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Topic: Spanish Sahara

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	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Note: The Spanish considered the period 23 Nov - 22 Dec1957 to be the "active" period of the war in Ifni.
		Note: The Spanish considered the period 12 Jan - 28 Feb to be the "active" period of the war in the Desert.
		Spanish patrols and convoys were involved in pitched battles in the Saharan territory.
	www.balagan.org.uk /war/1956/chronology.htm (3400 words)

	Spanish Sahara, on stamps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spanish Guinea was located in western Africa, bordering on the Gulf of Guinea.
		Hoping to export Africans as slaves to their American possessions, the Spanish sent settlers to the islands, but they died of yellow fever, and by 1781 the region was abandoned by the Europeans.
		In 1844 the Spanish reacquired Bioko and began to occupy it.
	www.values.ch /sna-site/Sahara/spanish-sahara.htm (258 words)

	Western Sahara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Before Spanish Sahara was a unified province it was divided in two provinces, the Saguiat el-Hamra (the "SA" of "polisario" and the "EH" of the ISO country code) and Rio de Oro (the "RIO").
		Spanish Sahara was also known as Spanish West Africa, but that one included other bits like Ifni (to Morocco in 1969), Cape Juby (the southernmost part of Morocco not including WS) and La Aguera.
		When the Spanish pulled out of this territory in 1976, it was partitioned between Morocco, which took the larger part, and Mauritania.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/eh.html (1144 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Africa - Western Sahara
		For the first fifty years after the occupation, intermittent Sahrawi resistance to Spanish rule in what was then called the Spanish Sahara effectively forced the Spanish occupiers to limit their presence to several coastal enclaves.
		The Spanish government finally terminated its claim to the Spanish Sahara in February 1976 and bequeathed the territory--renamed the Western Sahara--jointly to Morocco and Mauritania, both of which consented to allow Spain to exploit the Bu Craa phosphates.
		As the struggle of the Polisario for sovereignty in the Western Sahara escalated, it became clear that Mauritania's armed forces were incapable of either asserting its territorial claims in the Western Sahara or defending its own territory.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/africa/western_sahara.html (4517 words)

	Sahara on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Extending more than 3,000 mi (4,830 km), from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea, the Sahara is bounded on the N by the Atlas Mts., steppelands, and the Mediterranean Sea; it stretches south c.1,200 mi (1,930 km) to the Sahel, a steppe in W and central Africa that forms its southern border.
		The E Sahara is usually divided into three regions—the Libyan Desert, which extends west from the Nile valley through W Egypt and E Libya; the Arabian Desert, or Eastern Desert, which lies between the Nile valley and the Red Sea in Egypt; and the Nubian Desert, which is in NE Sudan.
		Regions of sand dunes (erg) occupy only about 15% of the Sahara; “stone deserts,” consisting of plateaus of denuded rock (hammada) or areas of coarse gravel (reg), cover about 70% of the region; mountains, oases, and transition zones account for the remainder.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s/sahara.asp (902 words)

	Spanish Sahara, on stamps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Under the Spanish, economic development was largely confined to Bioko, although some measures were taken in Río Muni beginning in the 1940s.
		By 1960, about 6,000 Europeans (mostly Spanish) were living in the colony, and they controlled the production of cocoa and timber.
		In a further move to assimilate the region to Spain, three Hispano-Guineans were elected to the Spanish Cortes in 1960.
	www.values.ch /sna-site/Sahara/spanish-sahara1.htm (190 words)

	Elections in Sahara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sahara (Arabic: Sahra) is a country in North Africa, annexed to Morocco.
		Sahara has a population of around 260,000 on 252,120 km².
		Freedom House rated the country on political rights with a 7 and on civil rights with a 6, both on a scale of 1 to 7 (in which 1 is the most free).
	www.electionworld.org /sahara.htm (228 words)

	News Archives
		Algeria in turn has repeatedly insisted Western Sahara was a decolonization problem, and thus in the remit of the United Nations.
		The left-wing Spanish leader, elected in March, was accompanied to Algiers by Foreign Minister Miguel Moratinos and Industry, Trade and Tourism Minister Jose Montilla.
		A large delegation of Spanish business leaders, particularly in the building industry and energy sectors, also traveled to Algeria, aiming to boost economic ties on the basis of a friendship and cooperation treaty signed by the two Mediterranean countries in 2002.
	www.usaforunhcr.org /archives.cfm?ID=1907&cat=Archives (504 words)

	Morocco Polisario Sahara War 1975-1991
		Polisario is composed largely of the indigenous nomadic inhabitants of the Western Sahara region, the Saharawis.
		From November 1975 the area was administered jointly by Spain, Morocco, and Mauritania; and, when in February 1976 the Spanish departed, Morocco and Mauritania divided the area between themselves, Morocco gaining the northern two-thirds of the area and, consequently, the phosphates.
		In early 1975, both Morocco and Mauritania agreed to abide by the decision of the International Court of Justice on the status of the Spanish Sahara, but when the court ruled in October 1975 that neither country was entitled to claim sovereignty over the territory, both governments chose to ignore the decision.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/papa/polisario1975.htm (1515 words)

	Western Sahara - Former Spanish Sahara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara), former overseas province of Spain, located in northwestern Africa, occupied since 1979 by Morocco.
		Western Sahara encompasses about 267,000 sq km (about 103,000 sq mi); it is located on the Atlantic Ocean between Morocco and Mauritania.
		The main towns are El Aaiún, which was formerly the capital of Spanish Sahara, and Ad Dakhla.
	members.aol.com /arabinfo7/sahara.htm (204 words)

	ICE Conflict Case ZSAHARA
		Morocco and the Polisario Front are contesting the Western Sahara, a 266,000-square kilometer territory in the northwest corner of Africa.
		Named by the UN in 1975, the desert area was formerly a Spanish colony (1884-1976), known in the West as the Spanish Sahara.
		The descendants of the Berbers in modern-day Western Sahara are the Tekna.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/ice/sahara.htm (3136 words)

	Sahara issue: Spanish party says referendum is no viable solution
		The Sahara is a former Spanish colony, retrieved under the 1975 Madrid accords.
		Under the latest version of the draft Peace Plan for the Sahara, drawn up by the former UN secretary general's special envoy for the Sahara and former US Secretary of State, James Baker, Sahrawis (local population) would be granted immediate self governance, followed by a referendum on independence within five years.
		Moroccan foreign minister, Mohamed Benaissa, told a Spanish TV channel lately he had handed, in person, to the UN Secretary general, piles of documents containing the names of persons who were registered as voters, while their brothers were not.
	www.arabicnews.com /ansub/Daily/Day/040719/2004071919.html (366 words)

	Sandafayre Stamp Auctions \| Stamp Atlas \| Spanish Sahara
		Known as Rio de Oro before 1924, the Spanish Sahara was a province of Spain until 31 December 1975.
		When Spanish troops were withdrawn on 26 February 1976, the country was divided between Morocco and Mauritania; the border was agreed on 14 April 1976.
		Spanish possession from 1860, stamps issued from 1941-69.
	www.sandafayre.com /atlas/spansa.htm (159 words)

	Schoolyard map (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Moroccans are proud of their long history as a separate nation, which reaches back to the establishment of Fez by the newly arrived forces of Islam in the 700s A.D. Morocco was colonized by the French and Spanish from 1912 until 1956, when independence was regained.
		Despite all objections and the active opposition of the Saharawis, or indigenous people of the Western Sahara (as the territory has come to be known in diplomatic circles), the Moroccan will to occupy the territory has prevailed.
		Moroccans all are united in their belief that the Western Sahara is rightly theirs; a piece of Morocco temporarily detached by the interruptions of the colonial period.
	geoimages.berkeley.edu /GeoImages/Miller/yardmap.html (319 words)

	Spanish Translation - Translate Spanish Language Translator
		The original peoples of the Iberian peninsula (in the sense that they are not known to have come from elsewhere), consisting of a number of separate tribes, are given the generic name of Iberians.
		In the 8th century BC the first Greek colonies, such as Emporion (modern Emp ries), were founded along the Mediterranean coast on the East, leaving the south coast to the Phoenicians.
		The 20th century initially brought little peace; colonisation of Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco and Equatorial Guinea was attempted as a substitute for the loss of the Americas.
	www.translation-services-usa.com /languages/spanish.shtml (1277 words)

	WESTERN SAHARA - weekly news 2004, weeks 29-30
		The attitude of the successor of José Maria Aznar is described as disloyal in regard to Western Sahara.
		Several Spanish political parties are asking for clarification from their central government as well as regional autonomous governments.
		SPAIN-UN The Spanish minister of Foreign Affairs had talks in New York with the UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, and presented to him the Spanish position on Western Sahara.
	www.arso.org /01-e04-2930.htm (1903 words)

	Western Sahara -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Arabic Sahara' Al-Gharbiyah, formerly (until 1976) Spanish Sahara former overseas province of Spain occupying an extensive desert Atlantic-coastal area (97,344 square miles [252,120 square km]) of northwest Africa.
		At the end of May, the UN suspended the work of its monitors in the Western Sahara who were identifying persons eligible to participate in a referendum to determine the status of the territory.
		A region of unresolved sovereignty, Western Sahara lies on the Atlantic to the south of Morocco in northwestern Africa.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9076666?&query=western (861 words)

	WSO\| Latest News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Though he was known to Spanish police as a dealer of hash and ecstasy, he was generally considered a small-time delinquent.
		South Africa, a traditional backer of independence for the Western Sahara from Morocco, said its decision was in line with "the principles and objectives enshrined in the African Union and United Nations Charters".
		The SADR rules Western Sahara in exile because the country is currently occupied by the Kingdom of Morocco.
	www.wsahara.net /news.html (2226 words)

	Articles - Western Sahara (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On November 6, 1975 the Green March into Western Sahara began when 300,000 unarmed Moroccans converged on the city of Tarfaya in southern Morocco and waited for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross into Western Sahara.
		The Polisario-controlled parts of Western Sahara are barren and have no resident population, but they are travelled by small numbers of Sahrawis herding camels, going back and forth between the Tindouf area and Mauritania.
		A 1974 Spanish census claimed there were some 74,000 people in the area at the time, but this number is likely to be on the low side, due to the difficulty in counting a nomad people.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Western_Sahara?mySession=ee1dc144ab5c95143117958bc9325d34 (2081 words)

	Protected Areas Programme - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		At the time of the Spanish administration, the chief laws included the Spanish Hunting Law No. 1 of 4 April 1970 which was strengthened by strict control on gun ownership (Peris, in litt., 1985).
		All land was controlled by the Captain General of the Province of Spanish Sahara, effectively through the army which enforced hunting bans under Law No. 1 of 4 April 1970 (Peris, in litt., 1985).
		Systems Reviews The former province of Spanish Sahara was bounded in the west by the Atlantic, in the south by Mauritania, in the east by Algeria and in the north by Morocco.
	www.unep-wcmc.org /protected_areas/data/countrysheets/esh.html (1885 words)

	ABC News: Ex-Sahara POWs Demand Compatriots' Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Former POWs who are from Morocco, veterans of an obscure conflict in the disputed Western Sahara region on Africa's Atlantic coast, are demanding the release of fellow soldiers who remain in rebel hands 14 years after the fighting stopped.
		The Polisario considers the territory, formerly the Spanish Sahara, to be independent.
		The 408 Moroccans, detained in the western Algerian town of Tindouf, are a grim reminder of the pain that the conflict continues to impose.
	abcnews.go.com /International/wireStory?id=779793 (417 words)

	Western Sahara (proposed state)
		Located in northern Africa on the Atlantic Ocean, Western Sahara is surrounded by Algeria to the east, Morocco to the north, and Mauritania to the south.
		In the 19th century the Spanish laid claim to the southern coastal region, called Rio de Oro, and later occupied the northern interior region, Saguia el Hamra, in 1934.
		The Spanish formally united the two regions, and it became known as Spanish Sahara in 1958.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0759052.html (925 words)

	Kumm - Global Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Until 1975, all of Western Sahara was a Spanish colony, as was most of northern Morocco until the early 1950s.
		In October 1975 when Spanish dictator Franco was on his death bed, about to expire, Morocco´s King Hassan announced that his people would start out on what the king called "the green march" and walk in the direction of the capital of Spanish Sahara, El Aayun.
		Instead there were negotiations, and even before Franco died, in November 1975, Spain and Morocco agreed that Spanish Sahara should be decolonized and split between Morocco and its southern neighbor Mauretania.
	www.imfmetal.org /kumm/index.cfm?n=326&c=1878&l=2 (279 words)

	Spanish Sahara on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spanish politicians turned away from Western Sahara by Morocco
		Petitioners urge Security Council to consider Western Sahara under Chapter VII as Fourth Committee continues general debate on decolonization.
		Following the World Court at the Hague' s "consultive opinion" that the Spanish Sahara should be free of Spanish colonial rule, King HASSAN II of Morocco announced the organi (PAR166062)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-S1panS1ah.asp (757 words)

	Western Sahara on richardknight.com
		A UN settlement plan, based on a referendum in which the people of Western Sahara would exercise their right to self-determination by choosing between independence and integration in Morocco, is deadlocked.
		I wrote Discussion Paper on Polisario and the Western Sahara Struggle that was presented to the Executive Board of the American Committee on
		Spanish was the language of the colonizing power and Arabic is the used by most of the population.
	richardknight.homestead.com /files/westernsahara.htm (1412 words)

	The struggle of the Saharawis, history and perspectives
		The borders of the Spanish Sahara were drawn in a series of Franco-Spanish treaties in the period up to 1912.
		However, the 1974 Spanish census, which later became the basis for the promised self-determination referendum, actually “missed out” a large number of Saharawis, who had settled outside the artificial, colonially imposed borders of the Spanish Sahara.
		In fact, at the beginning, for them, the aim of liberating the Sahara was one which was seen as part of the “Arab revolution” which was supposed to be anti-imperialist, anti-Zionist and also against the feudal and reactionary rulers of the Arab countries, and which would lead to the unification of the Arab nation.
	www.marxist.com /Africa/saharawi_struggle.htm (8960 words)

	Western Sahara on the Internet
		ARSO is an NGO in Switzerland concerned with the decolonization of Western Sahara (former Spanish Sahara), the UN referendum, human rights violations, Saharawi refugees in Algeria, etc. Contact: E. Martinoli - arso@hei.unige.ch
		Its Western Sahara section has "information about the dispute over the future of the Western Saharan territory.
		The UN Mission for a Referendum in the Western Sahara (MINURSO) and special envoy James Baker are negotiating for a peaceful resolution and a referendum." GPF, an NGO, was founded in 1993 to monitor global policy making at the United Nations.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/westernsahara.html (324 words)

	Spanish Sahara -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spanish Sahara -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		In 1957, rebels expelled the Spanish from the country in the (Click link for more info and facts about 1957 Invasion of Spanish Sahara) 1957 Invasion of Spanish Sahara.
		The Spanish were able to re-establish control with the assistance of the French by 1958.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sp/spanish_sahara.htm (52 words)

	Spain practicing 'constructive diplomacy' to settle Sahara issue, Zapatero
		Spanish Prime Minister, Jose Luis Zapatero, said his country is practicing a "constructive diplomacy" to settle the Sahara issue.
		In an interview published Sunday by the newspaper ABC, the Spanish premier said this diplomacy is aimed at reaching a final agreement that is accepted by all parties.
		The three-decade long dispute over the Sahara, a former Spanish colony, is opposing Morocco to the Algeria-backed separatist movement "Polisario" which is claiming the secession of this territory from Morocco.
	www.arabicnews.com /ansub/Daily/Day/040727/2004072726.html (210 words)

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