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Topic: Spanish Florida

	History of Florida - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1767, the British moved the northern boundary of West Florida to a line extending from the mouth of the Yazoo River east to the Chattahoochee River (32° 28′north latitude), consisting of approximately the lower third of the present states of Mississippi and Alabama.
		The Americans merged East Florida and West Florida (although the majority of West Florida was annexed to Orleans Territory and Mississippi Territory), and established a new capital in Tallahassee, conveniently located halfway between the East Florida capital of St. Augustine and the West Florida capital of Pensacola.
		Florida became the battleground of the controversial 2000 US presidential election, when a count of the popular votes held on Election Day was extremely close and mired in accusations of fraud and manipulation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Florida (3050 words)

	Spanish Florida - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He sighted Florida for the first time, mistaking it for an island, on March 27, 1513, and subsequently landed on the east coast of the newly discovered land on April 2, 1513.
		In 1767, the British moved the northern boundary of West Florida to a line extending from the mouth of the Yazoo River east to the Chattahoochee River (32° 28′ north latitude), consisting of approximately the lower third of the present states of Mississippi and Alabama.
		The Spanish favored the expanded boundary, while the United States, which received control of the lands to its north, recognized the old boundary at the 31st parallel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Florida (992 words)

	Florida Spanish galleons.
		Florida's coastline is dotted with more colonial wrecks of Spanish galleons than any other state in the nation, primarily because of three treasure fleet disasters.
		At the end of the 16th century, the average number of ships in the flota was 100; this was to degrade to 55 by 1610 and to 25 by 1640.
		The Spanish navy was so weak by the end of the 17th century that often foreign warships (usually belonging to the nation that Spain owed the most money to) escorted the flota home.
	www.floridakeysscuba.com /spanishgalleons.htm (787 words)

	FLORIDA OF THE SPANISH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Florida was part of the huge and complex Spanish mercantile empire, regarded with jealousy by the rest of Europe for its size and wealth.
		Florida was the lawful property of the Spanish Crown and all appointments and decisions belonged to the King, his advisors, and the Council of the Indies in Havana.
		The Governor of Spanish Florida served as general of the army, chief justice of the court, business manager for the colony's budget, diplomat to the Indians, welfare agent to the poor, construction engineer for the colony's defenses, and religious leader.
	www.floridahistory.org /floridians/spanish.htm (2191 words)

	Florida Kids @ Florida OCHP
		Florida now was divided informally into three areas: East Florida, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Suwannee River; Middle Florida, between the Suwannee and the Apalachicola Rivers; and West Florida, from the Apalachicola to the Perdido River.
		Florida became the twenty-seventh state in the United States on March 3, 1845.
		Florida attractions, such as the large theme parks in the Orlando area, bring millions of visitors to the state from across the U.S. and around the world.
	dhr.dos.state.fl.us /kids/history.cfm (3384 words)

	European Exploration of the Southeast and Caribbean.
		Spanish settlement in the New World was based on the removal of mineral wealth, and only secondly on the conversion of the native population.
		The Spanish later settled the land using the mission concept, wherein missions were established and used to bring the native population under control.
		In Spanish Florida, and also in the American Southwest and California, the Christian missions served to shape the relations with native groups of religious zealots, military leaders, and colonists by "taming" and converting the natives.
	www.cr.nps.gov /seac/outline/07-exploration/index.htm (2648 words)

	Orlando Florida history Spanish Colonial period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The European discovery of Florida occurred at the tail end of the 15th Century or at the very beginning of the 16th Century.
		Florida was colonized by the Spanish beginning with the settlement of St. Augustine in 1565.
		In general, the biggest influence of the Spanish in Florida was their impact on the Indians.
	www.cfhf.net /orlando/1513.htm (515 words)

	Florida Genealogy and History Guide
		The 1783 Spanish Census of East Florida was taken after the Treaty of Paris when Britain, who had controlled the area for only 20 years, ceded Florida back to Spain.
		Florida was one of five states that took advantage of Federal moneys to take an 1885 Census.
		Florida Timeline of events in the Civil War from 1860-1865.
	www.floridagenealogysearch.com (1181 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Spanish Exploration
		Not only did surviving Spanish chroniclers offer their first and last glimpse of pristine Native American chiefdoms across the interior southeastern United States, but also the accidental introduction of European plague diseases apparently resulted in massive epidemic population losses in these same regions.
		In the aftermath of the de Soto expedition the Spanish crown first mounted an abortive missionary effort by Dominican priests under Fray Luís Cancer on the Gulf Coast of the Florida peninsula in 1549.
		The final Spanish exploratory expedition into Georgia's interior took place in the winter of 1645-46, when Florida governor Benito Ruíz de Salazar Vallecilla led a group of soldiers north from the Apalachee mission province into the villages of the unconverted Apalachicola province along the lower Chattahoochee River in southwest Georgia and eastern Alabama.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1012 (1070 words)

	Spanish Land Grant Claims
		Hand-colored plat maps such as this one by Surveyor Robert McHardy are among the documents used to establish ownership of land in Florida after it became a territory of the United States in 1821.
		The U.S. Board of Land Commissioners was established in 1822 (3 U.S. Statute 709, May 8) to settle all outstanding Spanish land grant claims in the territory that Spain ceded to the United States the previous year.
		Each land claim with its supporting documents is encased in a manila jacket on which appears the name of the applicant, the number of acres claimed, the disposition of the claim, and page reference to the American State Papers.
	www.floridamemory.com /Collections/SpanishLandGrants (376 words)

	Second Spanish Florida
		The Spanish, French and English were primarily interested in the Florida coasts and readily left the interior lands to the Indians.
		Florida extended to the Mississippi River, before present-day Louisiana was transferred to France in 1800.
		Pirates and wreckers, the settlement of Spanish land grants and the elimination of the Indians became federal problems.
	www.keyshistory.org /FL-Fla-Sp-2.html (1257 words)

	SPANISH FLORIDA QUESTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Spanish did not construct a second center on the Gulf of Mexico (Pensacola) until the French challenged their control with the construction of the port of:
		Spanish Florida was such an underdeveloped colony that the salaries of the government workers was subsidized by an annual gold shipment produced in the successful colony of:
		The Spanish stayed in Florida for centuries primarily for the purpose of:
	www.floridahistory.org /history/qspanish.htm (239 words)

	Florida spanish galleons.
		Spanish galleons of Key West the Florida Keys and Bahamas.
		In 1622, 1715, and again in 1733, Spain suffered horrible economic blows when the treasure Spanish galleons fleet or flotas entered Florida waters and were destroyed by hurricanes.
		The fleets of Spanish galleons carried manufactured goods for sale to the citizens of the New World, and were then filled with the rich treasures of the Americas for transport back to Spain.
	www.keywestscubaandsailing.com /spanishgalleons.html (753 words)

	No Color Line in Spanish Florida--The Color Line and the One-Drop Rule
		The inhabitants of the territories which his Catholic Majesty cedes to the United States shall be incorporated in the Union of the United States, as soon as may be consistent with the principles of the Federal Constitution, and admitted to the enjoyment of all privileges, rights, and immunities of the citizens of the United States.
		That the terms “pardo” and “moreno” were not interchangeable in Spanish Florida, is evidenced by Cathedral Parish records of marriages, baptisms, and burials as well as civil marriage licenses being recorded separately for “pardos” and “morenos” with meticulous consistency.
		Spanish laws are mentioned only because the Spanish doctrine of coartación reduced or even eliminated the number of freedom trials on the Gulf coast.
	backintyme.com /essay050201.htm (6321 words)

	The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida : Volume I: Assimilation - a new book from the University Press of Florida
		This substantial two-volume work, incorporating the most current archaeological and historical investigation, studies the assimilation and eventual destruction of the indigenous Timucuan societies of interior Spanish Florida near St. Augustine, shedding new light on the nature and function of La Florida's entire mission system.
		In volume II, he shows that after the geographic and political restructuring of the Timucua mission province, the interior of Florida became a populated chain of way-stations along the royal road between St. Augustine and the Apalachee province.
		Particularly for the reader with some knowledge of the Florida landscape, Worth's words will bring this complex era of colonial interaction between Spaniard and Indian back to life as the author carefully situates the actions and events in their geographic setting.
	www.upf.com /Spring1998/worth1.html (673 words)

	Ponce de León : Florida's First Spanish Explorer
		Juan Ponce de León was the first Spanish explorer to arrive in Florida.
		Early Spanish explorers were known as conquistadors (kahn-KEYS-ta-dawrz) or "conquerors." While there are no official records, historians believe that Ponce de León was born in 1460 in San Tervas de Campos, Spain.
		He will always be remembered as the brave conquistador who first explored many parts of Florida and searched for the mythical fountain of youth.
	fcit.usf.edu /Florida/lessons/de_leon/de_leon1.htm (592 words)

	Amazon.com: Casa Florida: Spanish-Style Houses from Winter Park to Coral Gables: Books: Susan Sully,Steven Brooke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Florida’s architectural history can be traced to the Spanish colonial settlement of St. Augustine in the mid-16 century, while the state’s architectural development reached its mature stage in the 19th century.
		Casa Florida is an exuberant, full-color celebration of the enduring influence of Spanish architecture and design upon Florida’s resorts, private houses, and gardens.
		While the Spanish style homes of California have been documented in numerous books, the large amount of this architecture that was built in Florida during the same period has never gotten the amount of press it deserves.
	www.amazon.com /Casa-Florida-Spanish-Style-Winter-Gables/dp/0847827038 (1371 words)

	First Spanish Florida
		De Soto was young, rich and famous, and his absolute failure in settling Florida for the Spanish almost ended the early expeditions.
		Drake departed England in 1585 with a sizable force and was especially a threat to the Spanish treasure shipments.
		The Florida Keys shipwrecks of 1622 and 1733, where almost entire Spanish fleets were lost, occurred in this period.
	www.keyshistory.org /FL-Fla-Sp-1.html (2283 words)

	Spanish Florida
		The Spanish established missions throughout the colony to convert Native Americans to Catholicism.
		Life continued in sparsely populated Florida until 1763, when Spain gave the colony to Great Britain in exchange for Havana, which the British had recently captured.
		In 1818 Andrew Jackson led U.S. Army soldiers into Florida in the First Seminole War, which pushed the Seminoles further south and demonstrated Spanish Florida's inability to defend its northern border.
	www.historical-museum.org /exhibits/sf/sf.htm (317 words)

	Facts - Office of Cultural & Historical Programs
		As a result, the Florida peninsula was more than twice as large as it is now.
		On one of those military operations, in 1818, General Andrew Jackson made a foray into Florida.
		Florida’s citrus production was cut by about sixty percent.
	dhr.dos.state.fl.us /facts/history/summary (3400 words)

	Jane Landers / Black Society in Spanish Florida
		The first extensive study of the African-American community under colonial Spanish rule, Black Society in Spanish Florida provides a vital counterweight to the better-known dynamics of the Anglo slave South.
		Blacks under Spanish rule in Florida lived not in cotton rows or tobacco patches but in a more complex and international world that linked the Caribbean, Africa, Europe, and a powerful and diverse Indian hinterland.
		Assisted by the corporate nature of Spanish society, by Spain's medieval tradition of integration and assimilation, and by the almost constant threat to Spanish sovereignty in Florida, multiple generations of Africans leveraged linguistic, military, diplomatic, and artisanal skills into citizenship and property rights.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /s99/landers.html (283 words)

	Spanish-Fort Mose Program
		The Spanish had decreed that freedom would be granted to any slave that reached the Spanish colony if they would convert to the Catholic religion.
		Students sample a soldiers life in Spanish Florida, and learn how hard it was to start a new colony.
		It was a common dish for the Spanish.
	www.oldfloridamuseum.com /spanishvillage.html (204 words)

	FLMNH - Historical Archeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		1990 African presence in early Spanish colonization of the Caribbean and the southeastern borderlands.
		1978 Elemental compositions of Spanish and Spanish colonial majolica ceramics in the identification of provenience.
		In Spanish St. Augustine: The Archaeology of a Colonial Creole Community, K. Deagan, pp.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /histarch/spanish/read_staugustine.htm (1110 words)

	exploration & colonization: the spanish in florida
		The Enterprise of Florida : Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and the Spanish Conquest of 1565-1568
		The Florida of the Inca : A History of the Adelantado, Hernando de Soto, Governor and Captain General of the Kingdom of Florida, and of Other Heroic Spanish and Indian Cavaliers
		Spanish and Hispanic Presence in Florida from the Discovery to the Bicentennial ; The Oliveros House : (Two Essays on Florida's Hispanic History)
	www.sjrcc.cc.fl.us /libraries/spfl.htm (416 words)

	FHC: Florida History Timeline
		Spanish forces marched into West Florida in 1779, during the Revolutionary War (1775-1783).
		In 1812, a group of eastern Florida settlers rebelled and declared their independence from Spain.
		After several official and unofficial U.S. military expeditions into the territory, Spain formally ceded Florida to the United States in 1821, according to terms of the Adams-On�s Treaty.
	palmm.fcla.edu /fh/outline/1492spa2.html (303 words)

	University Press of Florida: The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida
		The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida: Volume II: Resistance and Destruction
		Using previously unknown primary material found during his research in Spain, he has rewritten the history of the Timucuan province of the Spanish colony of La Florida, and reassessed the history of colonial Florida itself.
		The new information he presents on the relationship between the Franciscan missionaries and local peoples will by itself require extensive rethinking of the frontier mission method.
	www.upf.com /book.asp?id=WORT2S98 (489 words)

	ALA \| Florida's First Spanish-Language Portal
		For the first time, twenty-five southeast Florida libraries/library systems, with more than 12 million library items, may be accessed via a Spanish language “single-search” service.
		MiServiciodeBiblioteca.org also features a Spanish language "Guide to Libraries in Southeast Florida," which includes a searchable directory of more than 300 libraries, information about each library, and a map of each library location.
		“MiServiciodeBiblioteca.org is a landmark partnership between the SEFLIN board of directors and the State Library of Florida that provides the public with one of the largest Spanish language library portals in the nation,” stated Tom Sloan, SEFLIN’s executive director.
	www.ala.org /ala/ascla/asclapubs/interface/archives/contentlistingby/volume25/floridasfirst/floridasfirst.htm (353 words)

	UF Libraries: Spanish Florida Borderlands
		Since its inception, the P.K. Yonge Library has dedicated itself to collecting records on Florida's Spanish and British colonial history from archives around the world.
		The Yonge Library also curates the Joseph Byrne Lockey Collection comprising all of Lockey's copies, transcriptions, and/or translations of British and Spanish colonial records from the Public Record Office, the Archivo General de Indias, the Archivo Historico Nacional, the Library of Congress, and other repositories.
		The calendars developed by the Spanish Florida Borderlands Program consist of a series of 3 x 5 catalog cards, arranged chronologically within legajos or sections.
	web.uflib.ufl.edu /spec/pkyonge/brdrland.html (243 words)

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