toward a New Vision of Manned Spaceflight
		After all, to reach the moon in 1969, the U.S. space program had crammed an enormous amount of technological innovation into a single decade.
		If only for Gene Kranzs sake, it would be pretty to think that the flight of SpaceShipOne bears comparison to the opening of the American frontier.
		In January, the Bush administration announced a new mission for NASA that included sending astronauts to the moon, Mars, and beyond.
	www.technologyreview.com /articles/05/01/issue/williams0105.asp (844 words)

	NAM Spaceflight Meeting
		A one-day symposium held to commemorate the 40th anniversary of manned spaceflight, as part of the UK National Astronomy Meeting, Cambridge, UK, on Thursday 5 April, 2001
		Forty years ago, on 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin initiated the era of human spaceflight with his single, 108 minute, orbit of the Earth on board Vostok 1.
		In order to mark these key anniversaries in the history of human space exploration, and to explore the scientific benefits of human spaceflight, this one-day symposium was held as part of the UK's National Astronomy Meeting for 2001.
	www.star.ucl.ac.uk /~iac/nam_space_meeting.html (154 words)

	Space history: Aviation, rocketry and pre-manned spaceflight history. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Space history: Aviation, rocketry and pre-manned spaceflight history.
		And soon, early in the 21st century, these two technologies will converge to produce an aerospace plane that will make traveling to space as commonplace as airline travel is today.
		This is not a detailed history of all aviation or rocketry but only those events that led mankind toward spaceflight.
	www.thespaceplace.com /history/rocket2.html (2516 words)

	Spaceflight
		The margin of extra lifting power of the Vanguard's first stage was rather small, and in the critical first seconds it did not rise fast enough to safely lift the rocket off the pad; instead the rocket toppled and burned.
		Today all space launches employ clamps to hold the rocket down during those seconds, until full thrust is achieved; if you ever watch the countdown of a spaceflight launch, you might note that "ignition" comes a short instant before "lift-off.
		"The Space Place" with many links related to the history of spaceflight.
	www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov /stargaze/Spacefly.htm (1285 words)

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