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Topic: Spanish Netherlands

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	Southern Netherlands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Congress first joined the Southern Netherlands to the former Batavian Republic as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange-Nassau, but with the south-eastern third of Luxembourg Province made into the autonomous Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, because it was claimed by both the Netherlands and Prussia.
		Under the Archdukes, the Spanish Netherlands actually had formal independence from Spain, but with Albert's death in 1621 they returned to formal Spanish control, although the childless Isabella remained on as Governor until her death in 1633.
		In the wars between the French and the Spanish in the Seventeenth Century, the territory of the Spanish Netherlands was repeatedly nipped at.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Netherlands (1001 words)

	William I of Orange - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		In the Netherlands, he is also known as the Vader des vaderlands, "Father of the fatherland", and the Dutch national anthem, the Wilhelmus, was written in his honour.
		Calvinists, angry with their prosecution by the Spanish and opposed to the Catholic images of saints (which in their eyes conflicted with the Second Commandment), destroyed statues in hundreds of churches and monasteries throughout the Netherlands.
		The flag of the Netherlands (red, white and blue) is derived from the flag of the prince, which was orange, white and blue.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/William_I_of_Orange (3590 words)

	Spanish Armada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although there were several larger "Spanish Armadas," the term generally refers to the fleet assembled in 1588 because a large part of it was scattered and destroyed by a hurricane on its return.
		The matter of England's disruption (along with France) of the annual bullion-run by the Spanish treasure fleet from Peru and Mexico to the port of Seville in Spain was of critical importance to Philip.
		Eleven Spanish ships were lost or damaged (though the most seaworthy Atlantic-class vessels escaped largely unscathed), and the Spaniards suffered nearly 2,000 casualties from the battle as well as illness and exposure, before the English fleet ran out of ammunition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Armada (3951 words)

	Europe in the Age of the Reformation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Netherlands were a varied and disparate collection of principalities, bishoprics, and cities that had been gathered together by the dukes of Burgundy in the 15th century.
		The incident illustrates the competing sources of authority in the Netherlands: the Spanish government, the League of Nobles (represented by William), the Beggars (represented by Brederode), the local nobles and towns (the city authorities who'd first taken alarm), and the Calvinist preachers.
		Albert was married to Philip's sister and it was Spanish, not Austrian, troops in the citadels of Flanders and Brabant and Luxembourg.
	www.boisestate.edu /courses/reformation/netherlands/revolt.shtml (7150 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Spanish Netherlands, 1584-1713
		The Spanish troops plundered Antwerp, the commercial heart of northwestern Europe, resulting in a considerable portion of the city's population to emigrate (most of them finally resettled in Amsterdam).
		In the PEACE OF UTRECHT 1713 Spain ceded the Spanish Netherlands to Austria.
		The situation of the Lombards in the Southern Netherlands in the 16th Century.) by Sebastien Conard, diss.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/lowcountries/spanneth.html (1175 words)

	Southern Netherlands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Spanish Netherlands in broad sense were the Seventeen Provinces, that came under Habsburg rule after 1482, after 1556 the Spanish Habsburg line.
		In the early seventeenth century there was a flourishing court at Brussels, which was under the government of King Philip III's sister Archduchess Isabella and her husband, Archduke Albert.
		The Austrian Netherlands rebelled against Austria in 1788 as a result of Joseph II's centralizing policies, but order was restored by Joseph's brother and successor, Leopold II in 1790.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Spanish_Netherlands (630 words)

	History of BELGIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Nevertheless the Spanish Netherlands remain in a stategically perilous state, with Protestant neighbours to north and west (the United Provinces and England) and Spain's perennial enemy, France, to the south.
		The Spanish Netherlands are a crucial factor in the resulting War of the Spanish Succession, as well as being the site of many of the war's battles.
		The treaty of Rastatt, in 1714, resolves the issue by transferring the province from the Spanish to the Austrian branch of the Habsburgs.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab53 (904 words)

	reformation.html
		Netherlands were the most prosperous part of Spanish Empire in Early Modern Era, and a relatively recent acquisition for the Spanish Crown (he inherited them through a marriage alliance).
		In the 16th century, the Netherlands was the richest area in Europe, and their merchant towns were very independent of the Spanish Empire.
		The long-term effect of the Netherlands revolt was that the Northern Netherlands pulled ahead to become for a time the commercial leader of Europe — partly at expense of the Southern Netherlands (Belgium), which had been richer before the war.
	www.loyno.edu /~seduffy/reformation.html (1601 words)

	Spanish Armada 1588
		It is likely that the battle-hardened Spanish troops with their powerful artillery would have swept through Kent overwhelming the opposition, and have captured London within a week.
		The Spanish followed the traditional tactic of firing guns once at close range, then boarding the enemy ship and fighting the crew with anti-personel weapons that scattered fire and shrapnel.
		Spanish guns that could have shattered English defences on land were not so effective when used on board ships.
	www.theotherside.co.uk /tm-heritage/background/span-armada.htm (2284 words)

	The Spanish Netherlands
		Backed by the zeal of the Jesuits and the Spanish Inquisition, his savage repression of Protestants soon led to a rebellion that disrupted the Spanish empire in the Netherlands.
		This angered Philip II, who sent the Spanish Armada in 1588 to escort the Duke of Parma's army across the North Sea to invade England and put a friendly Catholic on the English throne.
		Spanish governors gave charters empowering Flemish towns to levy taxes, hold markets, and control traders; invested in draining marshes, new canals and projects like the Exchange in Lille - the Vieille Bourse (1652) and the large squares in Arras (R).
	www.theotherside.co.uk /tm-heritage/background/flanders.htm (1860 words)

	Netherlands, Austrian and Spanish. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Low Countries passed from the house of Burgundy to that of Hapsburg through the marriage (1477) of Mary of Burgundy to Archduke Maximilian (later Emperor Maximilian I); their son Philip (later Philip I of Castile) inherited Flanders, Brabant, Artois, Hainaut, the duchy of Luxembourg, Limburg, Holland, and Zeeland.
		The harsh regime of the duke of Alba, who replaced (1567) Margaret of Parma as governor and suspended constitutional procedure, provoked the opposition of the Dutch and Flemish, led by William the Silent of Orange; Lamoral, count of Egmont; Hendrik, lord of Brederode; Marnix; and others.
		The remaining Spanish possessions in the Low Countries were transferred (1714) to the Austrian branch of the Hapsburgs by the Peace of Utrecht.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ne/NethAusSp.html (571 words)

	Union of Atrecht - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Map of the Spanish Netherlands, the Union of Utrecht and the Union of Arras (1579)
		The Union of Atrecht (French: Arras) was an accord signed on January 6, 1579 in Atrecht (Arras), under which the southern states of the Spanish Netherlands, today in Wallonia and the Nord-Pas-de-Calais (and Picardy) régions in France, expressed their loyalty to the Spanish king Philip II and recognised the landlord, Don Juan.
		Limburg should not to be confused with the provinces in present-day Belgium and the Netherlands: Belgian Limburg was part of the Bishopric of Liège and while historical Limburg partly coincides with present day Dutch Limburg, it was smaller then.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Union_of_Atrecht (326 words)

	The Spanish Armada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Spanish Armada's task was to overthrow protestant England lead by Queen Elizabeth I.
		The Spanish Armada proved to be an expensive disaster for the Spanish but for the English it was a celebrated victory making Sir Francis Drake even more of a hero than he already was and even having an impact on Tudor Christmas celebrations!
		To the English, Drake was a hero but to the Spanish he was nothing more than a pirate who, in their view, was allowed to do what he did with the full knowledge of the queen.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /spanish_armada.htm (2309 words)

	Austrian Netherlands (1713-1786)
		The southern provinces were ´convinced' to stay loyal by the Spanish army, and as a result, the entire intellectual elite from the Southern Netherlands moved to the Northern Netherlands.
		The source of this flag is to be traced to the East India fleet of the Austrian Netherlands, sailing from Ostend in West-Flanders to Calcutta and Canton.
		However Charles VI needed the approval of the Northern Netherlands and England (sic!) for the recognition of his daughter Maria-Theresia as his successor (Pragmatic Sanction), so he suspended the Compagnie on 31 May 1727 (Preliminaries of Paris) and revoked the octroy on 16 March 1731 (Treaty of Vienna).
	flagspot.net /flags/be_at.html (490 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Netherlands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Netherlands, or Low Countries, as organized by Charles V, under whom the Burgundian era ended, comprised practically the territory now included in Holland and Belgium, thenceforth known as the Spanish Netherlands.
		Seeing that under pretext of freeing them from Spanish tyranny they were being enslaved under Protestantism, they turned from William's party and sought once more their lawful king, in spite of the just complaints they had against his government.
		He bethought him of separating the Catholic Netherlands from Spain, and of giving the sovereignty to his daughter Isabella and her husband the Archduke Albert of Austria; in the event of their being childiess the country was to revert to Spain (1598).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10759a.htm (5293 words)

	Spanish Succession, War of the. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		While the diplomats were still seeking a peaceful solution, Spanish grandees, desiring to preserve territorial unity, persuaded the dying Charles II to name as his sole heir the grandson of Louis XIV—Philip, duke of Anjou, who became Philip V of Spain.
		In 1704, Marlborough succeeded in moving his troops from the Netherlands into Bavaria, where he joined Eugene and won the great victory of Blenheim over the French under the count of Tallard (see Blenheim, battle of), and the French lost Bavaria.
		The year 1706 was marked by Eugene’s victory at Turin, which resulted in French evacuation of N Italy, and by Marlborough’s triumph at Ramillies (see Ramillies, battle of), which compelled the French to retreat in the Low Countries.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sp/SpanSuc.html (877 words)

	A short history of Luxembourg
		In 1568 a rebellion against the Spanish occupation starts and in the northern part the Republic of the United Netherlands form a de facto independent state.
		Luxembourg remains as part of the southern Netherlands under Spanish rule as the Spanish Netherlands.
		After the French defeat in 1815, the Austrian Netherlands are united with the Netherlands and Liege into the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
	www.electionworld.org /history/luxembourg.htm (686 words)

	Dutch war and politics
		The worst blow was the Spanish capture of Breda (1625) - one month after the death of Maurits in April 1625.
		Funded by the proceeds of the seizing the Spanish fleet, Frederick Henry besieged and captured a number of towns in the Spanish Netherlands - ‘s-Hertogenbosch 1629, Maastricht 1632, Breda 1637.
		The battle was important because it meant that the Spanish - unable to send troops down the Rhine to Northwest Europe since the fall of Breisach - could not send them by sea either.
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/351/351-083.htm (1374 words)

	The Revolt of the Netherlands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Margaret was powerless to maintain law and order as she had no Spanish troops in the region and relied on the magnates to ensure law and order was maintained.
		William of Orange, Egmont and Admiral Horn, the Admiral of the Netherlands, all withdrew from the Council of State in protest but both Egmont and Horn were known to be loyal to the crown so they were not expected to do anything too extreme.
		Spanish troops remained in the southern regions and Albert and Isabella had to respect Spanish wishes.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /revolt_of_netherlands.htm (4989 words)

	The Netherlands and the Age of Discovery
		With Spanish strength on the wane following the defeat of the Armada (1588), Dutch "sea beggars" began to prey on poorly defended Spanish and Portuguese possessions.
		In 1614, the New Netherland Company was formed by merchant groups in Hoorn and Amsterdam, and received a three-year monopoly from the Dutch government to occupy lands between New France and the English claims in Virginia.
		Memorabilia related to The Netherlands and the Age of Discovery is at auction on eBay.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1141.html (777 words)

	HistoryBuff.com -- The Spanish Armada of 1588
		The Spanish Armada is the term conventionally applied to a massive fleet dispatched against England by Spain's Catholic King Philip II in 1588, leading to an early and important confrontation in the nearly 20-year Anglo-Spanish War of 1585-1604 (the "Twenty Years' War").
		The Spanish navy was retooled in the 1590s and effectively solidified Spanish control over the waves, protecting treasure fleets from privateering while vanquishing English opponents on the high seas and on the coasts of Spanish America, and Spain continued as Europe's dominant power into the 1600s.
		The Spanish Crown and Spain's merchants had come to bitterly resent the unrelenting privateering attacks on Spanish shipping, and Philip was especially incensed by English financial support to the Dutch rebels, which he saw as outside interference in the sovereign affairs of Spain.
	www.historybuff.com /library/refarmada1.html (2035 words)

	Spanish Succession (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		WAR OF 1667–68, undertaken by Louis XIV for the conquest of the Spanish Netherlands.
		The Triple Alliance of 1668 was formed by the Netherlands, England, and Sweden against France after Louis XIV had invaded the Spanish Netherlands in the War of Devolution.
		While the diplomats were still seeking a peaceful solution, Spanish grandees, desiring to preserve territorial unity, persuaded the dying Charles II to name as his sole heir the grandson of Louis XIV-Philip, duke of Anjou, who became Philip V (click here to see the image"Louis XIV with Philip V) of Spain.
	www.louis-xiv.de /louisold/Wars/SpanishSuccession.html (2372 words)

	war and social upheaval: the Great Spanish Armada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The Netherlands was by the early 16th century a non-German possession of German Hapsburg Emperor Charles V. The Emperor within the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) attempted to resolve the dispute with Luther and his followers diplomatically.
		The Spanish had luck with them and the wind at their backs meant that they could have proceeded to targets along the English coast.
		The English fleet was in Plymouth waiting for notice of the Spanish, but with westerly winds ould have had difficuly opposing an invasion to the west of Plymouth.
	histclo.hispeed.com /essay/war/swc/16/sw16-sa.html (3394 words)

	The Spanish Netherlands (from painting, Western) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The year 1566 saw the Netherlands in open revolt against Philip II of Spain, and, inasmuch as this revolt had a Protestant as well as a nationalist aspect, a wave of iconoclasm swept across the area.
		The name Holland (from Houtland, or “Wooded Land”) was originally given to one of the medieval cores of what later became the modern state and is still used for 2 of its 12 provinces (Noord-Holland and Zuid-Holland).
		Although it is one of the smallest countries in Europe, the kingdom of The Netherlands played an important role in the history of the continent.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-69567?tocId=69567 (897 words)

	Philip III and the Pax Hispanica 1598-1621
		England, a major tear in Spanish hegemony of northwestern Europe, continued to wage a maritime struggle against the Spanish monopoly on West Indies trade, while encouraging the Dutch republic and France to neutralize the Spanish Netherlands, from which England still feared a Spanish invasion.
		The king instructed the Spanish archdukes in the Spanish Netherlands, who had to negotiate with the Dutch, to protect Catholicism and defend Spain’s Indies trade monopoly.
		The Dutch were gone for good, the Spanish Netherlands would become Austrian in a complex swap arrangement, England would gain its mercantile colonial empire and overshadow Spain’s, and France would emerge as the continental power dominating the seventeenth century.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/bookrev/allen2.html (781 words)

	Francia Media: Lorraine & Burgundy
		For over a century, Belgium was the "Spanish Netherlands." Transfered to Austria in 1713, as part of the settlement of the War of the Spanish Succession, it was the "Austrian Netherlands" until overrun by Revolutionary France in 1794.
		The Free County of Burgundy was an important stepping stone for Spain from the Mediterranean to the Spanish Netherlands, as for the infamous March of the Duke of Alba to put down unrest in the Netherlands in 1567.
		Eventually, however, Spanish power was broken, and the Wars of Louis XIV targeted all the lands to the east of France.
	www.friesian.com /lorraine.htm (11703 words)

	War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		A second treaty, signed on June 11, 1699, by England and France and in March 1700 by the Dutch Republic, awarded Spain and the Spanish Netherlands and colonies to Archduke Charles, second son of the Holy Roman emperor Leopold I, and Naples, Sicily, and other Spanish territories in Italy to France.
		The Spanish grandees likewise did not recognize it, being unalterably opposed to partition.
		Charles II allowed himself to be persuaded that only the House of Bourbon had the power to keep the Spanish possessions intact, and in the autumn of 1700 he made a will bequeathing them to Philip, duc d'Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/WarSpanishSuccession/WarSpanishSuccession.html (642 words)

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