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	Popular Front (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Popular Front (Spanish: Frente Popular) in Spain's Second Republic was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organisations, instigated by Manuel Azaña for the purpose of contesting that years' election.
		In Spain, it was a coalition between leftist republicans and workers' organizations to defend social reforms of the first government (1931-1933) of the Second Spanish Republic, and liberate the prisoners, political prisoners according with the front propaganda, held since the Asturian October Revolution (1934).
		The Popular Front defeated the National Front (a collection of right-wing parties) and won the 1936 election, forming the new Spanish Government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain) (416 words)

	Popular front - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A popular front is a broad coalition of different political groupings, often made up of leftists and centrists who are united by opposition to another group (most often fascist or far-right groups).
		Popular fronts are larger in scope than united fronts, which contain only working-class groups.
		The term "national front", similar in name but describing a different form of ruling, using obstensibly non-Communist parties which were in fact controlled by and subservient to the Communist party as part of a "coalition", was used in Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Popular_front (524 words)

	Marxism and Popular Fronts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The united front was a means of drawing the social democrats into joint political activity with the communist parties – first of all to strengthen the workers’ movement and secondly, in the course of joint activity, to let the mass base of the social democrats see in practice the superior leadership of the communists.
		After the Stalin-Laval pact of 1935, the popular front was formalised as a policy for the entire Communist International at the seventh and last congress of the Comintern in July-August of that year, and basically came to an end with the German-Soviet pact of 1939.
		My second conclusion is that popular fronts, or indeed any other cross-class alliance, cannot be criticised on the basis of deduction from general principles, but on the basis of empirical study of the alliance in question and whether or not it forms an effective way of defending the interests of the working class.
	www.whatnextjournal.co.uk /Pages/Theory/Popfront.html (4107 words)

	Spanish Civil War - MSN Encarta
		The Popular Front’s main purpose was to counter the growth of the Spanish right, particularly by challenging them in the elections of February 1936.
		The Popular Front’s narrow victory at the polls created euphoria on the left, which briefly concealed the great differences among the various antifascist parties.
		After the Popular Front won the 1936 elections, it formed a government with Manuel Azaña as prime minister.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761580634_2/Spanish_Civil_War.html (2215 words)

	The Lessons of Spain: the Last Warning (excerpts)
		The class-collaborationist policy of the Popular Front was promoted by the regime of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union.
		The theoreticians of the Popular Front do not essentially go beyond the first rule of arithmetic, that is, addition: “Communists” plus Socialists plus Anarchists plus liberals add up to a total which is greater than their respective isolated numbers.
		The Spanish bourgeoisie understood from the outset that the revolutionary mass movement, no matter how it starts, is directed against private ownership of land and the means of production, and that it is utterly impossible to cope with this movement by democratic measures.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/62/151.html (2022 words)

	The French and Spanish Popular Fronts - Cambridge University Press
		Popular Front initiatives were a significant attempt to bar the way to further fascist victories.
		The Spanish Church and the Popular Front: the experience of Salamanca province Mary Vincent; 8.
		A reinterpretation of the Spanish Popular Front: the case of Asturias Adrian Shubert; 18.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521350816&print=y (494 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Labor Unions in the United States
		The Popular Front's victory in the elections of June 1936 precipitated a massive strike wave and the occupation of factories and workplaces throughout France.
		In France, Italy, and Japan, the popular front uniting Communists, socialists, and bourgeois liberals dissolved, and labor's management opponents recovered state support, with the onset of the Cold War.
		The wave of popular unrest in the late 1960s and early 1970s would carry most European unions to new heights, briefly bringing membership to over 50 percent of the labor force in the United Kingdom and in Italy, and bringing socialists into the government in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom.
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/article/friedman.unions.us (9817 words)

	Popular Front - Critique of Spartacism
		Indeed, the classical examples of popular fronts and their consequences are dealt with at length in the writings of Leon Trotsky from the 1930s, regarding particularly France and Spain in 1936 and later.
		The popular front suppressed the workers revolution in favour of 'democratic' capitalism, in a situation where the whole of the capitalist class supported fascism and the need to smash the workers organisations.
		Given the dominance of Popular Frontism of one sort or another in many countries where the Spartacists were seeking to establish toeholds internationally in the 1970s, this position had an enormous influence on the development of the Spartacists, who confronted it at every step, and therefore their political deviation became more and more systematised.
	members.aol.com /RevolutionTruth/popfront.htm (7453 words)

	IALHI News Service: Spanish Civil War
		For example, he refers to the Popular Front, an electoral alliance of socialists, communists, and anarchists, as "moderate," even as some of its leaders, including the socialist Francisco Largo Caballero, were speaking openly of nationalization, a workers' state, and the expropriation of the church.
		Anderson also declares that the Popular Front's goals were modest, and included "equality, human rights and freedom of speech, religion and assembly," but once in power the Left began a campaign of intimidation against churches, business owners, and monarchists (p.
		Anderson also downplays the popularity of the conservative and Catholic parties during the Spanish Republic, claiming that their gains in the 1933 election, for example, were because electoral trends "shifted to the right," rather than as a reaction against the incompetence and corruption of the left-liberal republican governments of 1931-33.
	www.iisg.nl /~ialhi/news/i0406_7.php (1071 words)

	France: Popular front opens the door to fascist reaction
		“Popular fronts” of reformist workers parties with small bourgeois “left” formations such as the Greens and Left Radicals bind the workers and oppressed to their class enemy.
		Far from blocking the fascists, the popular front serves as a roadblock to revolution, and thus prepares the way for the victory of capitalist reaction.
		In the 1930s, the Popular Front cabinet of Léon Blum dissipated the revolutionary energies of the general strike of June 1936; nine months later, police massacred anti-fascist protesters at Clichy.
	www.internationalist.org /chiraclepen0402.html (1723 words)

	The Visual Front - Posters of the Spanish Civil War
		The strategy was successful as the Popular Front secured 34.3% of the vote and a majority of seats in the Cortes.
		The message of the poster is straightforward: "Vote for the Popular Front." The image seems to be a reference to Popular Front's aims to grant amnesty to all political prisoners and to release them from prison.
		This association helps to emphasize the Popular Front's desire to be represented as a party of the laborer and the working class.
	orpheus.ucsd.edu /speccoll/visfront/Newadd11.html (443 words)

	The Popular Front: A well-covered trap
		The paragraph says that a) the class contradiction of the reformist party in a popular front has been suppressed in the bourgeoisie’s favour, and b) that to vote for them while they are part of the coalition would be treason.
		Ian’s advocacy of treating a reformist party within a popular front essentially the same as one outside such a cross class coalition means to turn the rank and file in to the leaders.
		They did not, to my knowledge, call for joining the popular front, while they did call for voting for it on the grounds that was only a ‘tactical’ question and that it was important not to alienate the masses.
	www.bolshevik.org /mb/8popfront.htm (3333 words)

	Trotsky on the Popular Front
		The strike breaking conspiracy of the Popular Front, the betrayal of the Socialist and Communist leaders, snatched defeat from the jaws of victory.
		It was precisely the role of the workers leaders and the Popular Front which led the workers to defeat, and led to the eventual triumph of fascism.
		The tragedy of the Popular Front was repeated in Chile from 1970-73.
	www.marxist.com /History/trotsky_on_popular_front.html (2808 words)

	Spanish Civil War
		The outcome of the Spanish Civil War altered the balance of power in Europe, tested the military power of Germany and Italy, and pushed ER "away from the peace movement and into the ranks of the anti-fascists" fighting for democracy.
		The 1936 electoral victory of the Popular Front (a coalition of Liberals, Socialists, and Communists) underscored both the hope for social reforms for those neglected by the Second Republic and the fears reform posed to the right.
		She arranged for ER to see The Spanish Earth, a documentary detailing the horrors of the German attacks on civilian populations and the vast imbalance of wealth in Spain.
	www.nps.gov /elro/glossary/spanish-civil-war.htm (778 words)

	Walter Held: Stalinism and the POUM in the Spanish Revolution - RH
		Insofar as the Popular Front government of France is compromised in the eyes of the masses the chances of de la Rocque [1] and Doriot [2] steadily grow.
		The Spanish revolution of 1930-31 was, like the German revolution of 1918, a case where the proletariat lost the fruits of victory because of the absence of revolutionary leadership.
		In the interests of the German Popular Front, with its wimpish liberals and Stalinist pogromists, the SAP is itself becoming an instrument of Stalin, and takes a great deal of trouble to pacify the POUM and to push it into dropping all its criticism of Stalinism.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/document/spain/spain02.htm (7263 words)

	Spanish Civil War
		The Spanish Civil War was not only a testing ground for new equipment - tanks and planes from Germany, arms from Italy - it also served as the testing ground for a new piece of photographic equipment.
		The Popular Front in Spain - an anti-fascist coalition of middle class liberals, Socialists, Communists, and working class groups - won the national election in February.
		Opposing the Popular Front was the National Front, which included the Spanish Catholic party (CEDA), the Monarchist party, the Fascists of the Falange, and other middle class and right-wing groups.
	museum.icp.org /museum/collections/special/chim/bio/spanishc.html (1121 words)

	The Spanish Civil War
		Spanish losses were heavy to their fierce and skillful enemy, who was equipped with superior weapons.
		The region remained part of the Spanish republic and was tied more closely to it because of Madrid's grant of autonomy.
		Azana formed his minority government, but the front's victory was taken as the signal for the start of the left's long-awaited revolution, already anticipated by street riots, church burnings, and strikes.
	unx1.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/SpanCW.html (3328 words)

	FRONT POPULAIRE
		The Front populaire was also decisive in creating a new cultural environment for writers, artists and filmakers through grants and other forms of state subsidy.
		Although the Front populaire sought to combat the rise of the Far Right in France, it is one of the paradoxes of the coalition that it actually increased during the 4 years of the Front's existence as a government.
		A number of Right-wing officers were opposed to the Left-wing Spanish Popular Front government which had won a majority in the general parliamentary elections of February 1936 and sought to overthrow it.
	www.sunderland.ac.uk /~os0tmc/fre320/front.htm (3760 words)

	The Militant - June 30, 2003 -- How Popular Front made fascist victory possible in Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In their intimate circles, the Soviet cynics mock Dimitrov’s “philosophy” of the Popular Front.
		Having staked everything on a military dictatorship, the possessing classes were able, at the same time, to make use of their political representatives of yesterday in order to paralyze, disorganize, and afterward strangle the socialist movement of the masses in republican”; territory.
		Manuel Azaña y Díaz was prime minister of the Spanish republican government in June 1931 and again in 1936.
	www.themilitant.com /2003/6722/672261.html (1977 words)

	Spanish Civil War
		The Popular Front, as the coalition became known, advocated the restoration of Catalan autonomy, amnesty for political prisoners, agrarian reform, an end to political fllists and the payment of damages for property owners who suffered during the revolt of 1934.
		Badajoz, a Spanish province on the border with Portugal, was controlled by the Republican Army during the early days of the Spanish Civil War.
		On the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War the President Antonio Salazar of Portugal immediately supported the Nationalists in the struggle against the Popular Front government in Spain.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /WARspain.htm (12471 words)

	Trotsky's critique of Popular Frontism
		The term Popular Front (or People's Front) was coined in the 1930s and referred to an alliance of the workers' parties (Communist and Socialist) with so-called "progressive" bourgeois parties (Liberals, Republicans, Radicals, etc.).
		The same theory of the Popular Front was applied in Chile, 1970-73, by the leaders of the Communist and Socialist Parties.
		I summed up the lessons of the Spanish revolution and served as a contribution to the rearming of the new generation of workers and youth in the Spanish Young Socialists, the UGT and the PSOE.
	www.trotsky.net /trotsky_year/popularfrontism.html (1193 words)

	Insurance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Edward Lloyd opened a coffee house which became a popular haunt of ship owners, merchants, and ships’ captains, and thereby a reliable source of the latest shipping news.
		The first insurance company in the United States provided fire insurance and was formed in Charles Town (modern-day Charleston), South Carolina, in 1732.
		Benjamin Franklin helped to popularize and make standard the practice of insurance, particularly against fire in the form of perpetual insurance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Insurance (7060 words)

	USATODAY.com - Alonso takes pole at Spanish Grand Prix (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Alonso wants to be the first Spanish winner of the Spanish Grand Prix on Sunday.
		Alonso, competing in his home country for the first time as Formula One world champion, was cheered by the nearly full stands after he completed his lap in 1 minute, 14.648 seconds.
		Schumacher has won the Spanish GP six times, including four in a row from 2001-04 for Ferrari.
	www.usatoday.com /sports/motor/formula1/2006-05-13-spanish-gp-qualifying_x.htm?csp=34&ord=2 (778 words)

	Duncan Hallas: Trotsky's Marxism (3. Strategy and Tactics)
		Consequently the question of the united front is not at all, either in point of origin or substance, a question of the reciprocal relations between the Communist parliamentary fraction and that of the Socialists, or between the Central Committees of the two parties...
		The problem of the united front – despite the fact that a split is inevitable in this epoch between the various political organisations basing themselves on the working class – grows out of the urgent need to secure for the working class the possibility of a united front in the struggle against capitalism.
		When the Spanish revolution erupted in July 1936, in response to Franco’s attempted seizure of power, the Spanish CP, pan of the Spanish Popular Front which had won the February elections and taken power, did its utmost to keep the movement within the framework of “democracy”.
	www.marxists.org /archive/hallas/works/1979/trotsky/ch3.htm (7702 words)

	Popular Front
		To protect the Popular Front government, Giral gave orders for arms to be distributed to left-wing organizations that opposed the military uprising.
		We, the innovators of Spanish policy, we, the restorers of the Republic, the workmen of the Republic, who labored to make it an instrument to bring civilization and progress to our community, we have denied nothing of all that is noble and great in the history of Spain - absolutely nothing.
		The northern front collapsed because it was technically impossible to defend, because it lacked unity of command, and because it was geographically inaccessible.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /SPpopular.htm (5336 words)

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