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	Spanish Armada 1588
		It is likely that the battle-hardened Spanish troops with their powerful artillery would have swept through Kent overwhelming the opposition, and have captured London within a week.
		Armada ships were organised to fight at sea in the medieval way: soldiers set the guns ready to fire, then went up on deck ready to grapple and board the enemy ship.
		Spanish guns that could have shattered English defences on land were not so effective when used on board ships.
	www.theotherside.co.uk /tm-heritage/background/span-armada.htm (2284 words)

	Spanish Armada Ships
		The spanish armada was a fleet of about 130 ships that sailed from lisbon in the spanish were attacked by crown forces and had to withdraw to their ship.
		Extensive information on the spanish armada the rise and fall of the world's destroyed or captured 38 of the spanish ships that were to make up the armada.
		Spanish armada the voyage of the gran armada in the summer of 1588 is the a fire ship attack drove the armada ships from their safe anchorage, and in the
	www.spanishtopics.com /info/SpanishArmadaShips (922 words)

	Luminarium Encyclopedia: The Spanish Armada, 1588.
		The Spanish or Invincible Armada was the great fleet (in Spanish, armada) sent against England by Philip II in 1588.
		The failure of the Armada was mainly due to its own interior weakness, and as a military operation the English victory was less glorious than some other less renowned achievements of the British fleet.
		England and the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel.
	www.luminarium.org /encyclopedia/armada.htm (1489 words)

	Spanish Armada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To Philip, the Armada was to be a glorious crusade against the enemies of the faith, to return England to the fold of Catholicism under papal blessing.
		In 1588, to support of the Armada and the hoped for invasion of England, Pope Sixtus V renewed the solemn bull of excommunication against the Queen Elizabeth I, for the regicide of Mary Queen of Scots in 1587 as well as the previously catalogued offences against the Roman Catholic Church.
		Indeed, the 1597 armada was in sight of the English coast and was unopposed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Armada (4678 words)

	Spanish Navy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Spanish Navy (in Spanish, Armada Española) is the martime arm of the Spanish Military.
		The Spanish Armada's defeat in 1588 did not mark a decline in the Spanish navy's dominance but actually led to a thorough reform and rapid recovery of its dominance.
		This result was ultimately more due to the thoroughly corrupt, arrogant and inept state the Spanish government and colonial administration had fallen into at this time, than to any failings of the sailors and commanders themselves, who by and large acquitted themselves with honour in battle and defeat, as was acknowledged by their American counterparts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Navy (1403 words)

	Spanish Armada - MSN Encarta
		Spanish Armada, fleet assembled and dispatched by King Philip II of Spain in an unsuccessful attempt to invade England in 1588.
		The defeat of the armada was one of the great achievements of Queen Elizabeth I of England and helped bring about the subsequent decline of the Spanish Empire.
		In the ensuing Battle of Gravelines on August 8, the English defeated the armada.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570662/Spanish_Armada.html (510 words)

	Spanish armada - Modern History Sourcebook: Elizabeth I: The Spanish Armada 1588
		Painting of the Spanish Armada The Spanish Armada was a fleet assembled Unable to break the Spanish Armada, they waited for their chance at a big blow.
		Armada is the Spanish word for a fleet.
		Illustration of Sir Francis Drake and the defeat of the Spanish Armada
	xn--dpqp2kf22e.com /?q=spanish-armada (476 words)

	The Spanish Armada
		The defeat of the Spanish Armada is one of the most famous events in English history.
		The Spanish made no secret of their hostility to the English Queen, who they believed was illegitimate and had no right to the English throne, and had been involved in plots to dethrone her.
		It was planned that the Spanish fleet, consisting of over 100 ships, would sail up from Spain along the English Channel, and meet with the forces of the Duke of Parma, Philip's nephew, making their way from the Netherlands.
	www.elizabethi.org /uk/armada (1168 words)

	Sandcastle V.I. - Voyages of the Enterprise - The Spanish Armada
		Sandcastle V.I. - Voyages of the Enterprise - The Spanish Armada
		For example, although the Spanish Flagship San Martin was the target of broadsides from the English for almost an hour on August 4, the damage she received was limited to the loss of her flagstaff.
		The defeat of the Spanish Armada was not the end of Spanish dominance of the oceans.
	www.sandcastlevi.com /sea/enterprise/voych01.htm (1438 words)

	The National Archives Learning Curve \| Spanish Armada (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Armada was difficult to attack because it sailed in a 'crescent' shape.
		The Armada was supposed to sail up the channel to the Netherlands and collect the Duke of Parma with an army to invade England.
		The Armada anchored at the port of Calais.
	www.learningcurve.gov.uk /snapshots/snapshot39/snapshot39.htm (2233 words)

	::The Spanish Armada::
		The Spanish Armada's task was to overthrow protestant England lead by Queen Elizabeth I.
		The Spanish Armada proved to be an expensive disaster for the Spanish but for the English it was a celebrated victory making Sir Francis Drake even more of a hero than he already was and even having an impact on Tudor Christmas celebrations!
		The victory over the Armada was to make Sir Francis Drake a very famous man. The victory was even remembered at Christmas when Elizabeth ordered that everybody should have goose on Xmas Day as that was the meal she had eaten on the evening that she learned that her navy had beaten the Armada.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /spanish_armada.htm (2332 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Spanish Armada
		As time went on the Spanish ambassador was treated with disrespect, his house beset, visitors to his chapel imprisoned; Spanish ships were robbed with impunity in the Channel.
		Whilst the Spanish fleet was fighting the cause of Christianity against the Turks at Lepanto (1572), Drake thrice sacked the almost defenseless colonies on the Spanish Main, from which he returned with enormous booty (1570, 1571, 1572-73).
		Among the many side-issues which meet the student of the history of the Armada, that of the cooperation or favor of the Pope, and of the Catholic party among the English, is naturally important for Catholics.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01727c.htm (2627 words)

	ARMADA News: ARMADA Project
		Five of this year's fourteen U.S. teachers who are participants in the final year of the University of Rhode Island's National Science Foundation-funded ARMADA Project are joining foreign research vessels in the Arctic for the research experience portion of their ARMADA Project involvement.
		The 20-day cruise left Svalbard on July 29 headed southwest of the Svalbard Islands to study the area's geologic past and the consequences of climate change in the Arctic.
		In its fifth and final year, the ARMADA Project, funded by the National Science Foundation, provides U.S. K-12 teachers an opportunity to actively participate in ocean, polar, and environmental science research and peer mentoring and are partnered with U.S. and international research teams.
	www.armadaproject.org /news/news1.htm (555 words)

	HistoryBuff.com -- The Spanish Armada of 1588
		The Spanish Armada is the term conventionally applied to a massive fleet dispatched against England by Spain's Catholic King Philip II in 1588, leading to an early and important confrontation in the nearly 20-year Anglo-Spanish War of 1585-1604 (the "Twenty Years' War").
		The Spanish navy was retooled in the 1590s and effectively solidified Spanish control over the waves, protecting treasure fleets from privateering while vanquishing English opponents on the high seas and on the coasts of Spanish America, and Spain continued as Europe's dominant power into the 1600s.
		This article discusses the background and causes of the Spanish Armada invasion, Philip's objectives with the Armada, the naval encounters between England and Spain in 1588, and the aftermath of the conflict.
	www.historybuff.com /library/refarmada1.html (2035 words)

	The Invincible Armada
		The Armada plans were advertised throughout Europe (and even England).....everyone knew......and the scene was set for one the greatest changes in the course of world history.
		The Spanish had been ordered, should they engage the English ships, to bear down on them and use the old style of grappling and boarding, but the faster English vessels with their long range guns kept out of range.
		Despite the damage to the Armada at the Battle of Gravelines, only a few Spanish ships were put out of action, both to fleets had run out of ammunition and the English badly needed to replenish their food and water.
	www.rain.org /~karpeles/armadadis.html (2327 words)

	Armada, Spanish on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		ARMADA, SPANISH [Armada, Spanish], 1588, fleet launched by Philip II of Spain for the invasion of England, to overthrow the Protestant Elizabeth I and establish Philip on the English throne; also called the Invincible Armada.
		Unable to re-form, the Armada was severely battered, but a sudden change in the wind enabled most of the ships to escape northward.
		In attempting to sail home by Scotland and the west coast of Ireland, the Spanish ships were dispersed by storms; their provisions gave out; and many of those who landed in Ireland were killed by English troops.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/A/Armada-S1.asp (529 words)

	The Defeat of the English Armada: A More Detailed Look at the Spanish Armada and its Aftermath (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Spanish Armada would be dispatched in the “Enterprise of England,” to rendezvous with a fleet transporting the army of
		Spanish Armada, the scattering of the Spanish ships hardly translated into a triumphant moment for the long-suffering English sailors who had manned the coastal defenses.
		Medina Sidonia’s Spanish Armada fleet was supposed to arrive at Lisbon, in Portugal, and at the primary Spanish ports of Coruna and Cadiz.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~ulm/history/eng_armada.htm (11823 words)

	Wes's Spanish Armada Page: History, Highlights, Myths, and Muddles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Myth: The Spanish Armada was dubbed “the Invincible Armada” (La Armada Invencible) by an overconfident, swaggering King Philip II of Spain and his advisors, having been so nicknamed since they all assumed that the Armada was so strong that it could never be defeated by the English.
		English Armada article, this piece cuts through the myths and lays out the facts of the Spanish Armada battle, still significant in numerous respects as discussed below, but in ways far more subtle and intricate than are generally appreciated.
		Hapsburg Spanish Empire since a dynastic marriage between Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy in 1477, and the Spaniards maintained a long-established political and administrative presence in the Dutch provinces.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~ulm/history/sp_armada.htm (7044 words)

	The Medici Archive Project: News and Notes
		In fact, it was the Spanish Armada that suffered grievously at the hands of the English in August of 1588—not the other way around.
		Spanish troops never landed in Scotland nor were they aided by the Orkney Islanders--least of all those of the island of "Hylandia", which does not appear on any known map, past or present.
		June 11, 1588: According to an avviso from Rome, the Spanish are aiding the Catholic faction in the French religious wars; their intention is to distract Protestant partisans who might harass the Armada when it sails along the French coast.
	www.medici.org /news/dom/dom082001.html (1412 words)

	Spanish Armada at Gravelines (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Spanish ships were built for closing in and boarding and not for running sea battles.
		The Spanish were not able to escape as they had the coastline behind them and therefore suffered heavily.
		The English pursued the Spanish as far north as the Firth of Forth as the Spanish sailed around the north of Scotland and down the Atlantic.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/don_defran/spanisha.htm (382 words)

	Books on the Spanish Armada with UKshelf.com
		The Galleons' Grave: Henry Gresham and the Spanish Armada --- Â£14.99
		The Enterprise of England: The Spanish Armada --- Â£16.35
		Armada: A Celebration of the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588-1988 --- Â£14.95
	www.hlebooks.com /UKSHELF/MARINE/armada.htm (573 words)

	Elizabethan Age
		On Sunday 7th August 1588 the fleet of the Spanish Armada lay in the English Channel, close to the cliffs of Calais.
		The Spanish fleet intended to mount the invasion and conquest of England by the Catholic King Philip II of Spain.
		The success of the Spanish Armada would mean that Queen Elizabeth, viewed as a Protestant heretic, would be deposed and the English people subjugated to Spanish rule and forcibly converted to Catholicism.
	www.elizabethan-era.org.uk /elizabethan-age.htm (531 words)

	The Spanish Armada
		The purpose of the Armada was firstly to enable the huge army of the Duke of Parma to cross in safety from France to England, and having accomplished this, its second objective was to wipe out the English fleet.
		From the mouth of the channel the Armada moved in a tight crescent-shaped formation, defying and puzzling the English.
		This was one of the four galleasses which sailed with the Armada, a long narrow ship, powered both by oars and a large square sail.
	www.clarelibrary.ie /eolas/coclare/history/spanish_armada.htm (1075 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Elizabeth I: The Spanish Armada 1588 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Modern History Sourcebook: Elizabeth I: The Spanish Armada 1588
		Queen Elizabeth I: Against the Spanish Armada, 1588
		A defining moment occurred with the attack of the Spanish Armada in 1588.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1588elizabeth.html (286 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : Historic Events : The Spanish Armada
		Spain was devoutly Catholic, and the Spanish king, Philip II, saw it as his duty to maintain the Catholic religion.
		The remainder of the Spanish fleet took to the sea, and the Armada was re-assembled and completed in Lisbon harbour (since Portugal was under Spanish control at that time).
		The public honouring of Drake enraged Philip II of Spain and it was probably one of the deciding factors in the formation of the Armada, the great Spanish fleet which Drake helped to defeat.
	www.saburchill.com /history/events/005.html (849 words)

	Armada, Spanish articles on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Armada, Spanish ARMADA, SPANISH [Armada, Spanish], 1588, fleet launched by Philip II of Spain for the invasion of England, to overthrow the Protestant Elizabeth I and establish Philip on the English throne; also called the Invincible Armada.
		Medina Sidonia, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, duque de MEDINA SIDONIA, ALONSO PÉREZ DE GUZMÁN, DUQUE DE [Medina Sidonia, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, duque de], 1550-1615, Spanish nobleman and commander in chief of the Spanish Armada.
		In the partly Norman church is the tomb of Lord Howard of Effingham, who defeated the Spanish Armada.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/00737.html (454 words)

	The Spanish Armada
		The countries of Europe had an agreement that there would be free trade between them, Drake, however, preferred to trade privately and Philip saw Elizabeth's knighthood of him as an insult to the free trade agreement and began to prepare for war.
		Unfortunately for the Spanish, their fire power was vastly inferior to that of the English.
		It has been suggested that the Spanish ships were not equipped with the right cannonballs for the guns on board their ships and were therefore unable to fire on the English ships that attacked them.
	www.historyonthenet.com /Tudors/spanish_armada.htm (811 words)

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