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	CDC - Influenza (Flu) \| What Everyone Should Know About Flu and the Flu Vaccine
		The flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses.
		Flu viruses spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing of people with influenza.
		That means that you may be able to pass on the flu to someone else before you know you are sick, as well as while you are sick.
	www.cdc.gov /flu/keyfacts.htm (306 words)

	The 1918 Spanish Flu Epidemic
		The Spanish flu, also known as the "Spanish Lady," is said to have originated in the United States at Fort Riley KS, the first of 107 cases being reported on 11 March, 1918.
		Spanish Influenza, which appeared in Spain in May, has all the appearances of grip or la grippe, which has swept over the world in numerous epidemics far back as history runs.
		It is said the flu starts in the nasal cavities and not in the throat as some think but finally reaches the throat organs.
	www.iltrails.org /flu1918.htm (2699 words)

	HHS - National Vaccine Program Office (NVPO)
		With the Spanish flu, mortality rates were high among healthy adults as well as the usual high-risk groups.
		Although the Asian flu pandemic was not as devastating as the Spanish flu, about 69,800 people in the U.S. died.
		When a novel virus was first identified at Fort Dix, it was labeled the "killer flu." Experts were extremely concerned because the virus was thought to be related to the Spanish flu virus of 1918.
	www.hhs.gov /nvpo/pandemics/flu3.htm (1150 words)

	CNN.com - Study: Deadly flu could be stopped - Dec 20, 2004
		Spanish flu was the worst pandemic of the 20th century, infecting two billion people and killing as many as 60 million worldwide between 1918 and 1919, according to recent estimates.
		In research published in the journal Nature, the Harvard team studied the spread of Spanish flu in 45 U.S. cities and discovered that on average only two to four people were infected for every person that caught the virus.
		Oxford believes Spanish flu spread around the world from an army camp in northern France, helped by the demobilization of millions of soldiers at the end of World War One.
	www.cnn.com /2004/TECH/science/12/20/spanishflu.pandemics/index.html (841 words)

	Avian Flu » Blog Archive » Mice unlock mystery of Spanish flu
		Samples of the original flu were kept from some of the victims.
		But he adds that to unravel completely the mystery of Spanish flu, we should sequence its entire genome, recreate it in its entirety, and study the disease in a non-human primate.
		"Spanish flu killed one in 100 people; H5N1 is killing 90-something per cent of those infected," he says.
	avianflu.futurehs.com /?p=919 (704 words)

	1918 Spanish Flu - Up to 40 Million Dead
		The Spanish Flu actually originated in China or Tibet in 1917, as a rare genetic shift of the influenza virus.
		The Spanish press therefore fully documented the illness, along with its destructive effects on the human body.
		An unusual aspect of the 1918 flu virus was that, rather than behave like normal strains of influenza--which especially attacks those with weak immunity systems like the old, the infirm and the young--it tended to strike hardest at the young and healthy members of society.
	www.secretsofsurvival.com /survival/1918_spanish_flu.html (917 words)

	AAAS - AAAS News Release
		By partially reconstructing the Spanish flu virus, researchers have now discovered at least part of what made the virus so lethal, thus providing essential information for influenza drug and vaccine research.
		The FDA-approved flu antiviral drugs, oseltamivir and amantadine, have been shown to be effective against viruses carrying certain genes from the Spanish flu virus.
		And, vaccines containing the Spanish flu HA gene, as well as another gene from this virus, were protective in mice.
	www.aaas.org /news/releases/2005/1005flu.shtml (862 words)

	LiveScience.com - Scientists Recreate 1918 Flu Virus From Scratch
		Flu season is just around the corner, and concern of a global pandemic has never been higher.
		The Spanish flu of 1918 was a terrible pandemic.
		The virus's genetic properties may explain why it was able to settle deeper in the lungs than most current flu strains, causing the drowning condition, he said.
	www.livescience.com /humanbiology/ap_051005_1918_flu.html (985 words)

	Flu Epidemics
		Recent genetic studies have concluded that this flu was closely related to Swine Flu and is believed to have been transmitted back and forth between humans and pigs several times, undergoing mutation each time before its most savage outburst.
		The flu spreads most quickly among soldiers and sailors, who are forced to live in close quarters during the war.
		The Spanish Flu virus was not isolated and preserved at the time of the outbreak and scientists believed it had been lost, then in 1997 a team from the USA recovered some of its genetic material.
	home.swipnet.se /roland/flu.html (1136 words)

	The Raw Story \| Bird flu like 1918 Spanish flu epidemic tends to kill younger people, says WHO
		Scientists contend that year's H1N1 virus was also an avian flu that mutated until it spread easily among humans; although it was fatal to only about 2 percent of those who caught it, that was enough to kill between 40 million and 100 million people worldwide.
		When the second wave of the Spanish flu struck Boston in the fall of 1918, Osterholm said, the flu death rate among people ages 18 to 30, which had been about 30 per 100,000 people in previous years, soared to 5,700 per 100,000.
		The annual flu, by contrast, tends to kill the very young and the very old, often from secondary bacterial pneumonia.
	www.rawstory.com /news/2006/Bird_flu_like_1918_Spanish_flu_0701.html (538 words)

	The Ultimate Spanish flu Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza Pandemic, the 1918 Flu Epidemic, and La Grippe, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 25 million to 50 million people world-wide in 1918 and 1919.
		The nations of the Allied side of World War I frequently called it the "Spanish Flu." This was mainly because the pandemic received greater press attention in Spain than in the rest of the world, because Spain was not involved in the war and there was no wartime censorship.
		The Spanish Flu vanished within eighteen months, and the actual cause was not determined at the time.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Spanish_Flu (1194 words)

	GeorgiaInfo - Carl Vinson Institute of Government
		Chronology of the 1918 Spanish Influenza Epidemic in Georgia
		There, he was diagnosed as having a strain of flu that was called Spanish Influenza (since it was erroneously believed the strain had originated in Spain).
		Concern with flu was not slowing the war effort, as 1,000 Atlanta women met at the Capital City Club to begin a new United War Work campaign, as Germany's last ally --Austria-Hungary -- had surrendered, and Germany itself was reeling.
	www.cviog.uga.edu /Projects/gainfo/1918flu.htm (1278 words)

	The 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic, and the Emerging Bird Flu Pandemic
		Not only was the Spanish Flu strikingly virulent, but it displayed an unusual preference in its choice of victims---tending to select young healthy adults over those with weakened immune systems, as in the very young, the very old, and the infirm.
		The normal age distribution for flu mortality was completely reversed, and had the effect of gouging from society's infrastructure the bulk of those responsible for its day to day maintenance.
		An expedition to the frozen graveyard in Longyearbyen, a tiny mining town on one of the Norwegian islands north of the Artic Circle, was undertaken during the summer of 1998.
	www.ninthday.com /spanish_flu.htm (1654 words)

	LiveScience.com - FLU FEARS: How a Virus Morphs to Pandemic Proportions
		The "Asian flu" H2N2 was detected in China in February 1957.
		In early 1968 the "Hong Kong flu" H3N2 was detected in Hong Kong and spread to the U.S. later that year, causing 34,000 deaths.
		The threat for a pandemic flu is very real, health experts say, due to the emergence of the avian influenza A H5N1 virus [more about flu types].
	www.livescience.com /humanbiology/051123_flu_part3.html (1497 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| 1918 killer flu secrets revealed
		They also say their work is unlikely to aid the current fight against avian flu in the Far East as knowing the structure of a virus is not enough to block its progress.
		The 1918 "Spanish" flu pandemic is estimated to have infected up to one billion people - half the world's population at the time.
		Although it probably originated in the Far East, it was dubbed "Spanish" flu because the press in Spain - not being involved in the Great War - were the first to report extensively on its impact.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/3455873.stm (638 words)

	Science in Medicine
		Strictly speaking, the term flu (shortened from influenza) refers to an infection caused by the flu virus.
		On initial infection, the symptoms were much the same as any other flu, but a proportion of people who succumbed to the virus didn't improve as expected on the fifth or sixth day, and in fact they got worse.
		The first wave of flu, at the start of 1918, was largely only fatal in the very young and the elderly.
	www.channel4.com /science/microsites/S/science/medicine/plague.html (880 words)

	Spanish Flu Epidemic of 1918 Strikes Dover
		Deaths when they occur are due to secondary infection such as pneumonia and nephritis.” He urged the public to remain calm and not to mistake the usual colds or “grippe” for the Spanish Flu.
		By September 27 it was not possible to deny the existence of the flu in Dover.
		There was a brief resurgence of flu cases in early December, but the flu seemed to be milder.
	www.dover.lib.nh.us /DoverHistory/spanish_flu_epidemic.htm (1304 words)

	Avian Flu » Spanish Flu Pandemic (1918) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Unlike typical seasonal flu, which strikes hardest at the very young, the elderly and those with compromised immune function, the 1918 flu disproportionately killed young people in the prime of life.
		The flu that killed an estimated 20 million to 100 million people worldwide was known in the United States as the Spanish flu or “La Grippe” because it ravaged Spain early on.
		Characterization of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus neuraminidase gene.
	avianflu.futurehs.com /?cat=75 (14606 words)

	The Spanish Flu of 1918-1919 \| Influenza Pandemic \| Medical Front WWI
		The previous Flu Epidemic of 1889-90 had high morbidity but a low mortality rate, affecting mainly the young, old and frail so that another flu epidemic was not viewed seriously except for the decrease in the numbers of Front Line soldiers, and War Production on the Home Front because of sickness.
		Fortunately, the records of the measles epidemic of June, 1918 and the Flu epidemic of October and November, 1918 exist and are the basis of some of the statistics used.
		His main advisor and confident, Col.House, was ill from the flu ever since he arrived in France in late 1918, and is said not to have recovered during the time of negotiations.
	www.vlib.us /medical/parsons.htm (3703 words)

	1918 Spanish avian Flu pandemic H5N1
		A resuscitation of the Spanish flu is neither necessary nor warranted from a public health point of view.
		In 1918 and 1919, the so-called "Spanish flu" killed an estimated 20-40 million people worldwide and, since then, the highly changeable flu virus has resurfaced in a variety of particularly virulent forms.
		Attempts to recover the Spanish flu virus date to the 1950s, when scientists unsuccessfully tried to revive the virus from victims buried in the permafrost of Alaska.[2] In the mid 1990s, Dr Jeffrey Taubenberger from the US Armed Forces Institute of Pathology started to screen preserved tissue samples from 1918 influenza victims.
	www.bariumblues.com /recreating_the_spanish_flu.htm (1753 words)

	Avian Flu Viruses — Bird Flu - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
		The virus can spread more quickly in crowded conditions, and birds in high-density flocks may be more susceptible to the disease because the stressful conditions may weaken their immune systems.
		Viruses have more opportunities to exchange information where these flocks are in close contact with humans or other domestic animals, raising the potential for a human or a pig, for example, to serve as a host for two flu viruses that can exchange genetic information and become more harmful to humans.
		The Spanish Flu of 1918 was an influenza A bird flu virus that mutated and caused a human pandemic.
	www.birds.cornell.edu /birdflu/avian-flu-viruses (614 words)

	[No title]
		The flu seemed to target military personnel and not civilians, so the virus was largely overshadowed by hotter current affairs such as Prohibition, the suffragette movement and the bloody battles in Europe.
		Spanish flu, sometimes called the “Spanish Lady,” received its misnomer thanks largely to wartime censorship.
		Jeffery Taubenberger, chief of cellular pathology and genetics at the U.S. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and a world-renowned leader in Spanish flu research, estimates that about a third of the U.S. population was infected with Spanish flu.
	www.paho.org /English/DD/PIN/Number18_article5.htm (1817 words)

	Spanish flu in 1918
		In the middle of 1918 a new killer named as Spanish flu was silently spreading its way through people's lives.
		The Spanish press, then, fully documented the illness, along with its terrible life taking effects on the human body.
		An unusual aspect of the Spanish flu was that, rather than attacking those with weak immunity systems, it tended to target the young and healthy members of society.
	www.checkflu.com /spanish_flu.html (482 words)

	VACCINE RISK AWARENESS NETWORK -"RECREATING THE 1918 - 19 SPANISH FLU EPIDEMIC HYSTERIA" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Taubenberger, et al., analyzed specimens from some of the 43,000 servicemen that died as a result of the “Spanish” flu and had been preserved in formaldehyde and wax for future studies.
		In February, 2004, the BBC reported that British scientists determined that the strain of flu virus responsible for the 1918-19 “Spanish” flu pandemic was an avian virus that had mutated.
		When the flu was at its peak, all the stores were closed as well as the schools, businesses—even the hospital, as the doctors and nurses had been vaccinated too and were down with the flu.
	www.vran.org /vaccines/flu/flu-hyst1918.htm (2040 words)

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