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	Spanish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spanish is one of the official languages of the United Nations and the European Union.
		Spanish ceased to be an official language of the Philippines in 1987, and it is now spoken by less than 0.01% of the population; 2,658 speakers (1990 Census).
		Spanish is also spoken by segments of the populations in Aruba, Canada, Curaçao, Israel (both standard Spanish and Ladino), northern Morocco (both standard Spanish and Ladino), Netherlands Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey (Ladino), and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_language (2712 words)

	MSN Encarta - Mexico
		Mexico is bordered by the United States on the north, the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea on the east, and Guatemala and Belize on the south.
		Mexico and the United States share a border that is 3,100 km (1,900 mi) long, much of which is formed by the Rio Grande, a major river known as the Río Bravo in Mexico.
		The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in the early 16th century soon led to widespread intermarriage and racial mixing between Spaniards and Native Americans.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761576758 (2475 words)

	Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Spanglish . USA \| PBS
		By 1565, the Spanish established their first permanent colony in San Augustín, FL Led by Ponce de León, the Spanish first arrived in 1513 on the present-day United States on the Florida peninsula and returned in 1520 for further exploration.
		In 1845, Texas was admitted into the United States, a move that angered the Mexicans and led to the Mexican-American War in 1846, the outcome of which was the American annexation of vast territories to the north and west of Texas in 1848.
		Variation in the Spanish of the United States is due to the results of a founder effect, later immigration from across the Spanish diaspora, and sociolinguistic variables such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age and gender.
	www.pbs.org /speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/spanglish/usa (2023 words)

	Spanish for Spanish Speakers
		Teachers trained to teach Spanish as a foreign language to English speakers found themselves teaching classes in which an increasing percentage or even a majority of the students were not the traditional foreign language learners that the teachers were trained to teach (Draper & Hicks, 2000).
		To fully understand the goals and challenges of teaching Spanish to Spanish speakers, it is important to understand the diverse backgrounds of students who participate in Spanish courses and their motivations for studying a language they already know.
		These may include a desire to reactivate the Spanish they have learned in the past and develop it further, to learn more about their language and cultural heritage, to acquire literacy skills in Spanish, to develop or augment academic language skills in Spanish, to enhance career opportunities, or to fulfill a foreign language requirement.
	www.cal.org /resources/digest/spanish_native.html (1811 words)

	Ecuador Spanish School - a leading Spanish School in Quito, Ecuador (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Spanish is the third most spoken language in the world (after Chinese and English).
		Spanish is one of the official languages of the United Nations, the European Union and other international organizations.
		Spanish is used for international communication on political, economical and cultural issues.
	www.ecuador-spanish-school.com (311 words)

	United States; United States (Alabama-California): The Luso-Hispanic World in Maps (Library of Congress)
		The initial Spanish claim to the entirety of North America, which was based on the 1493 papal bull and the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal, came under continuous attack from various European powers, including France and England, from the second half of the sixteenth century forward.
		The initial Spanish claim to the entirety of North America, which was based on the 1493 papal bull and the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal, came under constant attack from various European powers, including France and England, from the second half of the sixteenth century forward.
		This Spanish map of the Gulf Coast from the mouth of the Mississippi River to the west coast of Florida includes coastline, coastal features, soundings, navigational hazards, settlements, and a decorative cartouche; map emphasizes passages in the mouth of the Mississippi River.
	www.loc.gov /rr/geogmap/luso/usalabama.html (5336 words)

	spanish in the americas - especially south & central american usage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the Philippines, which were incorporated into the Spanish Empire in the mid-16th century, Spanish served as the language of the ruling class, of civil and judicial administration, and of culture.
		Because Mexico often mediated communication between the Philippines and Spain, Philippine Spanish in general is similar to the Castilian dialect used in Mexico.
		For many years afterwards, Spanish was one of the official languages of the Philippines, along with English and Tagalog.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/spanish2.htm (683 words)

	Hispanics in the United States: An Insight Into Group Characteristics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The fact that so many of our states have Spanish names is indicative of this historical item, and Spanish-speaking settlers tanned out of Mexico as early as the 1600s in New Mexico; the 1700s in Texas and southern Arizona; the late 1700s and early 1800s in California and Colorado.
		The Spanish speech patterns of these countries often reflect Italian intonation patterns, and the use of the "soft" double "II" in the Spanish there, as well as the use of familiar address "che", probably stem from the Italian influence.
		While the Spanish language is dominant, as well as Spanish cultural norms, major segments of the population derive from German, English, Welsh, Irish, Arabic and eastern European Jewish sources.
	www.omhrc.gov /haa/HAA2pg/AboutHAA1a.htm (5984 words)

	Lawrence University - Spanish Department HomePage
		Spanish is one the most widely used languages in the world.
		It is spoken in all of Latin America (with the exception of Brazil), in many parts of the United States, and in Spain.
		Spanish program at Lawrence allows students to become part of this significant and extensive community.
	www.lawrence.edu /dept/spanish (149 words)

	The Future of Spanish in the United States
		Yet the case for the fading of Spanish is bolstered by data such as that from a recent study in Dade County (Greater Miami), Fla. In that traditional stronghold of Spanish, the study found that only 2 percent of public high school students graduate as full-fledged bilinguals.
		Spanish is the native language of Puerto Rico: Puerto Ricans are native U.S. citizens.
		The most effective way to raise a bilingual child is for the parents to consistently speak to him or her in Spanish in the home and to provide a variety of reading materials in that language.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/JWCRAWFORD/Castro1.htm (1978 words)

	Use of the Spanish Language in the U.S.--Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is based largely on a study by sociologist Calvin Veltman (1988), The Future of the Spanish Language in the United States.
		After 10 to 15 years in the United States, some 75 percent of all Hispanic immigrants are speaking English regularly, and virtually all their children will speak English.
		The maintenance of Spanish language use in the United States depends on the continuous arrival of new Hispanic immigrants.
	www.penpages.psu.edu /penpages_reference/28507/285072558.HTML (1737 words)

	Settlement Agreement between United States and Spanish Garden Homes Condominiums (N.J.)
		Spanish Gardens Condominiums is comprised of 28 buildings containing a total of 224 units, 112 of which are ground-floor units.
		The Spanish Gardens Condominiums Homeowners Association has been included as a party to this settlement solely because it controls access to the public and common use areas of the property and is therefore a necessary party for relief.
		Upon reasonable notice to the Respondents, representatives of the United States shall be permitted to inspect and copy any records of theirs or inspect any developments or residential units under their control covered by the Act bearing on compliance with this Agreement at any and all reasonable times.
	www.usdoj.gov /crt/housing/documents/spanishgardcomp.htm (1846 words)

	Articles - Pensacola, Florida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Pensacola was permanently established by the Spanish in 1698 and became the largest city in Florida and the capital of the colony of West Florida.
		The Spanish recaptured Pensacola in 1781 and retained control (excepting three short-lived invasions by American General Andrew Jackson in 1813, 1814, and 1818) until 1821, when the Adams-OnÃs Treaty ceded all of Spanish Florida to the United States.
		Pensacola is represented in the U.S. Congress by Jeff Miller (R), in the state senate by Charlie Clary (R) and Durell Peaden (R), and in the state house by Holly Benson (R), Dave Murzin (R), and Greg Evers (R).
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Pensacola,_Florida (3170 words)

	Spanish in Contact: Introduction
		Like the United States and Canada to the north, Spanish-American countries are recipients of foreign immigrants, hosting agglomerations of Italians, Germans, Portuguese, Russians, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese, British, and other nationalities--many of whom preserve to one degree or another their ancestral languages.
		Most of the works were originally presented, in abbreviated oral form, at the XII Symposium on Spanish and Portuguese Bilingualism, held in Miami in 1991 and co-sponsored by Florida International University and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
		She examines the Spanish spoken by partially-assimilated Quechua Indians, focusing on the adaptations made to standard Spanish structure.
	www.cascadilla.com /sicintro.html (2982 words)

	Those who don't speak Spanish may be left behind (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		With the surge over the past decade in the Hispanic population in the United States, speaking Spanish is becoming more of a necessity than a choice in many parts of the country.
		Americans are finding that not knowing Spanish can be a handicap, whether dealing with immigrants or schmoozing at a business lunch in the boss' native tongue.
		Spanish is second, the first language of 332 million.
	www.usatoday.com /news/nation/2001-05-09-spanish-usat.htm (1494 words)

	Spanish for Native Speakers --ERIC/CLL RGOs
		Spanish for native speakers (SNS) education: The state of the field.
		This volume is a collection of papers on teaching Spanish to native and bilingual Spanish speakers in four areas; the theory behind teaching Spanish to native speakers, practical issues for teaching to bilinguals or native speakers, four course syllabi for Spanish native speaker classrooms, and suggestions for placement and achievement examinations.
		Current and aspiring teachers of college Spanish need an awareness of how and why the language and dialects are used in real-life contexts, and to understand the value of the variations as well as that of standard usage.
	www.cal.org /ericcll/faqs/rgos/sns.html (6119 words)

	Why study Spanish? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		There are more than 20 million people of Hispanic origin in the United States making Spanish the second language in a nation which is rapidly becoming bilingual.
		Spanish is also spoken on many islands of the Caribbean, and in other areas of the world such as the Philippines and in parts of Africa where Spanish colonial rule was strongest.
		The rise of Spanish speakers in the U.S. during the last decade has created a tremendous job market for people fluent in Spanish and English, ranging from teaching to marketing.
	www.uweb.ucsb.edu /~sjhc/espanol.htm (282 words)

	Spanish Words, Spanish Phrases, Learn Spanish, Spanish Vocabulary, Spanish Verbs, Spanish software
		Spanish is one of the most commonly spoken world languages.
		The great news about Spanish is that it is one of the easiest languages for an English speaker to learn.
		One of the great things about Spanish is that after learning the alphabet, which is similar to English, you can start reading aloud almost immediately since the rules are very consistent and straight-forward.
	www.quiz-buddy.com /spanish.html (904 words)

	Acquisition of Florida
		The United States asserted that the portion of West Florida from the Mississippi to the Peridido rivers was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.
		Although U.S. Spanish relations were strained over suspicions of American support for the independence struggles of Spanish-American colonies, the situation became critical when General Andrew Jackson seized the Spanish forts at Pensacola and St. Marks in his 1818 authorized raid against Seminoles and escaped slaves whom were viewed as a threat to Georgia.
		Under the Onís-Adams Treaty of 1819 (also called the Transcontinental Treaty and ratified in 1821) the United States and Spain defined the western limits of the Louisiana Purchase and Spain surrendered its claims to the Pacific Northwest.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/time/jd/16320.htm (436 words)

	HIFC Timeline - Florida
		The Spanish capture Fort Caroline, killing most of the Protestant French settlers, and establish San Augustin (St. Augustine), the oldest permanant European settlement in the modern United States.
		Left in ruins to the Spanish, Pensacola was again invaded by the United States in 1817 by Andrew Jackson.
		As a slave state, with cotton and sugar cane plantations, cattle ranches, and railroads, its population doubled to 140,000 by 1860.
	www.houstonculture.org /vc/floridatime.html (851 words)

	Learn Spanish in Costa Rica, learn Spanish in Costa Rica, learn Spanish in Costa Rica, Spanish language and culture, ...
		Personalized Spanish is one of Costa Rica's Spanish language schools that offers small-group and personalized learning in a total immersion experience.
		Our Spanish immersion courses are tailored to each student's time frame, individual interests, and personal background in Spanish.
		Our Spanish school is dedicated to offering Spanish immersion programs for university students, business professionals, healthcare professionals, and all walks of life, including Spanish instruction for children.
	www.personalizedspanish.com (193 words)

	Constitution of the United States / Constitución de los Estados Unidos
		Clause 3: The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves.
		But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice.
		Clause 2: A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
	www.georgetown.edu /pdba/Constitutions/USA/usa1787.html (2520 words)

	SSRN-Language, Employment and Earnings in the United States: Spanish-English Differentials from 1970 to 1990 by David ...
		This paper analyzes employment and earnings differentials between Spanish speakers and English speakers in the United States, using data from the 1970, 1980, and 1990 U.S. censuses.
		The results show that Spanish speakers, both men and women, do not perform as well in the labor market as English speakers.
		Rather, they appear to be the result of Spanish speakers having relatively little of those labor market characteristics, most notably education, whose market value increased dramatically during the 1980s.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=245844 (462 words)

	Spanish-speaking students can learn about United States government in their own language
		MINNEAPOLIS, MN (October 22, 2002)—Many adults in the United States may be hard pressed to answer questions like, "Name the branches of government?" and "When did political parties begin to participate in elections?" Learning about the United States government, its history, and how it works can be complicated.
		It covers the origins and development of United States government, history of political parties, and branches of government.
		The timely topics of voting (including 2000 election results), citizenship, foreign policy, and the media's relationship to the United States government are also addressed.
	www.agsnet.com /press/usgov_press.asp (904 words)

	Multimac Spanish Language Resources - Newark Public Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		60% to 80% of the content is originally written in Spanish and the balance is adapted from the English-language version.
		Index of resources in Spanish, from the U.S., Spain and Mexico, on health maintenance.
		The way to connect with the libraries of the Instituto Cervantes, a Spanish cultural center represented worldwide in major cities.
	www.npl.org /Pages/Multimac/Collections/multimacspanish.html (506 words)

	bibliograpny for Honors 28: Spanish in the United States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Language, elites, and the state: nationalism in Puerto Rico and Quebec.
		San Miguel, Guadalupe, Jr., "Conflict and Controversy in the Evolution of Bilingual Education in the Untied States- An Interpretation" Social Science Quarterly 65:505-18, 1984.
		The case of Spanish in the United States" International Journal of the Sociology of Language 84:35-80.
	www.unc.edu /gform-links/courses/pre2000fall/hnrs028/biblio.html (1530 words)

	Joint Spanish-United States Cruise Investigates Tsunami and Earthquake Hazards in the Northeastern Caribbean
		Above: A recent Spanish-United States cruise investigated tsunami and earthquake hazards in the northeastern Caribbean.
		A survey to map tsunami and earthquake hazards in the northeastern Caribbean was carried out between March 28 and April 17, 2005, aboard the Spanish research vessel Hesperides and the Puerto Rican commercial tugboat Kruger B.
		The survey was conducted jointly by the University of Madrid, the Spanish Royal Naval Observatory, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Woods Hole Science Center, and the Puerto Rico Seismic Network (operated by the University of Puerto Rico).
	soundwaves.usgs.gov /2005/06/fieldwork.html (601 words)

	United States Government
		United States Government is an updated and expanded textbook for high school, ESL, and adult learners reading significantly below grade level.
		This full-color textbook carefully explains the origins and development of U.S. government, the history of political parties, the branches of government, and voting and citizenship up to the new millennium.
		Now both the textbook and the workbook are available in Spanish.
	www.agsnet.com /group.asp?nGroupInfoID=a93308 (932 words)

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