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Topic: Spanish Invasion

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	Spanish Invasion of New Granada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Spanish Invasion of New Granada in 1815–1816 was part of Bolívar's War in South America.
		Leaving the port of Cádiz on February 17, 1815, the Spanish force initially landed at the island of Margarita in April, where no resistance was encountered.
		By 1816, the combined efforts of Spanish and colonial forces, marching downwards from Cartagena and upwards from the surviving Royalist stronghold in Quito, completed their reconquest of New Granada, taking Bogotá in May 6, 1816.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Invasion_of_New_Granada (611 words)

	TWO
		The invasion of Mexico provided the first major test of the fruits of this military revolution beyond its native habitat, but the conquest of Peru was to pose the most extreme challenge to Spanish arms, in cultural, in geographic, and in quantitative tactical terms.
		Spanish tactics were driven by a keen awareness of the magnitude of that superiority and an eagerness to exploit it.
		Spanish cannon, crossbows, and harquebuses were not in themselves decisive in the overthrow of the Incas.
	www.angelfire.com /ga4/guilmartin.com/Edge.html (11395 words)

	Cuba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba (Spanish: Cuba or República de Cuba, IPA: [re'puβlika ðe ˈkuβa]), consists of the island of Cuba (the largest of the Greater Antilles), the Isle of Youth and adjacent small islands.
		Cuba was a Spanish possession for 388 years, ruled by a governor in Havana, with an economy based on plantation agriculture and the export of sugar, coffee and tobacco to Europe and later to North America.
		The Spanish population was boosted by settlers leaving Haiti when that territory was ceded to France.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cuba (8267 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Battle of Bloody Marsh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This event was the only Spanish attempt to invade Georgia during the War of Jenkins' Ear, and it resulted in a significant English victory.
		The Spanish landed on the southern tip of the island during the afternoon and evening of July 5 and used the nearby Fort St. Simons as their headquarters during the campaign.
		On an imperial level, citizens throughout the colonies and in the homeland rejoiced at the repulse of the Spanish invasion of British North America.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-806 (653 words)

	Chapter Nine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Before many years had passed, the threat was translated into an invasion of the Spanish frontier and that invasion changed the character of the culture and the society of the land.
		Anglo-American met Spanish American in the borderlands; the conflict and the blending of the two cultures provided the foundation of modern society.
		Spanish colonial government, desperately anxious to establish settlements that would deter Indian attacks and French and English intrusions, willingly allowed a few Americans into the territory.
	www.jsri.msu.edu /museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapter9.html (3348 words)

	Citrus: Spanish invasion
		Some may question if Spanish and the king mackerel may skirt around the Pinellas/Pasco areas where the scourge hurt inshore environs.
		With larger king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla), steaking the fish by removing the entrails and cutting 2 to 3-inch chunks along the backbone is a fine option.
		But even a huge Spanish lacks the mass to justify this route.
	www.sptimes.com /2006/03/18/Citrus/Spanish_invasion.shtml (928 words)

	HistoryBuff.com -- The Spanish Armada of 1588
		The Spanish Armada is the term conventionally applied to a massive fleet dispatched against England by Spain's Catholic King Philip II in 1588, leading to an early and important confrontation in the nearly 20-year Anglo-Spanish War of 1585-1604 (the "Twenty Years' War").
		The Spanish navy was retooled in the 1590s and effectively solidified Spanish control over the waves, protecting treasure fleets from privateering while vanquishing English opponents on the high seas and on the coasts of Spanish America, and Spain continued as Europe's dominant power into the 1600s.
		The Spanish Crown and Spain's merchants had come to bitterly resent the unrelenting privateering attacks on Spanish shipping, and Philip was especially incensed by English financial support to the Dutch rebels, which he saw as outside interference in the sovereign affairs of Spain.
	www.historybuff.com /library/refarmada1.html (2027 words)

	Cuba - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar led the Spanish invasion, subdued the indigenous populations, and became governor of Cuba for Spain in 1511 and built a villa in Baracoa, which became the first capital of the island and also in 1518 [1] the seat of the (Diocese) of the first bishop of Cuba.
		The Indigenous Cuban population, including the Ciboney and the Taíno, were forced into reservations encomiendas during the Spanish subjugation of the island of Cuba.
		Spanish mercantilism caused Spain to keep Cuba relatively isolated to external influences, but beginning with the year long occupation of Havana by the British in 1762 at the end of the Seven Years' War, Cuba became more open economically to both the importation of slaves and advances in sugar cultivation and processing.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/c/u/b/Cuba.html (6241 words)

	Wes's Spanish Armada Page: History, Highlights, Myths, and Muddles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Spanish Armada battle at Gravelines itself was definitely not a titanic naval clash, but a short, inconclusive, rather anticlimactic encounter between two large fleets, both of which committed major blunders and neither of which damaged each other significantly.
		Myth: The Spanish Armada was dubbed “the Invincible Armada” (La Armada Invencible) by an overconfident, swaggering King Philip II of Spain and his advisors, having been so nicknamed since they all assumed that the Armada was so strong that it could never be defeated by the English.
		Hapsburg Spanish Empire since a dynastic marriage between Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy in 1477, and the Spaniards maintained a long-established political and administrative presence in the Dutch provinces.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~ulm/history/sp_armada.htm (7044 words)

	Squadron.com
		Aztecs and Conquistadores: The Spanish Invasion and the Collapse of the Aztec Empire (HB).
		The Spanish conquest of Mexico was a remarkable military expedition that had a huge impact on the history of the world.
		Following the appearance of portents, the Aztecs were expecting a catastrophe in 1519, and the Spanish invasion fulfilled this expectation.
	www.squadron.com /ItemDetails.asp?item=os0934 (150 words)

	St. Simons Island, Georgia, History, English Colonial, Colonies, GA
		Although the Spanish casualties were light, Montiano was stunned by two defeats on the same day along that narrow road.
		The next day, Oglethorpe initiated a clever ruse to confuse the Spanish by sending a letter via a Spanish prisoner to the French deserter implying that he was in Oglethorpe's pay and reinforcements were on the way.
		When five ships, unaware of the fighting, were sighted on the horizon, the Spanish assumed they might be the vanguard of a larger fleet that would trap them on the island.
	www.stsimonsislandexperience.com /site/539680/page/123256 (2035 words)

	Batailles
		Briefly, the French Monarchy was confronted with the Spanish monarchy for the dominion of the Kingdom of Napoli and the Duchy of Lombardia.
		In 1635, to face France, the Spanish had around 160 000 - 170 000 men in total: 70 000 men (88% infantry men and 12 % horsemen) in Flanders (44 000 men had to be maintained in garrisons), 30 000 in Germany, 23 600 in Milano, 10 000 in Napoles and 31 000 in Spain.
		In 1652, after the surrender of Barcelona, the Spanish army was most reduced and only 77 000 men subdivided in 19 000 men in Flanders, 16 000 men in Italy, 4 000 men in Catalonia, 16 000 men in extremadura and 22 000 men in the rest of the peninsula.
	www.geocities.com /ao1617/Battle.html (5853 words)

	Spanish Conquest
		The Spanish landed upon the shores of Meso-America in February of the year 1519, in the area of Vera Cruz.
		The Spanish established the encomiendas, where the government granted conquerors the right to employ groups of Indians.
		With the extreme and quick loss of culture, accompanied by the pressure of Christian missionaries and laws preventing the practice of any form of native religion (if they did there were strong repercussions even death), the Indians were, by all means, slaves to the Spaniard immigrants.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/latinamerica/topics/spanish_conquest.html (708 words)

	Georgia Revolutionary Records
		He's now returned having seen 15 Sail of Spanish Vessels at Anchor under the North point of Cumberland about 12 miles from this the General has reinforced Fort William and we are still in possession of it.
		Spanish galley was hovering off Charles Town's bar seemed to confirm the intelligence.
		"Two of the Spanish Galleys were so much damaged that the Enemy was obliged to hawl them on shore to stop their Leaks: On the other Hand, one of the Enemy's Shot breaking a Swivel Gun on Board the Scout-Boat commanded by Mr.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/ga/topic/military/spaninv.htm (3670 words)

	The Kingdom - 2003/02/19: Spanish invasion will "wreak havoc" in Kerry
		THE invasion of Spanish fishing fleets into Irish waters off the Kerry coast will have a detrimental effect on the livelihoods of fishermen throughout Kerry, a local group has warned.
		The Kerry branch of Republican Sinn Fein claims the invasion by the Spanish will be akin to the days of the Armada when they "wrought havoc" along the Irish coastline.
		The group s spokesperson explained that with the arrival of the Spanish all this positive effort is doomed in an onslaught of over fishing that is bound to decimate stocks.
	archives.tcm.ie /thekingdom/2003/02/19/story8306.asp (223 words)

	SparkNotes: Queen Elizabeth I: Against the Spanish Armada
		Moreover, she had covertly supported Sir Francis Drake's attacks on Spanish treasure galleons returning from the New World; in September 1580, Drake had returned from sailing around the world with a cargo of Spanish gold, worth 1.5 million ducats, raided from galleons in the New World.
		Philip was readying the Spanish Armada when Drake led a raid on the armada at Cadiz in April 1587.
		The conflict with the Spanish Armada represented the height of the long struggle between Protestant England and Catholic Spain.
	www.sparknotes.com /biography/elizabeth/section8.rhtml (1027 words)

	SOMOS PRIMOS: Spanish Patriots in the American Revolution
		Les Saintes stopped the invasion of Jamaica in 1782, and established a naval standoff in the West Indies and no further great naval battles took place, even though the combined French and Spanish warships were greater than the British.
		When the Spanish officials in Madrid learned that Admiral Hughes’ fleet was headed into the Indian Ocean, they concluded his target might be Manila, in a repeat of the British capture of Manila during the Seven Years War, some thirty years earlier.
		Immediately, packet boats were dispatched with messages to be taken to the Spanish Pacific ports and forts and from Acapulco on to Manila with a warning of possible attack by a British fleet in the Pacific.
	www.somosprimos.com /hough/hough.htm (16448 words)

	The Spanish Raid on Mount's Bay: July 1595
		This move seemed to increase the threat of an invasion of Cornwall, and led the English authorities to commence somewhat spasmodic efforts to fortify Plymouth and the Scilly Isles, regarded as the most likely targets for Spanish attack.
		By 1591 there were reported to be 5,000 Spanish troops in Brittany, faced by a fairly inadequate English force led by Sir John Norris, which was able to prevent the fall of Brest, but could achieve little else.
		The four Spanish galleys, their movements partially concealed by early morning mist, had slipped into Mount's Bay and caused widespread panic among the local inhabitants, most of whom did not wait to dispute the landing.
	www.magweb.com /sample/srennote/srnraid.htm (1899 words)

	This Day in History
		A massive Spanish fleet, known as the "Invincible Armada," sets sail from Lisbon on a mission to secure control of the English Channel and transport a Spanish invasion army to Britain from the Netherlands.
		A giant Spanish invasion fleet was completed by 1587, but Sir Francis Drake's daring raid on the port of Cadiz delayed the Armada's departure until May 1588.
		The Spanish Armada continued to advance during the next few days, but its ranks were thinned considerably by the English assault.
	www.historychannel.com /tdih/tdih.jsp?category=general&month=10272957&day=10272984 (589 words)

	AZTEC INTERPRETATION OF SPANISH INVASION OF 1519-1521 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		By reviewing Aztec Indian primary sources on the Spanish invasion of Mexico from 1519-1520, one can see in comparison to Inga Clendinne's quote, that the Spanish invasion was seen by the Aztecs as a destruction of the Aztec empire, but not a complete destruction of their Mexican culture.
		In 1519 the Nahua way of life was interrupted by the invasion of the Spanish, led by Hernando Cortes.
		To understand the significance of the Aztec primary sources it is important to have a general understanding of Aztec culture in which the Spanish infiltrated.
	www.trincoll.edu /~kbowman (532 words)

	Jamaica Gleaner - The Spanish invasion is back - Sunday \| May 9, 2004
		The Spanish invasion is back, and this time with money in hand, Spanish Rotundas and some serious grandeur.
		This time around the music was Copa Cobana Tropicale style, as Spanish dancers dressed as queens and Arabian knights sent shivers down the spines of those who watched earnestly.
		The night was young, the chatter exciting, and Isiaa Madden, the young Jamaican female architect assigned to all the Riu hotels on the island, looked at her handiwork with humility.
	www.jamaica-gleaner.com /gleaner/20040509/ent/ent5.html (503 words)

	Islam Online- News Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The demonstrators protested Spain's behavior and – perhaps more significantly – focused their attention on the nearby Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, surrounded by Moroccan territory and seen by Moroccans as hangovers from the colonial past, AFP reported.
		Morocco and Spain were set to hold talks Monday, July 22, aimed at mending ties after the row brought their already bad relations to their lowest level in years.
		Spanish Foreign Minister Ana Palacio was to meet her Moroccan counterpart Mohamed Benaissa in Rabat.
	www.islamonline.net /english/news/2002-07/22/article46.shtml (537 words)

	India Wargamers \| 1548 - Spanish Invasion of Japan
		The premises for such an invasion are based on an incident in Japan where Spanish Missionaries were hanged(Crucified?) for propagating Christianity.
		Without even the slightest hesitation, the King ordered an invasion of these heathen lands, however far they were, and proclaimed his best General, Senor Cardoza, the recipient of the honour to lead the armies of Spain for the event.
		Spanish Barracks, two days after the battle of Okayama : "It was indeed inspiring to see our forces succeed in the field.
	www.indiawargamers.com /campaigns/1548.html (2538 words)

	Age of Exploration - The Spanish Empire in America
		The Spanish were seen by them as liberators.
		An account of Spanish atrocities in Mexico by Bartoleme de Las Casas, a Spanish bishop, shows native Aztecs being tortured, burned, and having their hands cut off.
		As the Spanish fought over the gold, Pizarro was killed.
	members.tripod.com /~mr_sedivy/explor2.html (806 words)

	Guardian Unlimited Football \| News \| Culture divide disappears as Spanish invasion gathers pace
		At the Reebok Stadium tomorrow, some six Spanish players will be in attendance - either out on the pitch or nursing injury as they watch from the sidelines.
		Indeed, Liverpool could arguably include more Spaniards in their first-choice line-up than Real these days, for all that the reverse could be true should José Camacho find room for his English trio of Beckham, Michael Owen and Jonathan Woodgate.
		Real had expressed an interest in the midfielder, only to turn their attentions to foreign recruits instead, reflecting the fact that local talent in the top echelons of La Liga is still occasionally crowded out by overseas signings.
	football.guardian.co.uk /News_Story/0,1563,1292654,00.html (965 words)

	The Spanish Armada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		On land and sea the nation waits, the threat of invasion is imminent...
		Storyline: The Armada has reached the English Channel and is followed by the British fleet as it attempts to meet up with the Spanish army of invasion that is gathered in the Netherlands.
		Byngham angrily backs down on this occasion, but there is no prospect of reconciliation with the Farleys and, as the program ends, Anne sadly watches Tom ride away to a future without her.
	pmi.itmonline.com /Series/1999/spanish_armada.htm (522 words)

	The Other War of 1812 The Patriot War and the American Invasion of Spanish East Florida-James G. Cusick- A new book ...
		James Cusick tells the story of an early-19th-century American plot that went desperately wrong, plunging the United States into an undeclared war for possession of Spanish East Florida and provoking a conflict that would embarrass the president, destroy a colony, and reshape forever the nature of life in the American South.
		When the administration of James Madison secretly decided to attempt to overthrow the Spanish colony, it set in motion an invasion that could not be halted--the Patriot War, one of the great but little-known conflicts of the early American republic.
		This new account of the Patriot War, drawing on Spanish and American sources, focuses on eyewitness accounts recovered from correspondence, military reports, newspaper articles, and claims for financial compensation.
	www.upf.com /fall2003/Cusick.htm (580 words)

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