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Topic: Spain under the Restoration

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First Spanish Republic

Habsburg Spain

History of Spain

Amadeo I of Spain

Second Spanish Republic

Alfonso XIII of Spain

Spanish Civil War

Alfonso XII of Spain

Reconquista

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Bible chronology

1873

Amadeus I of Spain

	Publications
		Spain showed that it was not a romantic country inhabited by counterfeiters, bullfighters, anarchists, and Carmens, wild and individualistic "real and true" men, but that it was what The Economist called it a couple of years ago, a "fairly normal European country" (and please take note of the derogatory adjective "fairly").
		In fact, Spain today is, on all counts, not just a fairly normal but a wholly normal European country, a country that is at the forefront of the construction of the new Europe, as is shown by its being in the vanguard of the European Monetary Union.
		Under the Constitution’s beneficial influence we have been able to construct the reality of a people and a nation that is strong, active, diverse, balanced, and united, both within and outside our national borders.
	www.ned.org /forum/reports/spain98/report.html (6094 words)

	History of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Under the rule of Charles III and his ministers, Leopoldo de Gregorio, Marquis of Esquilache and José Moñino, Count of Floridablanca, Spain embarked on a program of enlightened despotism that brought Spain a new prosperity in the middle of the eighteenth century.
		Under the Bonaparte dynasty, Spain failed to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions of the 18th century, and also failed to absorb the ideals of the Enlightenment that were revolutionizing European thought.
		Spain — nearly bankrupt from the war with France and the reconstruction of the country — was unable to pay her soldiers, and in 1820, an expedition intended for the colonies revolted in Cadiz.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Spain (6337 words)

	Spain. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The W Pyrenees and the northern coast, paralleled by the Cantabrian Mts., are occupied by Navarre, with the city of Pamplona; the Basque Country, with the ports of Bilbao and San Sebastián; Santander; and Asturias, with Oviedo and the port of Gijón.
		Spain’s bicameral legislature, the Cortes, consists of the chamber of deputies and the senate, both of whose representatives are elected every four years in provincial elections.
		It was thus under Castilian leadership that the reconquest was completed, and it was the Castilian nobility that formed the nucleus of the class of feudal magnates—the grandees—who were the ruling class of Spain for centuries after the reconquest.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sp/Spain.html (5831 words)

	Spain under the Restoration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Restoration was the name given to the period that began in December 29, 1874 after the First Spanish Republic ended with the restoration of Alfonso XII to the throne after a coup d'etat by Martinez Campos, and ended on April 14, 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.
		Spain's economy was quite behind those of the other European countries, and during these years, the modernization of the country took place on a large scale.
		This was received as a disaster in Spain, and almost caused a coup d'etat led by Camilo Polavieja, in order to institute a military dictatorship.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spain_under_the_Restoration (948 words)

	Spain on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The W Pyrenees and the northern coast, paralleled by the Cantabrian Mts., are occupied by Navarre, with the city of Pamplona ; the Basque Country, with the ports of Bilbao and San Sebastián ; Santander ; and Asturias, with Oviedo and the port of Gijón.
		Under Philip II's successors, Philip III and Philip IV, Spain was drawn into the Thirty Years War (1618-48), prolonged by war with France until 1659.
		Economically, Spain progressed dramatically in the 1960s and early 70s, stimulated in part by the liberal economic policies espoused by Opus Dei ; growth was particularly pronounced in the tourist, automobile, and construction industries.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/Spain.asp (5959 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The geographical boundaries of Spain are: on the north, the Pyrenees, the Republic of Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay (known in Spain as Mar Cantabrico, or "Cantabrian Sea"); on the east, the Mediterranean; on the south, the Mediterranean, the Straits of Gibraltar and the Atlantic; on the west, Portugal and the Atlantic.
		That moral unity which the Catholic Sovereigns had restored in Spain by the expulsion of the Jews, the subjection of the Moors, and the establishment of Catholic unity, was broken by the influx of ideas from the French Revolution and English Liberalism.
		The chief concordats with Spain are: that of 1737 (Clement XII and Philip V); 1752 (Benedict XIV and Ferdinand VI); 1851 (Pius IX and Isabel II).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14169b.htm (17294 words)

	Naive Spanish Judeophobia - Gustavo D. Perednik (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1812 the assembly proclaimed a constitution that came to be the "sacred codex" of liberalism, and served during the nineteenth century as a model for the liberal constitutions of Latin American nations.
		Thus the end of the glorious Jewish community of Spain was not only tragic in the suffering involved and exceptional in its enormous dimensions, it also left behind a collective memory of the demonic image of the Jews, and a fear of blood impurity.
		Today Spain's population is forty million; the Jews are at most 0.05 percent of it (about 20,000 Jews) and this figure is the result of dramatic growth during the last decade.
	www.jcpa.org /phas/phas-perednik-f03.htm (8011 words)

	CEDAW report--Spain
		In addition, under Royal Decree 631/1993 of 3 May governing the National Vocational Training and Employment Plan, preference for participation in measures under the plan is to be given to unemployed persons with particular difficulties in entering or re-entering the labour market, especially women who wish to rejoin the workforce, disabled persons and migrant workers.
		Spain recently adopted Act No. 35/1995 of 11 December on aid and assistance to victims of violent crimes or violations of sexual freedom, which establishes public assistance to the direct or indirect victims of wilful, violent wrongs resulting in death, serious bodily harm or serious damage to physical or mental health.
		Under the regulatory provisions in question, which cover public officials and thus amend the Public Administration Reform Act, the leave of absence is regarded as a situation similar to dismissal for the purpose of obtaining unemployment benefits.
	www.un.org /womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw21/spain.htm (6008 words)

	History of Spain
		Spain and the Spaniards had contact with almost all the cultures in the Mediterranean, since many of them invaded Spain.
		The Canary Islands became part of Spanish territory (1495), the hegemony of Spain in the Mediterranean, to the detriment of France, was affirmed with the conquest of the Kingdom of Naples, and Navarre was incorporated into the Kingdom.
		However, a military pronouncement in 1875 restored the monarchy and Alfonso XII was proclaimed King of Spain.
	free.7host06.com /spain34/spainhistory.htm (1384 words)

	BBC - History - Charles II and the restoration of the monarchy 1660 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Charles II and the restoration of the monarchy 1660
		In 1660, parliament accepted the restoration of the monarchy after the collapse of the Commonwealth (along with Charles II's promise in the form of the 'Declaration of Breda' to establish a general amnesty and freedom of conscience).
		His plans to restore Catholicism in Britain led to war with the Netherlands between 1672-74, in support of Louis XIV of France.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/timelines/britain/stu_charles_ii.shtml (298 words)

	Principles and guidelines for wetland restoration
		Wetland restoration should be an open process that involves local community stakeholders as well as stakeholders who will be affected by a project even though they may be geographically distant from the project, for example, stakeholders living well downstream.
		Successful restoration should be designed, as far as possible, for self-maintenance, but it also generally requires a constituency that understands the need for long-term stewardship, the resources required to support this stewardship, and a commitment to delivering this stewardship.
		Restoration interventions should be coupled with measures to raise awareness and influence the behaviours and practices that led to the degradation of the ecosystem, in order to ensure that the causes, as well as the effects, of degradation are addressed.
	www.ramsar.org /key_guide_restoration_e.htm (3016 words)

	info: Spain_under_the_Restoration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Restoration was the name given to the period that began in December 29, 1874 after the First Spanish Republic ended with the restoration of Alfonso XII to the throne after a coup d'etat by Martinez Campos, and ended on April 14, 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.
		Spain's economy was quite behind those of the other European countries, and during these years, the modernization of the country took place on a large scale.
		Spain had had an empire, and vast territories in America, but finally after centuries they were all lost, the Spanish people realized Spain was no longer an empire, this caused a crisis in society.
	www.napoli-pizza.net /Spain_under_the_Restoration.html (1334 words)

	Spain travel guide - Wikitravel
		Spain [1] (Spanish: España) is a diverse country in Mediterranean Europe, sharing the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal at the western end of the Mediterranean Sea.
		Train system in Spain is modern and reliable, most of the trains are brand new and the punctuality rate is one of the highest in Europe, the only problem is that not all the populated areas have a train station, sometimes small towns don't have one, in those cases you need to take a bus.
		Spain is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; as such it replaced Spanish pesetas with the Euro (symbol: €) in the year 2002.
	wikitravel.org /en/Spain (5216 words)

	A Short History of Spain - Conquistador Magazine
		It was as though Spain, having run out of land to reconquer, had been forced to look beyond the ocean for new lands in which to continue its feats of valor.
		Under Felipe II they were replaced by a new breed more inclined to discourse than to action.
		Spains dilemma of reconciling the past with the present, as a prerequisite for facing the future with confidence, was to remain largely unsolved.
	www.conquistador.com /spanhistory.html (2330 words)

	Spain History -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The history of Spain is part of the history of Europe and of the present-day nations and states.
		Modern Spain (1975-present) I left First Spanish Republic in because it fits in the timeline, though it's relatively smaller in terms of relevance and chronological coverage compared to the rest of the series.
		The military history of Spain includes the history of battles fought in the territory of modern Spain, as well as her former and current overseas possesions and territories, and, the military history of the Spanish people regarless of geography.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/136/spain-history.html (1012 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		By the time 'Abd al-Rahman reached Spain, the Arabs from North Africa were already entrenched on the Iberian Peninsula and had begun to write one of the most glorious chapters in Islamic history.
		After their forays into France were blunted by Charles Martel, the Muslims in Spain had begun to focus their whole attention on what they called al-Andalus, southern Spain (Andalusia), and to build there a civilization far superior to anything Spain had ever known.
		It was the beginning of the period the Christians called the Reconquest, and it underlined a serious problem that marred this refined, graceful, and charming era: the inability of the numerous rulers of Islamic Spain to maintain their unity.
	www.islamicity.com /mosque/ihame/Sec5.htm (1016 words)

	Spain in Cyberspain: GAUDI IN CYBERSPAIN
		Under Serallach, Gaudí worked on the project of the Villa de Arcadia, a recreational farm in Montjüic.
		Under del Villar, Gaudí designed the apse and the chamber of the Virgin of the Monastery of Monserrat.
		Under Punti, he learned the skills of carpentry, ironsmith, ceramist, and glassmaker.
	www.cyberspain.com /passion/gaudi.htm (1758 words)

	Spain facts. Important issues about the Spanish history
		To get to know and understand Spain and the Spaniards, it is important to know about the influences different cultures had over the past centuries on the country.
		Also during the reign of the Catholic King and Queen and under their auspice, Columbus discovered the New Continent (America), new boundary of what would be the largest Western empire.
		The ballot box is introduced into Spain and with it the first democratic experience of the 20th century: The second Republic, a brief attempt to introduce the reformations the country needed frustrated by General Franco's military rising and the outbreak of the Civil War in 1936.
	www.spaindreams.com /eng/history.htm (740 words)

	Spain under the Restoration - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Restoration was the name given to the period that began in 29 December 1874 after the First Spanish Republic ended with the restoration of the throne to Alfonso XII after a coup d'etat by Arsenio Martínez Campos, and ended on the 14 April 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.
		These years were marked by economic prosperity, Spain's economy was quite behind the ones of the other European countries, and during these years, the modernization of the country took place on a large scale, and on most fronts, production was increased, and national products increased due to extreme protectionist measures.
		This was received as a disaster in Spain, and almost caused a coup d'etat led by Camilo Polavieja, in order to institute a military dictatorship.
	www.gurgaongrid.com /mediawiki/index.php/Spain_under_the_Restoration (747 words)

	CNN.com - Basque separatism remains critical issue - November 21, 2000
		Precisely because he is a symbol of the national unity of Spain, King Juan Carlos is rejected by those who aspire to the recognition of a separate nationhood -- in Galicia, Catalonia and, especially, in the Basque country.
		In fact, the Basque region was the only section of Spain that refused to ratify the constitution of 1978, which established a democratic system but also formalised the restoration of the monarchy, with the king as the head of state.
		Terms under which this service is provided to you.
	edition.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/europe/11/21/spain.basque (394 words)

	Suburban Ecological Restoration by Vocational Training Centres, Barcelona (Spain)
		The ecological restoration of six sites in urban fringe areas: in this way, previously uncontrolled waste tips were transformed into leisure areas for the population, with minimum construction and later maintenance costs.
		This experience establishes a novel strategy for environmental restoration involving the education, training and employment of young people along with the participation of civic groups to ensure that the fruits of the work carried out prove to be of lasting benefit.
		At the present time the promotion and creation of maintenance companies is under study (co-operatives, etc.) formed by the student workers themselves at the end of their training period.
	habitat.aq.upm.es /bpes/onu98/bp431.en.html (3023 words)

	Restoration Omniangels Spain Madrid
		The Restoration Omniangels were formed to work on making the adjustments, alterations, changes, improvements, modifications, and revisions needed to fully restore the Divine Heritage of this planet and her peoples.
		Restoration Omniangels have additional roles and tasks as renewal artisans, therapeutic healers, and remedial recoverers of useful assets and valuable resources.
		The planetary Cosmic Benefactor Archangel for the Restoration Omniangels is Archangel Galgliel who is also a sun wheel governor of the yearly seasonal cycles, and a Chief of the Galgalim merkabah charioteer angels who sing celestial divinity songs.
	www.blessingscornucopia.com /Angels_Angelic_Orders_Restoration_Omniangels_Spain_Madrid.htm (604 words)

	First Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1873, Spain had tried to attempt a monarchy without a centralized Borbonic Rule.
		Groups such as the Carlistas felt that their reasons for holding a Republican government no longer had cause and that the country could be reunited under the monarchy system once again.
		He was known for the "Borbonic restoration", bringing political order to Spain.
	www.bergen.org /AAST/projects/Spain99/1600/firstrep.html (115 words)

	Spain
		The Popular Front, as the coalition became known, advocated the restoration of Catalan autonomy, amnesty for political prisoners, agrarian reform, an end to political fllists and the payment of damages for property owners who suffered during the revolt of 1934.
		On the outbreak of the war Madrid was under the control of the Popular Front government.
		Franco's main demand was that Germany had to fully compensate Spain for the cost of any British blockade of the country.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWspain.htm (4101 words)

	Spain Report
		Spain is a very old country with a rich historical background.
		Spain's landscape ranges from the rugged Pyrenees mountains to high valleys and ultimately to the coastline.
		Spain's real estate market is probably similar to that of the United States and other European countries.
	www.csulb.edu /~lsondhi/Spain.html (1666 words)

	Spain
		It was at this time that Rome raised a border dispute in defence of the areas of Greek influence, and thus began in the Peninsula the Second Punic War, which decided the fate of the world at that time.
		However, a military pronunciamiento in 1875, restored the monarchy and Alfonso XII was proclaimed King of Spain.
		Franco died in 1975, bringing to an end a period of Spanish history and opening the way to the restoration of the monarchy with the rise to the Throne of the present King of Spain, Juan Carlos I de Borbon y Borbon.
	www.geocities.com /~beapalek/spain.html (1198 words)

	The Alhambra, Granada, Spain - Architecture of Granada, Spain - Spanish Architecture @ Archiseek.com
		The work of restoration undertaken in 1828 by the architect Jose Contreras was endowed in 1830 by Ferdinand VII; and after the death of Contreras in 1847, it was continued with fair success by his son Rafael (d.
		On its watch-tower, the Torre de la Vela, 85 ft. high, the flag of Ferdinand and Isabella was first raised, in token of the Spanish conquest of Granada, on January 2, 1492.
		A turret containing a huge bell was added in the 18th century, and restored after being damaged by lightning in 1881.
	spain.archiseek.com /andalusia/granada/alhambra.html (1320 words)

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