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Topic: Spanish Army

	WS-SpARmy
		Were Spanish political leaders to capitulate to American demands without a test of arms, the politicians would likely turn the ire of the entire Army against them and their constitutional regime.
		Spanish historian and Air Force General Alfredo Kindelán later saw the ultimately successful 1909 Moroccan operation as ending the depression endured by the soul of the Spanish military in consequence of its defeat in 1898.
		As the Army subsequently observed the decline and fall of both Primo de Rivera’s regime and the restored monarchy and as it survived the violent swings that marked the political life of the second republic, its leaders concluded that civilian leaders, be they monarchist or republican, were incapable of governing Spain effectively.
	www.history.army.mil /documents/spanam/WS-SpARmy.htm (4080 words)

	Spanish Legion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Spanish Legion (Spanish: Legión Española) is a military elite unit of the Spanish Army.
		The Spanish Legion nowadays is mostly used in NATO peacekeeping missions.
		The Spanish Legion is currently deployed mainly in the Spanish African enclaves, namely Ceuta, Melilla and the Canary Islands, but also in Ronda, in Southern Spain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_legion (933 words)

	myArmoury.com: The Spanish
		Spanish commitments were as great as Spanish wealth, and her troops fought in Spain itself, Oran and Tripoli, Italy, Ireland, France, Central and South America, and above all, in the Low Countries, which were under Spanish control from 1519.
		Once an army was created and the Moors finally conquered (1492), a more active foreign policy was possible, and the Spanish armies first began to make their mark in Europe in the early Italian wars under the great Gonzalo de Cordoba.
		Found in other armies (English demi-lances, for example) they were particularly characteristic of the Spanish, and continued to carry their lances through the first half of the 17th Century (though the lance itself became lighter).
	www.myarmoury.com /feature_armies_spanish.html (3629 words)

	Articles: Military Aspects of Latin American Independence - Historical Text Archive
		San Martín believed that Spanish armies had to be driven off the continent if the former colonies were to remain independent.
		Spanish armies were still in Peru, so he took the fight there.
		The Spanish American colonies inherited from the colonial period the sort of society in which force was used or threatened and accepted by all parts of the population.
	www.historicaltextarchive.com /sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=309 (1558 words)

	Spain Table
		Army units were allowed only enough rifles for instruction purposes, mounting guard, etc. This presented short term problems when it was decided to arm the mobs.
		Toledo contained the Spanish equivalent of Frankford Arsenal, producing a large portion of the 7x57mm ammo used by the Spanish Army.
		In 1956, the Spanish Nationalist Government of General Franco sold the rights to the stocks of Red armaments captured during the course of the conflict (1936-39) to the firm "llama".
	www.carbinesforcollectors.com /spaintable.html (3525 words)

	The Spanish Civil War
		Spanish losses were heavy to their fierce and skillful enemy, who was equipped with superior weapons.
		The goals of the new republic, set forth at the convention, included reform of the army, the granting of regional autonomy, social reform and economic redistribution, the separation of church and state, and depriving the church of a role in education.
		The Republican army, its attention diverted by internal political battles, was never able to mount a sustained counteroffensive or to exploit a breakthrough such as that on the Rio Ebro in 1938.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/SpanCW.html (3328 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Winter 1996-97
		The long-term object of Spanish strategic concern is in the Maghreb; Europe is an inescapable neighborhood, the Americas are an important opportunity--but North Africa is the Spanish preoccupation.[2] To accept this assertion is to understand the premise from which strategic collaboration between the United States and Spain is most likely to advance.
		In 1994, the Spanish army produced a top-to-bottom restructuring plan, Plan Norte, that is guiding completion of a historic transformation of the Spanish ground forces.[3] This transformation reflects democratic changes in the country, the present European search for collective security options, and a pragmatic logic regarding an unresolved national strategic debate.
		Spanish interpretation of the modern threat environment is exemplified in José Sánchez Méndez, Aspectos operativos y técnicos ante las nuevas amenazas (Operational and technical considerations in view of the new threats) (Madrid: Camara de Comercio e Industria de Madrid, 1994).
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/parameters/96winter/demerest.htm (5250 words)

	The Regiment of Louisana and the Spanish Army in the American Revolution
		No Spanish regiments served side-by-side with the Continentals as the French did at Newport, Savannah and Yorktown, but it would be a mistake to conclude that Spain had a negligible effect on the outcome of the conflict.
		The Spanish troops covered 105 miles in eleven days, losing at least a third of their number along the way to fatigue and disease before they caught sight of the first enemy post at the village of Manchac.
		Whitaker, Arthur Preston, The Spanish-American Frontier: 1783-1795: The Westward Movement and the Spanish Retreat in the Mississippi Valley.
	www.magweb.com /sample/amr/ed82loui.htm (3481 words)

	The Spanish Civil War
		Spanish losses were heavy to their fierce and skillful enemy, who was equipped with superior weapons.
		Army units penetrated the city limits, but they were driven back, and the Nationalists were able to retain the city.
		The Republican army, its attention diverted by internal political battles, was never able to mount a sustained counteroffensive or to exploit a breakthrough such as that on the Rio Ebro in 1938.
	unx1.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/SpanCW.html (3328 words)

	Armies
		By 1701 the army of the Spanish Netherlands numbered 18 'miserable' infantry regiments and 14 cavalry and dragoon regiments to a total of 6,000 'gueux et voleurs' (beggars and thiefs).
		The task to rebuild the army in the Spanish Netherlands was entrusted to Puysegur.
		This was not unreasonable for this part of the Spanish Empire, but the bad reputation for payment and the short time in which the soldiers had to be recruted forced the government to press young men into service, which had a negative effect on the quality and loyalty of these troops.
	www.spanishsuccession.nl /armies.html (726 words)

	Spanish-American War - Conservapedia
		Spanish officials and the crew of the civilian steamer City of Washington acted quickly in rescuing survivors and caring for the wounded.
		Anticipating a showdown with the Spanish fleet in the Atlantic theater, Secretary Long ordered the battleship USS Oregon to depart from its home port at Bremerton, Washington, on 7 March, to begin the first leg of a 14,700-nautical-mile journey to Key West.
		The Spanish attempted to mine the main channel, but the water was so deep and the entrance so wide that neither mines nor shore batteries were an effective barrier to enemy ships passing through during the night.
	www.conservapedia.com /Spanish-American_War (10333 words)

	Army History Research
		Their woolen army uniforms were ill suited for the tropic climate, much less existence in a hot, cramped ship’s hold, and there were no cooking facilities aboard ship.
		It was the guns of the U.S. Fleet routing the Spanish Navy.
		Spanish authorities soon realized the situation inside Santiago was hopeless, and on 17 July 1898 the city surrendered.
	www.armyhistory.org /armyhistorical.aspx?pgID=868&id=96&exCompID=32 (2659 words)

	Library of Congress/Spanish American War
		Underlying strong Spanish opposition to Cuban freedom was the traditional belief that God had granted Spain its empire, of which Cuba was the principal remaining area, as a reward for the conquest of the Moors.
		On 29 April a Spanish squadron commanded by Admiral Pascual Cervera left European waters for the West Indies to reinforce the Spanish forces in Cuba.
		After the Spanish forces at Santiago de Cuba capitulated on 17 July, a welcome event because the Fifth Army Corps had fallen victim to malaria, dysentery, and other tropical diseases, the Commanding General of the Army, Nelson Miles, led an expedition to Puerto Rico that landed on the south coast of that island.
	www.loc.gov /rr/hispanic/1898/trask.html (2605 words)

	Spanish Armada 1588
		It is likely that the battle-hardened Spanish troops with their powerful artillery would have swept through Kent overwhelming the opposition, and have captured London within a week.
		Their fiercer attack was enough to drive the Spanish away from the Isle of Wight - though it left the English woefully short of ammunition.
		The Spanish galleons were ocean-going vessels designed with large cargo holds to carry supplies for a long voyage, plus equipment for land wars once they arrived - which made them slow and cumbersome.
	www.theotherside.co.uk /tm-heritage/background/span-armada.htm (2284 words)

	Spanish Abroad - Spain - A brief overview of spanish history
		The Spanish were very devout Christians, who believed that they had the duty to convert others to the faith, by persuasion or force.
		The spanish army was formidable and had a tradition of victory.
		Spanish kings controlled all or parts of what are now Portugal, the Netherlands, Italy and France and was a great power in Europe for a long time.
	www.spanishabroad.com /spain/countryguide/spain_history.htm (471 words)

	Rocroi
		Enghien with a tired army watches anxiously the strong resistance of the Spanish and the possible arrival of the troops of Beck, then decided to negotiate the capitulation of the two infantry squadrons.
		It is estimated that the Spanish loose some 7 300 men divided in 3 500 dead, wounded and deserters and 3 826 prisoners including some of the men who capitulated (the one of the second squadron).
		For the Spanish it was a tactical defeat in a secondary war front, in 1643-1944 the main activity of the Spanish was to reconquer Catalonia and most of the money and troops were for the royal army of Catalonia, at the same time it can be said that the territory of Franche-Conté was not invaded.
	www.geocities.com /aow1617/Rocroi2.html (2024 words)

	Chronology--Cuba
		Spanish Brigadier General Joaquin Vara del Rey y Rubio returned to Santiago de Cuba to take command of his troops in anticipation of a conflict between Spain and the United States.
		The Spanish authorities in Cuba issued manifestos and other notices to the population and to the Spanish Army that a state of war existed with the United States.
		The Spanish fleet attempt to leave the bay was halted as the U.S. squadron under Admiral Schley destroyed the Spanish destroyer Furor, the torpedo boat Plutón, and the armored cruisers Infanta María Teresa, Almirante Oquendo, Vizcaya, and Cristóbal Colón.
	www.loc.gov /rr/hispanic/1898/chroncuba.html (3302 words)

	Spanish Army (Ejercito de Tierra)
		The army was, as of 1988, completing a major reorganization that had been initiated in 1982.
		This involved the creation of a field artillery command that consisted of a restructured and consolidated former artillery brigade, the creation of a single straits coastal artillery command that replaced two former coastal artillery regiments, and the introduction of an antiaircraft artillery command that was expected to benefit from significant modernizing of its weapons inventory.
		As of 1987, the Spanish Legion was grouped into four tercios (sing., tercio), a unit intermediate between a regiment and a brigade, each commanded by a colonel.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/europe/es-army.htm (1335 words)

	Spanish army chief held after controversial speech (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A Spanish army commander was arrested on Saturday after he warned the military would have to intervene if the region of Catalonia succeeded in its bid for greater independence, the Defence Ministry said.
		He added that if Catalonia, and the Basque and Galician regions which also have their own languages, succeeded in imposing linguistic barriers, the army would have to treat them as foreign postings, implying it would not be free to deploy staff as it thought fit.
		The Spanish military regularly intervened in politics in the 19th and early 20th centuries and Franco ruled from the 1930s until his death in 1975.
	famulus.msnbc.com /famulusintl/reuters01-06-121415.asp?reg=europe&vts=1620061227 (477 words)

	Soviet Tank Operations in the Spanish Civil War by Steven J. Zaloga
		Armies which were already committed to the offensive use of tanks, such as the German Wehrmacht, continued their programs in spite of the poor performance of their own tanks in Spain.
		It was hoped that the Spanish experience would help to amplify and correct the field regulations, and the Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army not only collected data from the Spanish theatre for this purpose, but tasked some of the unit commanders with comparing their understanding of PU-36 to their experiences in the field.
		The fighting in Spain led the Red Army to abandon the practice of tanks firing on the move since it was felt that this was ineffective and a waste of ammunition.
	libraryautomation.com /nymas/soviet_tank_operations_in_the_sp.htm (13059 words)

	Torii Online (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Army is reorganizing its commands and specified headquarters to accelerate the momentum of ongoing transformation efforts and increase the Army’s responsiveness globally and at home.
		The three Army Commands are: U.S. Army Forces Command (designated by the Secretary of the Army as both an Army Command under the direction of Headquarters Department of the Army and the Army Service Component Command to U.S. Joint Forces Command), U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command and U.S. Army Material Command.
		Lastly, there will be eleven Direct Reporting Units — Army organizations comprised of one or more units with institutional or operating functions, providing broad general support to the Army in a normally single, unique discipline not otherwise available elsewhere in the Army.
	www.usarj.army.mil /torii/page1/story02.htm (305 words)

	Workers Power and the Spanish Revolution - Tom Wetzel \| libcom.org
		When the CNT concentrated its forces at one of the army bases in the morning, a corporal in the Spanish army shot his fascist officer and persuaded his fellow soldiers to surrender.
		With the Spanish sailors in control of the country's warships in July, and these ships prowling the straights of Gibraltar, the water-borne transit of the Army of Africa to Spain from Morocco was blocked momentarily.
		When the Spanish army was besieging the coastal town of Algeciras from the landside, sailors of the Spanish fleet attempted to protect the town by firing their ships' guns at the army.
	libcom.org /library/workers-power-and-the-spanish-revolution-tom-wetzel (21225 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| Spanish army chief sparks furore
		Spanish Defence Minister Jose Bono has said comments by a general suggesting military intervention in Catalonia are not supported by the armed forces.
		Mr Bono is also expected to recommend the general's dismissal as head of the army's ground forces.
		On Monday, Mr Bono appeared on Spanish radio and television reassuring people that Lt Gen Mena's comments were down to a "one-off piece of indiscipline".
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/4595172.stm (432 words)

	Special Units For the Spanish Civil War
		The mainland regular army was considered to be a poorly trained and badly led force of conscripts and would include a number of second line troops in its ranks as well as the first line 4-5-7's.
		Loyalist regular army units could be found in the early stages of the war still in formation, though they were bled from desertion either to the Nationalists, or to Militia bands representing their local community and eventually were disbanded.
		Still, loyal army units fought for the Republic in early stages and can be represented by first line troops as in the 1st Division of Madrid or by a mix of first and second line troops (3-4-7's).
	www.santacruzchronicles.com /scw1.html (2387 words)

	classicalguitar.net - Fernando Sor
		In 1808 at the height of Napoleon's reign, the French army invaded Spain.
		These songs were written to provide support for the Spanish army and his fellow countrymen; despite popular belief Sor was a devout Spanish patriot.
		After the Spanish armies were defeated Sor accepted an administrative post with the new French government.
	www.classicalguitar.net /artists/sor (1983 words)

	Nordlingen
		The German catholic army (Imperial army and the League army) under the command of Ferdinand King of Hungary started a campaign to liberate the region of Souabe in south Germany.
		With all his troops the Spanish commander march toward Nördlingen to join the imperial forces [2], this was done between the 2 and 4 of September.
		At 14:00 the protestant vanguard is detected by the catholic outposts (Spanish dragons of Pedro Santacelia[3] and imperials Croats).
	www.geocities.com /aow1617/Nordlingen2.html (2165 words)

	Armed Forces' Flags (Spain) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although it is primarily a book on Spanish army uniforms, it has more than 50 Spanish military flags mostly regimental standards or unit guidons, all in color, from 1600 to the present.
		The Spanish Air Force fin flash —a fl thin saltire on white— represents the Burgundy Cross, a 500-year-old Spanish (mostly military) flag.
		It has a website —hosted within the Spanish Army website— with a very nice virtual exhibit (Spanish text only), including a page about the Flags and Uniforms room — pitifully with no flag images and the usual museum habit of displaying flags so that the minimum possible area is visible...
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/es^.html (938 words)

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