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Topic: Spanish Habsburgs

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	Habsburg Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Habsburg rule came to an end in Spain with the death in 1700 of Charles II which resulted in the War of the Spanish Succession.
		Her husband Philip was the Habsburg son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy and simultaneously became king-consort Philip I of Castile.
		The Spanish were quite successful in enforcing the tax throughout their vast empire in the New World; all bullion had to pass through the House of Trade in Seville, under the direction of the Council of the Indies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Habsburgs (7012 words)

	Habsburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1.2 Division of the House: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
		Division of the House: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
		Brewer-Ward, Daniel A. The House of Habsburg: A Genealogy of the Descendants of Empress Maria Theresia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Habsburg (2957 words)

	Wikinfo \| Habsburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Habsburg (or Hapsburg) was the name of one of the ruling houses of Europe: rulers of Austria (as dukes 1282 - 1453, archdukes 1453 - 1804, and emperors 1804 - 1918), kings of Spain (1516 - 1700), and Holy Roman Emperors for several centuries to 1806.
		The Spanish line died out in 1700, and in 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was wound up under the French Emperor Napoleon I's reorganisation of Germany.
		Hungary, nominally under Habsburg kingship from 1526 but mostly under Ottoman Turkish occupation for 150 years, was reconquered in 1683 - 1699, the Habsburgs remaining kings of Hungary under an 1867 autonomy arrangement (see Austria-Hungary) until their deposition in both Austria and Hungary in 1918 following defeat in World War I.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Habsburg (547 words)

	The Kings of Spain and the Spanish Colonial Era in America Philip II, Philip III, Philip IV. Philip V, Charles II, ...
		The main stage of Spanish colonial expansion was completed before Philip's accession; during his reign, however, the Spanish established colonies and garrisons in the present S United States and conquered the Philippine Islands (named for the king).
		Spanish involvement in the Thirty Years War increased as war was resumed (1621) in the Netherlands and fighting started (1622) with France over the Valtellina question.
		Charles II was the last of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty, physically disabled, mentally retarded and disfigured (possibly through affliction with mandibular prognathism).
	www.realtreasures.com /spanish_kings.htm (2020 words)

	The Thirty Years War: The Diet of Regensburg and the the Swedish Invasion
		Further, at the insistence of the Spanish Habsburgs, the Emperor was to try to gain Electoral approval for a war against the Dutch.
		The Electors noted that the Spanish were equally guilty of grabbing German lands and refused to involve themselves in the interminable wars of the Low Countries.
		Habsburg arms were prospering in northern Italy: in July, the Spanish and Imperial armies had taken Mantua in a brutal sack from which the place has yet to recover.
	www.pipeline.com /~cwa/Regensburg_Phase.htm (1963 words)

	Bourbon Weddings: Matrimonial Alliances of the Spanish Bourbons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Elisabeth was the daughter of Duke Eduardo II of Parma, and through her the Spanish Bourbon's inherited this Italian duchy.
		Spanish liberals quietly celebrated the choosing of this new princess for it not only kept Carlos away from the throne, but it also promised the implementation of liberal policies.
		The ceremony was attended by the Spanish royal family in full, even Isabela II traveled from Paris to attend her son's second wedding, something she did not do when Alfonso married the unfortunate Maria de Las Mercedes.
	www.eurohistory.com /bourbonweddings.html (4324 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Thirty Years War
		From the reign of Philip II (1556-98) the Spanish Habsburgs were the champions of Catholicism in Western Europe and the chief rivals of France in the struggle for supremacy in Europe.
		Spanish troops had established themselves in these districts as early as 1620, and aimed at retaining possession of the Palatinate for the purpose of establishing communication between the Italian possessions of Spain and its territories in Burgundy and the Netherlands.
		Christian, who belonged to the estates of the empire as Count of Holstein, was elected commander of their forces by the oppressed and aroused estates of the lower Saxon circle, and on 9 December, 1625, he came to an agreement with England and Holland and marched into the empire.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14648b.htm (10031 words)

	Russia: A Country Study
		This multicultural empire was held together by the Habsburgs' dynastic claims and by the cultural and religious values of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation that the Habsburgs cultivated to provide a unifying identity to the region.
		Nonetheless, in their own lands, the Habsburgs enjoyed greater political and religious control than before the war: they had gained loyal new followers from among the nobles by redistributing estates confiscated from rebels, and they were free to enforce religious conformity, which they did based on the model applied earlier in Bohemia.
		Although the Habsburg Empire continued to expand in the east at Turkish expense, Charles VI recognized that defense of Austria's position in Europe required greater economic and political centralization to foster the development of a stronger economic base.
	www.cla.wayne.edu /polisci/kdk/easteurope/sources/habsburg1.htm (9391 words)

	Cahiers de la Méditerranée \| Sticks, Carrots and all the Rest: Lombardy and the Spanish strategy in Northern Italy ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Habsburg authorities in Milan shaped a complex policy towards the Swiss (and the Grisons),21 through treaties of alliance22 and other incentives: pensions were paid to Swiss magnates23 ; export licenses were conceded (especially valuable were those which guaranteed food supplies);24 opportunities for employment in the large Spanish military system were proffered.
		94 A few miles north, the Spanish Habsburgs very carefully watched over (and sometimes directly intervened with troops or assassins in) the Tuscan harbour of Piombino, which belonged to the d?Appiano family and was much desired by the dukes of Florence.
		Interestingly, the Habsburg government in Milan supported the garrisons in three important coastal positions: the coveted96 Grimaldi fief of Monaco,97 and the duke of Savoy?s fortresses at Nice and Villefranche.
	revel.unice.fr /cmedi/document.html?id=996 (7404 words)

	History of Spain - Gurupedia
		The Habsburg dynasty became extinct in Spain and the War of the Spanish Succession ensued in which the other European powers tried to assume control of the Spanish monarchy.
		Mistreatment of the Moorish population in Morocco led to an uprising and the loss of all North African possessions except for the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla in 1921.
		Spanish Congress of Deputies, and stopped the session, where Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo was going to be named president of the government.
	www.gurupedia.com /h/hi/history_of_spain.htm (3232 words)

	The Historical Atlas of Europe Modern 1748
		On the death of Charles II of Spain in 1701, the Spanish branch of the Habsburg dynasty became extinct.
		Louis’ grandson eventually won the throne of Spain itself, and emerged as Philip V. The rest of the possessions of the Spanish Habsburgs were divided among others.
		The Italian possessions of the Spanish Kings, that were taken by the Austrian Habsburgs, eventually passed to Spanish Bourbon collateral branches, with the exception of Sardinia, that was united with the Savoy lands to become the Kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont.
	www.home.zonnet.nl /gerardvonhebel/1748.htm (421 words)

	::30 Years War::
		Phillip III and his advisors knew this and it is known from Spanish documentation that as early as 1618, Madrid had decided to renew the war against the United Provinces so that this threat was eradicated.
		This was a route that took Spanish troops along the border of France to Luxembourg and onto the Obedient Provinces.
		To ensure that the focus of the Habsburgs was split, the Dutch encouraged the growing problems in Bohemia where the people of Bohemia were in the process of rising up against their Austrian Habsburg masters.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /30YW_western_europe.htm (1293 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Spain and Europe in the 16th and 17th century
		The victory of the Habsburgs was finallly decided in the Netherlands in the 1550s by armies that were mainly composed of and led by Habsburg Walloon and Flemish commanders and non Spanish troops.
		but the spanish was the first that make a system based on the mix of pike and fire and the first that developed a unit of combined arms with fire weapons; other armies employed archers and crossbows mixed with arquebus, then copied the spanish system.
		Spanish Habsburg troops aided the Emperor in defeating the Protestant rebels in 1620.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=8389&PN=1 (4067 words)

	State System History GOV 207
		Spanish absolutism was intolerant of religious diversity (Muslims and Jews), weakened the development of a middle class, and squandered its resources on wars.
		The defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588) and the loss of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (completed by 1648) mark the end of Spain's greatness.
		At the end of the Thirty Years War, the Habsburgs of Austria and Spain are the big losers of the war.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/gov207hist_mod_state.htm (968 words)

	Modern European History - Habsburgs and French Overstretch
		The Spanish Habsburgs built a dynastic state that encompassed Portugal, part of Italy, the Netherlands, and enormous areas in the New World.
		The Habsburgs reliance on silver from its colonies and its failure to cultivate industry and to reform their tax system spelled disaster.
		The "Spanish ulcer" drained Napoleon's treasury, tied down French troops, and gave Britain a foothold on the Continent to invade southern France.
	members.tripod.com /~mr_sedivy/eur_9.html (986 words)

	History of THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		At the same time the separate wars are part of a lengthy conflict between France and the Habsburgs, going back to the rivalry in the early 16th century between Francis I and Charles V.
		The Spanish Habsburgs rule Spain, northern Italy and the Spanish Netherlands.
		The Austrian Habsburgs, as Holy Roman emperors, are owed nominal allegiance by many of the German districts on France's eastern border.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac18 (2936 words)

	Period5
		Habsburgs surrender unconditionally to Turkey and France and cedes Milan to France and Erbland and Styria to Turkey.
		Spanish forces attack Savoians in Italy (French retreat after the battle), blockade Edinburg, attack blockading French fleet in Barcelona (another draw), move to Hainaut, but French forces intercept and after the bloody battle (73 Spanish/Dutch and 50 French casualties) Spanish/Dutch army is forced to retreat.
		French fleet blockades Spanish fleet in Gibraltar and Dutch fleet in Saint Malo.
	www.saunalahti.fi /~virranko/Period5.html (2131 words)

	A THOUSAND YEARS OF THE HUNGARIAN ART OF WAR
		The "unpredictable situation" in the west was created by the diplomacy of Louis XIV (1643-1715) who sought to extend France's power at the expense of the Spanish Habsburgs in the Netherlands.
		The "unrest" in Hungary and Transylvania was caused by Montecuccoli's strategy which was a result of his unfortunate campaign in Transylvania,/4/ as well as of his acceptance of the terms included in the Treaty of Vasvar.
		In the last decade of the 17th century, Hungary, placed under virtual military occupation, was degraded to the rank of a province./15/ The Magyar regiments of the Habsburg army were again dissolved and the soldiers dismissed.
	www.hungarian-history.hu /lib/thou/thou07.htm (4027 words)

	CyberSamurai AoE3 - History - Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		As important and influential as the Spanish conquest of the New World was, we forget and overlook the events and actions that took place on the Continent, where Spain was as active as ever.
		The Spanish court was one of the wealthiest in Europe.
		The unity of the Spanish was not by blood, or by wealth, or social status, it was by religion.
	www.cybersamurai.net /AoE3/History/Spain.htm (1345 words)

	Origins of the Golden Fleece
		The sovereignty of the order, in hereditary possession of the House of Burgundy, was, in default of a male heir, destined for the husband of the heiress of the Duchy until the majority of her son.
		At that time the Order was enlarged by 10 places for Spanish members, clearly indicating the Habsburgs long-term plans for Spain in their patrimony.
		In 1700, the last of the Spanish Habsburgs, Charles II, designated as his heir his grand-nephew, Phillip of France, Duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XV, who became Phillip V (a designation that led to the War of the Spanish Succession).
	www.antiquesatoz.com /sgfleece/origins.htm (1727 words)

	Spain - BOURBON SPAIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The line of Spanish Habsburgs came to an end at his death.
		Habsburg partisans argued for allocating succession to the Austrian branch of the Habsburg dynasty, but Charles II, in one of his last official acts, left Spain to his nephew, Philip of Anjou, a Bourbon and the grandson of Louis XIV.
		Spanish officials had been concerned with providing for the succession in such a way as to guarantee an integral, independent Spanish state that, along with its possessions in the Netherlands and in Italy, would not become part of either a pan-Bourbon or a pan-Habsburg empire.
	countrystudies.us /spain/10.htm (165 words)

	The Historical Atlas of Europe Benelux Benelux 1713
		The Habsburgs bounced back however regaining much of the territory that is now Belgium.
		Joseph died however and the anti-French coalition that William had built chose to recognize Charles of Austria as heir to the Spanish throne.
		The war of the Spanish succession was the consequence when Philip V succeeded anyway in 1701.
	home.versatel.nl /gerardvonhebel/b1713.htm (412 words)

	worlds together worlds apart. Chapter 3. Summary 4
		The Habsburgs and the Quest For Universal Empire in Europe
		With most of the specie and land of the New World controlled by the Holy Roman Empire or Spanish Habsburgs, French, English, and Dutch interests moved to get their share.
		Decades of war allowed first German princes and then the Dutch to break away from the dominance of Catholic Spain and bankrupted the Spanish Habsburgs.
	www.wwnorton.com /worlds/ch3/summary4.htm (513 words)

	The CODART List - Congress Spanish Habsburgs and the Netherlands - Museums with Dutch art and Flemish art
		F +34 91 521 7729) The three-star hotel is located on a Baron Haussman-like boulevard on the edge of the historic center of Madrid, within a few blocks of the 16th-century Plaza Mayor and the 18th-century Puerta del Sol.
		The main connection with the lowlands - a more important one to the Habsburgs than their paintings - is to be found in the armory, with arms and armor mainly from northern Europe.
		The heaviness of El Escorial was felt by the successors of the Habsburgs in Spain, the Bourbon dynasty, as excessive.
	www.codart.nl /?page_id=69 (4584 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Most important dynasty in Europe?
		The Habsburg can be considered as a whole both in Austria and in Spain, with Karl V/ Carlos I they were the same, and, after his abdication, their interests were the same.
		The Austrian Habsburg "patrimonial" duchies and later all the low countries in Maximillian's marriage to Mary of Burgundy in the later 15th century.
		The Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, acquired the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily...these two families were joined in marriage and the heir of the Spanish monarchs was the Habsburg Charles V, King of Spain, Naples, Duke of Burgundy, Count of Brabant, Flanders...AND Holy Roman Emperor in 1519!
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=2593&PN=1 (1131 words)

	Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
		The Habsburgs tried early on to introduce primogeniture and maintain the unity of their lands, but were not successful until the testament of emperor Ferdinand II in 1621 (amended in 1635).
		After the separation of the Spanish branch, several documents progressively established rules on the transmission of what were called "the hereditary lands" within the German branch (the imperial crown remained elective, and thus was not subject to a succession law).
		The Spanish inheritance was accordingly partitioned: Louis XIV's grandson was recognized as king of Spain, but he ceded the Italian possessions and the Low Countries to the Austrian Habsburg (Sicily was initially ceded to the duke of Savoy, but later exchanged with Sardinia in 1718-20).
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/ps1713.htm (10679 words)

	Vernier biography
		Pierre Vernier was taught mathematics and science by his father who was a lawyer and engineer who held government office.
		Being born in Franche-Comté (Free Country) meant that Vernier (and his father) were involved, not with the government of France but with that of Spain.
		Franche-Comté was a Habsburg possession controlled by the Spanish Habsburgs throughout Vernier's life.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Biographies/Vernier.html (381 words)

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