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Topic: Spandau Citadel

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	Spandau - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spandau is the westernmost borough (Bezirk) of Berlin, situated at the confluence of the Havel and Spree rivers and along the western bank of the Havel.
		During the Ascanian Rule the construction of the Spandau Citadel begins, which is completed between 1559 and 1594 by Joachim II of Brandenburg.
		In 1812, Napoleon returns and the Spandau Citadel is sieged in 1813 by Prussian and Russian Troops.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Spandau (319 words)

	Spandau Prison - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spandau Prison was a purpose-built prison situated in the borough of Spandau in western Berlin, constructed in 1876.
		The Soviet Union, which pushed for execution for all men that were imprisoned in Spandau, were unwilling to compromise with the Western powers in this regard, both because of the harsher punishment that they felt was justified to be bestowed on the convicted war criminals, and as an extension of Cold War-era jockeying for power.
		Hess, also as a matter of dignity, was unique amongst the prisoners in that he refused all visitor for over twenty years, finally accepting to see his long since adult son and wife in 1969 after suffering from a perforated ulcer that required his treatment at a hospital outside the prison.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spandau_Prison (2573 words)

	Spandau district
		Spandau citadel, one of Berlins few fortified castles, stands at the junction of the Havel and Spree rivers in northern Berlin.
		The citadel was enlarged between the years 1560 and 1594, but the walls and trenches built during the Thirty Years War delayed Spandau for many years from extending its boundaries.
		The Spandauers demonstrated their reluctance to be amalgamated in 1911 during the groundbreaking ceremonies for the new Rathaus.
	www.theberlinobserver.com /Spandau_district.htm (853 words)

	SPANDAU - LoveToKnow Article on SPANDAU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The fortifications, which were strengthened after the war, 187071, for the protection of the arsenal, have been razed on the northern and eastern sides, and of its former defences none remain except the citadel and a line of works along a ridge of hills to the south ef the town.
		Spandau contains four Protestant churches, a Roman Catholic church, a gymnasium and a school of musketry.
		Spandau is one of the oldest places in the Altmark, and received civic rights in 1232.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SP/SPANDAU.htm (337 words)

	Spandau Prison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spandau Prison was a purpose-built prison situated in the western Berlin borough of Spandau, constructed and operated by the conquering Four-Power Authorities of World War II to house those Nazi war criminals that had been sentenced to imprisonment at the Nuremberg Trials.
		It was near, though not part of, the ancient Spandau Citadel fortress and was demolished after the death of Hess in 1987 (who had been the only prisoner since 1966) to prevent it becoming a Neo-Nazi shrine.
		Of note, Spandau was one of only two four-power organizations to exist during the Cold War.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/s/sp/spandau_prison.html (236 words)

	Berlin.de: Sights: Spandau Citadel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In spite of damage and additions, the Spandau citadel is one of the best preserved Renaissance fortresses in Germany and still gives us an impression of how people in the 16th century tried to defend themselves against enemies.
		The oldest parts of the fortifications date from the Middle Ages, and the Juliusturm tower, which is the emblem of Spandau, dates from the beginning of the 13th century and may be the oldest masonry structure in the city - and is certainly the oldest secular building.
		The central structure of the citadel is a square pattern, with four pointed bastions known as "König", "Kronprinz", "Brandenburg" and "Königin" at the corners (clockwise from the entrance).
	www.berlin.de /tourismus/sehenswuerdigkeiten.en/00175.html (512 words)

	Bezirk-Spandau - Die Geschichte Spandaus: English Version
		Spandau is appointed the seat of the country's administration.
		The first gun factory is established by King Friedrich Wilhelm I. The French assume possession of Spandau after the battle between the cities Jena and Auerstedt.
		Although Spandau is now reknowned as an industrial center, remnants of the city's military past are still visible in the form of its many old military buildings and barracks.
	www.bezirk-spandau.de /spandau/sehensw/geschichte/geschichteE.htm (342 words)

	Geschichte Spandaus
		The Askanier conquered the area of Spandau in the middle of the 12.
		The military meaning of Spandau as a military place obstructed however to a considerable degree the town development and shaped the face of the city.
		Thus to far extent around the citadel attachment plants (bastions, barriers and steady rests) were established, as well as made high editions with the establishment by buildings in this area.
	www.fesseldrachen.de /S_Spandau_en.htm (629 words)

	Spandau Citadel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Spandau Citadel is the oldest remaining structure in Berlin.
		The fortress was built in the 16th century, but the main tower dates back to about the 12th century.
		Built to protect the city of Spandau, the Citadel has seen quite a few different uses, including an ammunitions factory during the Thirty Years War and a poison gas respository during WWII.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spandau_Citadel (107 words)

	McMaster University Libraries - Map Library
		Spandau has the longest harbour embankment on the Havel, the largest share of agricultural acreage under cultivation, and recreation areas and a medieval town centre.
		West of the Citadel, an installation in the area of the mound was probably constructed as a gate to the medieval citadel, which could be reached over the drawbridge.
		The Spandau Citadel was used exclusively for military purposes until 1945 and was also known to be a notorious state prison.
	library.mcmaster.ca /maps/fc1997.htm (5242 words)

	Spandau Citadel -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Spandau Citadel is the oldest remaining structure in (Capital of Germany located in eastern Germany) Berlin.
		The fortress was built in the (additional info and facts about 16th century) 16th century, but the main tower dates back to about the (additional info and facts about 12th century) 12th century.
		Built to protect the city of (A German machine gun) Spandau, the Citadel has seen quite a few different uses, including an ammunitions factory during the (additional info and facts about Thirty Years War) Thirty Years War and a poison gas respository during (additional info and facts about WWII) WWII.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sp/spandau_citadel.htm (128 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spandau is the westernmost district (Bezirk) of the German capital city of Berlin, the town itself situated at the confluence of the Spree and Havel rivers.
		Once a town in its own right, Spandau is one of the oldest in the Berlin region and still retains much of its own unique character, having been spared the worst of the Allied bombing in the Second World War that so devastated the rest of the city.
		Spandau was the site of the military prison in which Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess was imprisoned after the 1946 Nuremberg trials until his death in 1987.
	wiki-news.markpol.biz /Berlin/Spandau (202 words)

	Read about Spandau at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Spandau and learn about Spandau here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spandau Citadel begins, which is completed between 1559 and
		1812, Napoleon returns and the Spandau Citadel is sieged in
		West Berlin and the Spandau Prison was built to house
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Spandau (250 words)

	Spandau -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		The citadel (1560–94, including the 12th-century Julius Tower) is one of the oldest well-preserved Italian-style Renaissance fortifications in northern Germany, and the 14th-century St. Nicholas' Church is the oldest Gothic church in Berlin.
		After 1946 the Spandau prison, on the Wilhelmstrasse, housed the Nazi war criminals sentenced by the Allies.
		Spandau is the chief industrial district of Berlin, with the electrotechnical firm of Siemens in the Siemensstadt section and an airport at Gatow.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9068985 (482 words)

	Berlin Spandau Citadel (Spandauer Zitadelle): Spandau Citadel in Berlin Area, Germany DE
		Spandau Citadel (Spandauer Zitadelle) was originally built in the 16th century, and is now the oldest structure in Berlin that is not religious.
		Visitors can take guided tours of the Spandau Citadel which are available at weekends, but only by advanced bookings, and this is an informative way to learn about the history of the building.
		Spandau Citadel features numerous Jewish gravestones that are built directly into the fortress wall.
	www.berlin.attraction-guides.com /berlin_spandau.html (187 words)

	[No title]
		In those days Citadel was largely revered as a singles label with over 50 7" releases to their credit, all of them beautifully packaged and most of them classics of Australian rock and roll.
		Citadel Records is the brainchild of John Needham, who was guitarist for the garage rock band Minuteman in 1982.
		Citadel music in a lot of ways reflects how Australians come across as people: unpretentious, down to earth music that doesn’t try to put on airs and is unafraid to be itself.
	www.nkvdrecords.com /citadel.htm (15037 words)

	Restaurant Kolk
		Built at the Spandau Fire Station in 1873, opened iln 1989, after a period in which it was put to a variety of uses, as a restaurant.
		Our restaurant is situated directly at the entrance to the historic "Kolk", one of the oldest parts of Spandau which nestles beside the old city walls, adjacent to the Old Town of Spandau with its excellent shopping facilities and large pedestrian precinct.
		It was built in 1873 as a fire station and 10 years later, in the spring of 1882, being already too small, it was pulled down.
	www.kolk.im-netz.de /english/start.php (422 words)

	annika's journal
		Spandau is well known as the name of one of the deadliest machine guns in the history of warfare.
		The Citadel of Spandau surrendered to the Russians only after being told of Hitler's death during the negotiations.
		That said, the point i'm making is this: Spandau Citadel was the Nazi chemical weapons lab, and they were able to clean it up in time to prevent the Russians from finding anything.
	annikagyrl.blogspot.com /2003/05/hitler-and-chemical-weapons-as-you-can.html (668 words)

	Spandau -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The citadel (1560–94, including the 12th-century Julius Tower) is one of the oldest well-preserved Italian-style Renaissance fortifications in northern Germany, …
		The citadel (1560–94, including the 12th-century Julius Tower) is one of the oldest well-preserved Italian-style Renaissance...
		It rises on the Mecklenburg Plateau 7 miles (11 km) northwest of Neustrelitz and flows through the Mecklenburg lakes before heading south as far as Spandau (in Berlin), where it is joined by the Spree River.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9068985 (396 words)

	Monuments in Berlin / Senate Department of Urban Development in Berlin
		During restoration of the Palas, the Juliusturm and the curtain and bastion walls, predecessors of the current Citadel and various phases of development of the Spandau fort were discovered and investigated.
		The excavation findings are marked in the pavement of the courtyard and include the course of the fort wall of the fifteenth century, the inner supporting wall of the curtain as well as a reconstructed section of the sixteenth-century court pavement.
		Presumably the Jewish cemetery located just outside the gates of Spandau was desecrated and at least some of its gravestones were stolen at that time.
	www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de /denkmal/denkmale_in_berlin/en/bodendenkmale/zitadelle.shtml (435 words)

	LocalWineEvents.com - Berlin : art e vino - Zitadelle Spandau (Spandau Citadel)
		The Spandau Citadel is a perfect place to present exquisite vintage wines and first-class cuisine.
		A gentle summer breeze and the aroma of distinctive international dishes invite gourmets to embark on a sensory tour of the historic citadel.
		The two events will be staged in different areas of the Spandau Citadel to ensure that the art can be viewed separately.
	www.localwineevents.com /Berlin-Wine/event-65880.html (398 words)

	Zitadelle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It was opened on October 1st 1984 with the line's extension from Rohrdamm to Rathaus Spandau.
		Its name means "Citadel" in English and it was named for the historic Spandau Citadel.
		It lies between the stations Altstadt Spandau and Haselhorst.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/Z/Zitadelle.htm (140 words)

	Tourist Attractions & Sightseeing - Medieval Remnants in Berlin
		Finished in 1594 after 34 years of construction, the Italian style Citadel is situated on a small island on the Havel river and was designed to command the water next to the Spree.
		You can wander for free around the citadel, which has been used in the past as a prison and laboratory.
		Sadly, a lot of the site is under excavation and renovation, but a visit to the galleries and the two museum exhibitions is still possible.
	www.berlinfo.com /Traveltime/Sights/sights/medieval_remnants (480 words)

	4th Intercontintal Meeting of Hair Research Societies
		The Spandau Citadel can claim to be the best preserved fortress, built at the time of the Renaissance, in Northern Germany.
		The “Italienischen Höfe” (Italian Courtyards) are situated within the walls of the citadel.
		Those who are familiar with the Southern European style of architecture will immediately feel transported to Italy, which is not surprising, as the courtyards were designed and built by the Italian architect, Rochus Guerini Earl of Lynar, in 1580.
	www.hair2004.com /congress_venue_social.htm (172 words)

	Spandau Citadel - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Spandau Citadel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spandau Citadel - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Spandau Citadel.
		The list of the Spandau Citadel Authors is
		The orginal Spandau Citadel article can be editet
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Spandau-Citadel.html (157 words)

	Neue Seite 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		How to get there: The citadel in Spandau is in the northwestern part of Berlin, very close to the "Zitadelle" subway station on the U7 line.
		a 10-minute walk) until you come to the citadel entrance leading to the bridge over the moat.
		The meal will be served in the "Zitadellen-Schaenke" restaurant (on the left side of the courtyard) in its vaulted brick setting.
	www.neurobiologie.fu-berlin.de /Banquet.htm (267 words)

	Berlin Tourist Information - Sightseeing
		Leisurely walk around citadel in Spandau, puppet theatre at the citadel and playground at Koeltzepark.
		The fortress that is encircled by water has been the home for many monarchs in the past centuries where they have defended against raids behind its bulky walls.
		As the casemates of the citadel are the home of the biggest bat-population in Europe, you may have the chance to see one.
	www.btm.de /english/sightseeing/e_si_berlinprogramme_kinder_spandau.php (343 words)

	Berlin Online Travel Guide - Architecture & History
		The Juliusturm tower of the Spandau citadel was built around 1200.
		The Spandau Nikolai church is a Late Gothic building from the first half of the 15th century (U-train station Altstadt Spandau, U7).
		In the Spandauer Vorstadt district around Oranienburger Strasse exclusive residential and business houses are built.
	www.natureparktravel.com /berlin/geschichte.htm (6247 words)

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