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	Spaceplane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A spaceplane is a rocket plane designed to pass the edge of space.
		The orbital spaceplanes successfully flown to date, the United States Space Shuttle and the Soviet Buran, have used their wings to provide aerobraking to return from orbit and to provide lift to allow them to land on a runway like conventional aircraft.
		The USAF invested some effort in a paper-study of a variety of spaceplane projects under their aerospaceplane efforts of the late 1950s, but later ended these when they decided to use a modified version of Sänger's design.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spaceplane (670 words)

	Blackstar (spaceplane) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This rocket-powered spaceplane, with similarities to the X-20 Dyna-Soar project, would be released by its mothership at an altitude of around 100,000 feet.
		The primary use of a military spaceplane such as Blackstar would be to conduct high-altitude or orbital reconnaissance, allowing surprise overflights of foreign locations with very low risk of the spyplane being successfully engaged by existing air-defense systems.
		Military analysts have suggested that a military spaceplane could also be used to place small satellites in orbit, to retrieve them, to provide a means of launching nuclear weapons from orbit, or to serve as a platform for exotic orbit-to-ground hypervelocity weapons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Blackstar_(spaceplane) (895 words)

	Is the Spaceplane Dead?
		The recent demise of the X-33 spaceplane project signaled that once again, the technology hurdle is high and the gap between dollars and rhetoric is deep.
		The next "spaceplane experimental" was an early success that raised hopes for both military and commercial applications for a spaceplane.
		A spaceplane with responsive capabilities to replenish satellites could be the most useful item in the inventory in the event of a "space Pearl Harbor" that takes out on-orbit systems.
	www.afa.org /magazine/nov2001/1101spaceplane.asp (3446 words)

	Solar Skiff
		We define "spaceplane" as a plane capable of operating in space, or a cross between a spaceship and an airplane.
		The X-15 spaceplane, three of which were built, carried 1,445 gallons of LOX and 1,034 gallons of anhydrous ammonia fuel, which provided 57,000 lbs of thrust for a nominal 87 seconds in the throttlable XLR-99 rocket engine.
		The successful orbital spaceplane of the future will be a hybrid craft sharing the best characteristics of both the spaceship and the airplane, in addition to being its own launch vehicle.
	www.solarskiff.com /solar.htm (8132 words)

	Man's Place in Spaceplane Flight Operations: Cockpit, Cargo Bay, or Control Room?
		Although existing evidence suggests a manned spaceplane configuration provides maximum mission flexibility and an unmanned configuration will result in a more economical program, other factors such as flight safety and program development risk are more difficult to pin down.
		Since the focus of these humans will be on satellites and payloads (vice the Spaceplane vehicle itself), this 'second generation' MSP should be configured to carry the crew in a removable cargo-bay module only when dictated by mission requirements.
		Therefore, the proper place for humans in military Spaceplane flight operations is always in the control room, sometimes in the cargo bay, but possibly never in a traditional cockpit environment.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/library/report/1998/98-285.htm (535 words)

	The 2001: A Space Odyssey Collectibles Exhibit: Science And Technology \| Spaceships (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Pan Am Orion III is a low orbital spaceplane designed to transport passengers back and forth between Earth and low orbital space stations.
		Launching horizontally from a track it takes off like a plane climbing rapidly into low Earth orbit docking with the space station to disembark its passengers en route to the moon; once there travellers board a moon shuttle for the final leg of their journey.
		The Orion spaceplane is the spacecraft that transports Dr. Heywood Floyd (William Sylvester) up to spacestation five.
	www.2001exhibit.org /science/spaceplane.html (174 words)

	In-flight propellant transfer spaceplane design and testing considerations
		The aircraft flies to the tanker and under the control of its pilot transfers the oxidizer needed to burn the remaining fuel and climb to orbit.
		Aerothermodynamics The spaceplane's thermal protection system was designed to protect it during a reentry trajectory modeled after the HL-20's.
		The structural assumption pervading this analysis was that a 30,000 pound fighter aircraft at a normal load factor of 9 is similar, structurally, to a 180,000 pound aircraft of about the same size at a normal load factor of 1.5.
	www.ai.mit.edu /projects/im/ftp/magnus/black-horse.txt (6807 words)

	Tsien Spaceplane 1978
		Tsien Hsue-shen’s manned spacecraft design proposed in the late 1970’s was a winged spaceplane, launched by a CZ-2 core booster with two large strap-on boosters.
		Suddenly, in December, 1980, Wang Zhuanshan, the Secretary General of the New China Space Research Society and Chief Engineer of the Space Centre of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, announced that Chinese manned flight was being postponed because of its cost.
		A Chinese manned spaceplane would not be considered again until the 1990's, when a Dynasoar-like orbiter was planned for Phase 3 of Project 921, to be operational in 2020.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/craft/tsie1978.htm (328 words)

	twostages
		The problem is that a spaceplane the size of the space shuttle would weigh something on the order of 500-600 tons fully fueled, which is far beyond the payload for any current aircraft (about 150 tons).
		Since the size of the spaceplane is pretty much fixed by the capabilities required, the only real option is to build a bigger airplane.
		According to some figures, a SSTO spaceplane built with modern technology may not even be possible...and even by some optimistic estimates VentureStar might be capable of getting itself into orbit, but not have any spare weight for cargo.
	www.spacecolonization.com /twostages.htm (1062 words)

	SHARP Spaceplane Progress Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		During this test, the subscale SHARP spaceplane will be taken to an altitude of 240,000 ft by one of Wickman's sounding rockets.
		After the SHARP spaceplane is deployed, it will come back into the atmosphere reaching a flight test condition of Mach 3.3 and straight and level flight.
		The subscale SHARP spaceplane airframe was built by Montana State University and the electronics by Stanford University.
	www.space-rockets.com /sharprpt.html (802 words)

	America's Secret Space Program and The Super Valkyrie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Operating under the mysterious Aurora Project, the system is believed to comprise a spaceplane roughly the size of an SR-71 spyplane and a hypersonic launch vehicle resembling the experimental XB-70A strategic bomber designd in 1957-60.
		Propulsion for the spaceplane is unknown and may take the form of a highly advanced scramjet running on liquid hydrogen.
		Assuming the spaceplane is capable of reaching LEO this will allow it to launch small military satellites, inspect foreign satellites and destroy them if necessary.
	www.abovetopsecret.com /pages/svalk.html (1560 words)

	Military Spaceplane
		The Military Spaceplane System (MSP) is a reusable space architecture capable of providing aircraft-like operability, flexibility, and responsiveness, and supporting AF Space Command mission areas.
		Due to initial funding limitations, the minimum effort for the contract was anticipated to consist of a broad conceptual military spaceplane design supported by a computer testbed model.
		The Technology levels would be frozen at three points in the Military Spaceplane Program (MSP): At the ITT contract award for the Ground Demonstrator, at contract award for any future Flight Demonstrator, and at contract award for an orbital system EMD.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/systems/msp.htm (1385 words)

	The Allspark Forums -> Secret military spaceplane?
		THE SPACEPLANE'S SMALL CARGO or "Q-bay" also could be configured to deliver specialized microsatellites to low Earth orbit or, perhaps, be fitted with no-warhead hypervelocity weapons--what military visionaries have called "rods from god." Launched from the fringes of space, these high-Mach weapons could destroy deeply buried bunkers and weapons facilities.
		Outboard sections of the spaceplane's wing/body cant slightly downward, possibly for shock-wave control and compression lift at high speeds while in the atmosphere, whether on ascent or reentry.
		Three of the oversized aircraft were modified with 8-ft.-wide "chipmunk cheek" extensions on each side of the cargo compartment aft of the nose hinge point; an extra six-wheel set of landing gear that partially retracts up against the aft fuselage, forward of the ramp; a shortened upper deck, and two internal harness/cradle supports.
	www.allspark.com /forums/index.php?showtopic=2532 (2739 words)

	Is the Spaceplane Dead?
		Plans called for NASP to fly as a single stage to low Earth orbit and to cruise at hypersonic speeds of Mach 12 to Mach 25 in the transatmosphere-between the altitudes of 100,000 to 350,000 feet.
		Instead, a series of X-planes sought to test various aspects of spaceplane operations, ranging from thermal material to advanced propulsion to autonomous landing under different weather conditions, but not a full-scale demonstration.
		To be sure, an Air Force base would have to be heavily modified with a new ground support structure to accommodate spaceplanes, but the asymmetric capabilities of a spaceplane would trump all remnants of 20th century warfare.
	www.afa.org /magazine/Nov2001/1101spaceplane.asp (3446 words)

	In-flight propellant transfer spaceplane design and testing considerations
		Unlike many other spaceplane designs, the requirement for in- flight propellant transfer imposes a corresponding requirement for a high degree of aerodynamic quality.
		In the year since the initial design work for the Black Horse inflight propellant transfer spaceplane was performed, several organizations have raised concerns about the viability of the concept.
		The spaceplane’s thermal protection system was designed to protect it during a reentry trajectory modeled after the HL-20’s.
	www.islandone.org /Launch/BlackHorse-PropTransfer.html (6898 words)

	Bristol Spaceplanes - Ascender
		That proposed by Bristol Spaceplanes Limited, Spacecab, uses existing engines and proven materials and would be ideal for launching small satellites, for ferrying crews to and from space stations, and for pioneering orbital space tourism.
		Space tourism is probably the only market for spaceplanes large enough to provide the funding for the continuous development towards the £10,000 cost target, which could be achieved within about fifteen years.
		Bristol Spaceplanes has now started The Ascender Project to develop interest in both Ascender and the space tourism industry in general.
	www.bristolspaceplanes.com /projects/ascender.shtml (1241 words)

	Space Technology - Ascender Sub-Orbital Spaceplane
		Bristol Spaceplanes Limited, based in Bristol, UK has prepared plans to develop the Ascender sub-orbital spaceplane.
		The Ascender sub-orbital spaceplane is designed to carry passengers on space experience flights and spearhead low cost access to space.
		That proposed by Bristol Spaceplanes Limited, Spacecab, uses existing technology and would be ideal for launching small satellites, for ferrying crews to and from space stations, and for pioneering orbital space tourism.
	www.space-technology.com /projects/ascender (662 words)

	Maks - Air Launch System - Spaceplane
		Maks Spaceplane is a Russian Air-launched multi-purpose aerospace system.
		It would be used to carry from 2 up to 6 crew.
		It was going to use the Antonov An-225 as the first stage.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /space_planes/maks.html (258 words)

	Black Horse: One Stop to Orbit
		The spaceplane, carrying only a fraction of its required propellant, takes off a runway in a conventional manner using either rocket power or a set of air-breathing engines and climbs to rendezvous with a tanker, typically at an altitude between 20,000 and 40,000 ft., depending on the spaceplane design.
		Upon reaching orbit, the payload is released, possibly to be propelled to higher orbit by its own propulsion system, while the spaceplane re-enters the atmosphere, glides to the vicinity of an airport, and then lands in either an unpowered or rocket or jet powered mode.
		It is useful to compare the general characteristics of the APT spaceplane to the three SSTO types that have been considered in the past.
	www.risacher.org /bh/analog.html (6508 words)

	FamilyFun: Stargazer: Space Planes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The big challenge facing designers of the next generation of reusable spaceplanes is to build engines that will work equally efficiently in the Earth's atmosphere and in the vacuum of space.
		To be fully operational and cost-effective, passenger-carrying spaceplanes will have to be more like airliners than the Space Shuttle, or the next generation of NASA spaceplanes.
		In a spaceplane, you would race down the runway under rocket power and break through the sound barrier over the ocean.
	familyfun.go.com /parenting/learn/activities/feature/spaceplanes_sg/spaceplanes_sg.html (777 words)

	Space Vehicles - Vehicle Designs
		The spaceplane is carried under the belly of Scaled Composites
		spaceplane, and is capable of reaching space (though not orbit).
		is a two-person reusable spaceplane proposed by XCOR
	www.spacefuture.com /vehicles/designs.shtml (3780 words)

	[No title]
		The High Performance Spaceplane (called, unsurprisingly, "Spaceplane")would be able to fill a number of roles that the United States military was interested in...
		One serious disadvantage to putting the propellant tanks in the extreme aft was that the diameter of the Spaceplane was quite small at the cockpit.
		While during orbital operations the pilot would sit up so that his head was out of the craft and he was in a normal sitting position, the pilot would have to fly "head down" during boost.
	www.up-ship.com /apr/extras/scruiser1.htm (825 words)

	Phillips Lab, Boeing roll out Space Maneuver Vehicle
		In October, the vehicle, an integral part of the Air Force's emerging military spaceplane reusable system architecture, will begin testing at Holloman Air Force Base, N. The flight tests include dropping the 22-foot-long, 2,500-pound, graphite-epoxy and aluminum vehicle from a UH-60 helicopter at 10,000 feet.
		The colonel said the spaceplane is being developed in a multiphase approach.
		In theory, this versatile maneuver vehicle could deliver payloads to orbit from a military spaceplane, boost payloads to higher orbits from lower orbits, or be used as a rapid-reaction reconnaissance system.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/launch/n19970903_971093.html (667 words)

	Dynasoar
		The original mission of the Titan 3 booster was to launch the X-20 Dynasoar manned spaceplane into orbit.
		Following evaluation of the Robo space bomber proposals in the summer of 1957, the decision was made to combine several parallel Air Force and NACA manned spaceplane projects into a single effort.
		It was also decided the spaceplane should have multiple-orbit capability, using either a retrorocket for deorbit or a Titan Transtage for orbital manoeuvring - which would require a Titan IIIC launch vehicle in place of the Titan II.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/dynasoar.htm (11304 words)

	SHARP Spaceplane - Wickman Spacecraft & Propulsion Company
		The initial application of the SHARP Spaceplane will be a hypersonic bomber capable of rapid, high launch rates to orbit to deploy Common Aero Vehicles (CAVs) or put satellites into orbit.
		The flight test program for Wickman's SHARP spaceplane initially focuses on the ascent and descent phase of a typical mission.
		The final test in the descent series will be to deploy the subscale SHARP spaceplane at 100 miles so that it can reenter the earth's atmosphere and land on an airport runway.
	www.space-rockets.com /sharp.html (465 words)

	LSSA Product 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Cosmos Mariner is a convenient, flexible, scalable, and inexpensive spaceplane concept designed for operation at airport facilities and for maximal usage of the FAA Air Traffic Control System during atmospheric operations.
		The design of the Cosmos Mariner has been driven by prudent development based on a wealth of experience with previous launch systems and extensive studies of the current markets for launching payloads (satellite launch, space tourism, high speed transport, and sounding payloads).
		Testing---the spaceplane aerodynamics can be tested as an aircraft before making a launch to space which is a significant advantage over current launch systems employing rockets only.
	www.lonestarspace.com /prod02.htm (528 words)

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