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Topic: Spanish Constitution of 1812

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	Veto - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Similarly the Spanish Constitution of 1812 prescribed that the king might twice refuse his sanction to bills laid twice before him by two sessions of the cortes, but if the third session repeated the same he could no longer exercise the power of veto.
		According to the constitution of the German empire of 1871, the imperial legislation is executed by the federal council and imperial diet; the emperor is not mentioned.
		The Swiss federal constitution grants the president of the Confederation no superior position at all; neither he nor the federal council possesses the power of veto against laws or decisions of the federal assembly.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Veto (1533 words)

	spain - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		With the approval of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the arrival of democracy, the old historic nationalities — Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia and Andalusia— were given far-reaching autonomy, which was then soon extended to all Spanish regions, resulting in one of the most decentralized territorial organizations in Western Europe.
		Morocco claims the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla and the uninhabited Vlez, Alhucemas, Chafarinas, and Perejil ("Parsley") islands, all on the northern coast of Africa.
		During the Second Spanish Republic (1931-1936), the Basque and Catalan were given limited self-government, which was lost after the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and restored in 1978 during the transition to democracy.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Spain (3861 words)

	Spanish Constitution of 1812 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Allegory of the Constitution of 1812, Francisco de Goya, Stockholm Museum.
		The Spanish Constitution of 1812 was promulgated by the Cádiz Cortes, the national legislative assembly (Cortes Generales "General Courts") of Spain acting while in refuge.
		The war was underway on Spanish territory, with Napoleon's forces facing Spanish partisans and the Allies under the Duke of Wellington.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812 (407 words)

	The Peninsular War and the Constitution of 1812. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Peninsular War and the Constitution of 1812.
		This was an act that took place with all the legal formalities and was adhered to by all the principal institutions and personnages of the kingdom.
		The work of the Cortes of Cadiz was very intense and the first Spanish constitutional text was promulgated in the city of Cadiz on March 12th 1812.
	www.sispain.org /english/history/peninsul.html (535 words)

	Texas Politics - The Constitution
		The Constitution was patterned after the Constitution of the United States (the document was formally titled the Constitución Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos), notably in the tripartite division of governmental powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
		Under the 1824 Mexican Constitution, the Spanish province of Texas was combined with the state of Coahuila forming the new state of Coahuila y Tejas.
		The territory of Texas constituted one of the three districts (officially, the district of Bexar) into which the new state was divided and was apportioned two of the twelve seats in the legislature.
	texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu /html/cons/0201.html (851 words)

	Puerto Rico
		Under the Spanish constitution of 1812 the alcaldes were elected, but most of the time the Governor appointed them and, in any case, had the power to dismiss them.
		The constitution's generous bill of rights was not extended to Puerto Rico until 1873, and some of the most despotic governors that Puerto Rico had ever known were sent to the island.
		The 1876 constitution, which lasted until the proclamation of the Second Republic in 1931, represented an attempt to bring internal peace to Spain by steering a middle course between the 1869 liberal constitution and the ultraconservative one of 1845.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/m/monge-puertorico.html (6063 words)

	"Albert P. Blaustein, "The U.S. Constitution: America's Most Important Export" Issues of Democracy, March 2004"
		These Iberian constitutions were known to Simon Bolivar and to other heroes of Latin American liberation and were also critical for the preparation of the constitutions of the new nations of the Americas.
		It was used in a modified from for later German constitutions, such as the one drafted for imperial Germany and the one that established the Weimar Republic in 1919.
		U.S. constitutional research is a major project in at least a dozen countries, as its value is being analyzed with a view to the writing of new constitutions.
	usinfo.state.gov /journals/itdhr/0304/ijde/blaustein.htm (2322 words)

	Wikinfo \| Spain
		Nevertheless, the project of Castilian monarchs was to unify all Iberia and this aim seemed almost acomplished when Philip II became King of Portugal in 1580, as well as of the other many Iberian Kingdoms (collectively know as "Spain" which was not a unified State then).
		The 20th century initially brought little peace; colonisation of Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco and Equatorial Guinea was tried as a substitute for the loss of the Americas.
		Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes or National Assembly.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Spain (1345 words)

	Chapter 22: A History of Spain and Portugal, vol. 2
		That Portuguese miguelismo emerged two or three years before Spanish carlismo was a consequence of the greater liberality of the Portuguese ruler as well as of the split in the royal family between the easygoing king and his ambitious, ultraconservative, and authoritarian Spanish queen, D. Carlota Joaquina, sister of Fernando VII and D. Carlos.
		The outburst was the equivalent of the Spanish Progessive revolts and followed on the heels of the sergeants' mutiny at La Granja (August 1836) that temporarily reimposed the constitution of 1812 in Spain.
		One of Prim's leading candidates for the Spanish crown in 1869 was Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg, father of the Portuguese king and former consort of Maria II.
	libro.uca.edu /payne2/payne22.htm (17940 words)

	VIRGINIA GUEDEA \| The Process of Mexican Independence \| The American Historical Review, 105.1 \| The History Cooperative
		The foundations of the Spanish Empire's legitimacy disintegrated in 1808 when the French invaded the Iberian Peninsula and forced father and son, the contending kings Carlos IV and Fernando VII, to abdicate.
		The influences of the Constitution of Cádiz are apparent in its make-up and attributes.
		At the local level, the new constitutional ayuntamientos (which were established in towns with a population of a thousand or more souls) introduced popular representative government, became a mechanism for the expression of autonomist interests, and contributed to the strengthening of local groups.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/105.1/ah000116.html (6477 words)

	Spain: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		Mainland Spain is dominated by high plateaus and mountain ranges such as the Pyrenees or the Sierra Nevada.
		Spanish (castellano or español), official language throughout Spain.
		The Spanish spoken in America is descended from the dialect of Spanish spoken in southwestern Spain.
	www.encyclopedian.com /sp/Spain.html (696 words)

	The Avalon Project : International Law
		When in fact the Spanish Cortes at Cadiz framed this Constitution, Ferdinand, the King of Spain, was in the hands of the French; and therefore the Spanish Constitution-makers had to contemplate a Constitution suitable to a country from which the King would be, perhaps, permanently absent.
		The King of Spain, on his return from imprisonment, denounced this Constitution, but it obtained great favour in certain parts of Europe, and in 1820 the Neapolitans, after a revolution, compelled their King to grant a Constitution which was a copy of it.
		Soon afterwards the Constitution of 1812 was adopted after a military rising in Spain itself.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/econ/int03.htm (2574 words)

	Hispanic Herritage Plaza - HispanicOnline.com
		The city was founded by the Spanish in 1565, and holds the claim as the oldest continuously occupied city in the United States Looked at on a map, the city and St. John's County, its governmental seat, run north to south and seems like a will-o'-the-wisp.
		The monument's walls are sixteen feet thick and were built by the Spanish to protect the inhabitants from attacks by the British.The fort later was used as a prison during the American Revolution and Civil War.
		In the center of the plaza is a monument devoted to the Spanish Constitution of 1812.
	www.hispaniconline.com /hh/st_aug.html (452 words)

	USS Constitution vs. HMS Java, 1812
		He had shipped to go in the schooner on an honest trading voyage to the coast of Africa, but after going on board he was somewhat surprised to find that she was detained six days, and that the crew were not allowed to communicate with the shore.
		In the meantime they had discovered that the water casks which had formerly been used to contain brandy, had soured and injured the water, and as soon as they got into the fresh water of the Congo, the casks were emptied, and all hands busily employed in filling them with sweet water.
		When the Constitution was discovered from the masthead this morning, the Captain examined her with his glass, and declared that she was the brig he had seen in the Congo.
	www.history.navy.mil /docs/war1812/const8.htm (1722 words)

	j. Brazil. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Portuguese overthrew the regency in Lisbon and provisionally adopted the Spanish constitution of 1812.
		The Senate proclaimed Dom Pedro constitutional emperor of Brazil.
		He pledged acceptance of the constitution to be formulated by the assembly and was crowned Pedro I (Dec. 1).
	www.bartleby.com /67/1656.html (407 words)

	Spain - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Spain has been a constitutional monarchy and a democracy since the Spanish Constitution of 1978 was approved, being divided into 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities with high degree of autonomy.
		Nevertheless, the project of Castilian monarchs was to unify all Iberia and this aim seemed almost accomplished when Philip II became King of Portugal in 1580, as well as of the other many Iberian Kingdoms (collectively know as "Spain" which was not a unified State then).
		Spain is, at present, what is called a State of Autonomies, formally unitary but, in fact, functioning as a Federation of Autonomous Communities, each one with different powers (for instances, some have their own educational and health systems, others do not) and laws.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Spain (1407 words)

	World Law: Spain
		The Constitution grants different powers to the central government and to the regions, called autonomies, similar to the manner in which the American Constitution reserves certain areas of regulation for the federal government and leaves others to the states.
		Article 149.1.18 of the Spanish Constitution empowers the national legislature to enact laws providing the basic structure for the foundation, development and government of local units.
		The first Spanish Constitution, enacted in 1812, started a process that was intended to standardize certain laws across all of Spain.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /world/spaincor2.htm (1184 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.2, Entry 202, INTERVENTION: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Austria was charged with the execution of the decree; her armies invaded the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and during several years occupied, at the expense of that country, the principal cities of the kingdom.
		—Two years passed, and Spain in turn demanded the constitution of 1812; this time France was the executor of the decrees of the holy alliance; her arms overthrew the national compact of Spain and restored absolutism beyond the Pyrenees.
		The constitution of the latter country being opposed to the reunion of the two crowns, Dom Pedro abdicated in favor of his eldest daughter, Donna Maria, who inaugurated her new reign by according a constitution to Portugal.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy593.html (1481 words)

	IntLaw (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		When Russia was rising to the height of military reputation which she gained in 1812 and 1813, she had always a difficulty in bringing as many as 100,000 men into the field; now she is said to contain six millions of armed men.
		The attempts of the Spanish Government to Christianise the Indians of Mexico and South America appear to have been quite honest, and the subsequent sufferings of the aborigines seem to be attributable to the civil institutions introduced from Spain.
		Queen Isabella of Castile appears to have been sincerely anxious to abate the cruelty of the Spanish forced labour; but she was assured by the missionaries that, when released from the obligations of cultivation and mining, the timid natives retreated into the wilds from the company of the Spaniards and lost their Christianity.
	melbecon.unimelb.edu.au /het/maine/intlaw.htm (18290 words)

	JAH Roundtable
		It is significant that the Constitution of 1787 was published in 1812 in New Spain, although only after 1823, when the Mexican Empire, the first independent postcolonial government of Mexico, had failed and a republic was chosen as the form of government, could it be considered of great importance.
		After their ascent to the Spanish throne, the Bourbons undertook the "modernization" of the bureaucracy in order to strengthen the Crown and to restore the old glory of the Spanish Empire.
		The Spanish Constitution of 1812 placed sovereignty in the "nation," defined as "the union of all Spaniards of both hemispheres," with all having the right to representation in the Cortes in the peninsula.
	chnm.gmu.edu /declaration/vazquez.html (3701 words)

	SSHL: Collections: Latin American Studies: Elections
		Municipal autonomy in Nicaragua 1990: “The Spanish Constitution of 1812 reformed municipal political-administrative structures to elected town councils.
		To constitute a ‘popular junta,’ a minimum of 130 Nicaraguans was required; a ceiling of 3300 residents was also imposed.
		The constitution, therefore, was a threat to the administration’s political opponents, and Chamorro used his new power to force antagonists into exile.
	sshl.ucsd.edu /collections/las/nicaragua/1811.html (9786 words)

	Constitution of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Due to its turbulent history, Spain has had many constitutions since the first one was drafted in 1812.
		Spanish Constitution of 1812 (nicknamed "La Pepa" because it was approved in St. Joseph's day, whose name can be aliased as "Pepe" in Spanish)
		During Franco's dictatorship, there were many attemps to create stable institutions that did not (at least directly) emanate from the dictator as they did in the post-war period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constitution_of_Spain (277 words)

	Spanish Abroad - History of San Jose, Costa Rica
		Without drawing too much attention, the first wholesale influx was comprised of Spanish and Creole smugglers, whom of which spoke Biesanz et al., "having rebelled against the royal monopoly of commerce by resorting to contraband, were punished by being 'exiled' from Cartago," the colonial capitol city formed by Juan Vasquez de Coronado in 1564.
		Soon the counsels of the four cities sat down to determine their fate, and a constitution-Pacto de Concordia-inspired from the 1812 Spanish constitution.
		Alas, exclaimed historian Carlos Monge Alfaro, early Costa Rica was not a unified province, rather a "group of villages separated by narrow regionalisms." Now the four cities felt and performed as had the city-states of Ancient Greece.
	www.spanishabroad.com /costarica/sanjose/history.htm (933 words)

	Tumacácori National Historical Park - Narciso Gutiérrez (U.S. National Park Service)
		The reason for the inspection of 1814 was to explain and implement the Spanish Constitution of 1812.
		The Spanish Constitution of 1812 and the inspection of the Pimería Alta in 1814 gave extreme discomfort to Gutiérrez and most of his fellows.
		The Constitution of 1812 meant the election of Alcaldes nationals, payment of wages to any Indian for any job not done for his own sustenance and the allotment of the farm lands, first to the mission Indians, next to recently converted Indians and the last to settlers.
	www.nps.gov /tuma/historyculture/narciso-gutierrez.htm (3619 words)

	Revolutionary Spain by Karl Marx
		The Constitution of 1812 had strongly impressed upon it that same stamp of impracticability which characterizes all charters originally drawn up by modern nations at the epoch of their regeneration.
		The same argument holds good for the Spanish Constitution of 1812, but there is still that distinction to be drawn between France in 1791, and Spain in 1820, that the Constitution of 1791 only pretended to make a halt, in a two years’ revolutionary march, while the Constitution of 1812 was to supersede revolution altogether.
		The King’s constitutional speech was only the forerunner of the dismissal of the Ministry, and the nomination of a Cabinet which, to the great astonishment of the nation, contained not a single individual attached to the new institutions, or who had not figured as an agent of despotism in the former Government.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1854/revolutionary-spain/ch09.htm (3055 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		Constitutional government in Texas began with the Mexican federal Constitution of 1824, which, to some degree, was patterned after the United States Constitution but resembled more the Spanish Constitution of 1812.
		Congress was made the final interpreter of the document; the Catholic religion was made the state faith; and the church was supported by the public treasury.
		They were required to separate executive, legislative, and judicial functions in their individual constitutions, which were to be in harmony with the national constitution, but local affairs were independent of the general government.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/CC/ngc2.html (426 words)

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