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Topic: Spanish Texas

	Texas Annexation - Spanish Texas - Texas State Library and Archives
		To the extent Texas was involved, the war of Mexican independence was an utter disaster.
		As the last Spanish governor of Texas wrote, the king's soldiers “drained the resources of the country, and laid their hands on everything that could sustain human life.” The Spanish population of Texas, already tiny, plummeted.
		This Spanish document from 1815 discusses the movement of rebels and the procedure for applying for amnesty from the King of Spain.
	www.tsl.state.tx.us /exhibits/annexation/prologue/page1.html (753 words)

	Spirit and Splendor: Texas and the Path to Independence -- Spanish Texas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Spanish law governed Texas during this period and was the basic law used in Texas until 1840 when English common law was adopted.
		Spanish King Charles III also made sweeping administrative reforms during the 1770s, creating a large semi-autonomous administrative unit called the Provincias Internas that was responsible for governing the interior provinces of New Spain-including Texas.
		Spanish efforts to encourage new settlers were also unsuccessful, and resulted in a series of revolts led by criollos, persons born in the New World to Spanish-born parents and entitled to fewer privileges than were Mexican settlers born in Spain.
	dallaslibrary.org /Friends/spirit/html/spanish.htm (1187 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		The Spanish mission was a frontier institution that sought to incorporate indigenous people into the Spanish colonial empire, its Catholic religion, and certain aspects of its Hispanic culture through the formal establishment or recognition of sedentary Indian communities entrusted to the tutelage of missionaries under the protection and control of the Spanish state.
		This joint institution of indigenous communities and the Spanish church and state was developed in response to the often very detrimental results of leaving the Hispanic control of relations with Indians on the expanding frontier to overly enterprising civilians and soldiers.
		As the number of permanent Spanish military forces in the area was reduced during most of the crucial eighteenth century, the Spanish adopted the French Indian policy, which called for developing alliances with the stronger Indian groups through trade or pacts against common enemies.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/SS/its2.html (4613 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		Spanish Texas, situated on the border of Spain's North American empire, encompassed only a small portion of what is now the Lone Star State.
		In the eighty-two years of continuous Spanish presence in New Mexico, Texas along the Rio Grande from modern Presidio to El Paso bordered the path from the mines, missions, and ranches of northern Mexico to the land of the Pueblos.
		Unless Spanish presence could be augmented and a halfway station established between the Rio Grande and the eastward missions, the occupation of Texas seemed destined to go as it had gone in 1693.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/SS/nps1.html (7076 words)

	Spanish Texas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spanish Texas is the name given by Texas history scholars to the period between 1690 and 1821 when Texas was governed as a province of the Spanish colony of New Spain.
		In the 17th and 18th centuries Spain and France maneuvered for control of Texas, with the Spanish based in Mexico and New Mexico and the French in Louisiana.
		The French were not able to wrest control of Texas from Spain, and by the early 19th century sold their North American holdings to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase, which then placed the United States as a threat to Spanish control of Texas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Texas (236 words)

	Institute of Texas Cultures - Spanish Culture and the Native Americans in Texas
		Spanish, but some were from other parts of the Spanish Empire.
		For mission residents, days were highly structured. At sunrise bells called the Indian converst to morning mass, which was followed by singing of prayers and religious instruction. They then returned to their living quarters for their morning meal.
		Other Native Americans moved in and out of the missions, choosing occasionally to return to familiar surroundings for a change from the farm and carpentry work and religious influences of the friars. Most refused to come at all and continued to live their traditional ways.
	www.texancultures.utsa.edu /nativeamerican/texas_native_americans/htms/TheMeetingSpanishandNApg.htm (837 words)

	History of Texas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although the Spanish had earlier sent a token force to the southern border of what is now Texas, the first Europeans established in the main part and heart of Texas were the French.
		Spanish Texas lasted between 1690 and 1821 when Texas was governed as a Spanish colony separate from New Spain, known as the "Kingdom of Texas".
		Mexican Texas is the name given by Texas historians to the brief period between 1821—1835, when Texas was part of Mexico, as a part of the State of Coahuila y Tejas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Texas (4241 words)

	Spanish Texas, Section 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The capitol of Texas and the presidio, were purposely placed near the eastern edge of Texas to keep the French respectful of the Spanish border.
		The balance of power in most struggles with the Spanish military was in the favor of the better equipped and better trained Europeans, but the guns from British, French and the Spanish traders in Louisiana had altered the balance and Oconor found the task more difficult than before.
		Hugh O'Connor cleansed Texas of a corrupt regime and provided the area with a degree of stability previously lacking, no small part of which was a respite from the constant Indian attacks.
	users.ev1.net /~gpmoran/ch1.htm (6423 words)

	Spanish Texas \| Winter Texan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prior to 1821, Texas was part of the Spanish colony of New Spain; see Spanish Texas for details.
		On November 6, 1528 shipwrecked Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca became the first known European to set foot on Texas.
		Member of the Narváez expedition, he was one of four shipwreck survivors in the Gulf of Mexico, later enslaved by a Native American tribe of the upper Gulf coast, who eventually reached Mexico City.
	www.wintertexan.info /node/2 (258 words)

	Amazon.com: Spanish Texas, 1519-1821: Books: Donald E. Chipman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Spanish precedents have shaped modern Texas law in the areas of judicial procedure, land and water law, and family law.
		Spanish influences abound in Texas art, architecture, music, and theater, not to mention the widely spoken Spanish language.
		Spanish conquistadors, as well as their successes and defeats, make for a fascinating read all by themselves.
	www.amazon.com /Spanish-Texas-1519-1821-Donald-Chipman/dp/0292776594 (1324 words)

	Texas Timeline (Key Events in early Texas)
		Before 1500 -- Prior to the arrival of the first European explorers, numerous tribes of the Indians of Texas occupied the region between the Rio Grande to the south and the Red River to the north.
		1832-1833 -- The Convention of 1832 and the Convention of 1833 in Texas were triggered by growing dissatisfaction among the settlements with the policies of the government in Mexico City.
		President James Polk followed through on a campaign platform promising to annex Texas, and signed legislation making Texas the 28th state of the United States.
	www.lsjunction.com /events/events.htm (2098 words)

	Chipman and Joseph, Explorers and Settlers of Spanish Texas, University of Texas Press
		Drawing from their earlier book and adapting the language and subject matter to the reading level and interests of middle and high school students, the authors here present the men and women of Spanish Texas for young adult readers and their teachers.
		Donald E. Chipman is Professor and Associate Chair of History at the University of North Texas in Denton.
		Harriett Denise Joseph is Professor of History at the University of Texas at Brownsville in partnership with Texas Southmost College.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/books/chiexp.html (229 words)

	Spanish Place Names
		The Spanish were among the first Europeans to explore what is now the United States, and the first to found a permanent settlement here (St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565).
		California: The state was named for a mythical land described in a popular Spanish novel from around 1500, Las sergas de Esplandián (The exploits of Esplandián) by Garcia Ordóñez de Montalvo.
		El Paso (Texas): "passage." The border city of El Paso lies at a small gap between the Rockies and the Juarez Mountains of Mexico.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/spanishnames.html (706 words)

	Spanish-Speaking Texas
		This will be accomplished by visiting Texas and seeing first-hand the diversity that exists in southern Texas as far as art, music, history, and language.
		Much of this population is intensely concentrated in relatively few regions in which the maintenance of Spanish use is greater in areas where these speakers are highly concentrated, particularly in Texas, where new immigration reinforces its use.
		As an expression of their opposition to the use of Spanish in the US, policymakers continue to be successful in designating English as the only legitimate language of the country.
	titan.iwu.edu /~cisabell/courses/spanish305/2001 (1257 words)

	Twilight of New Spanish Texas
		Texas last Spanish governor, Antonio María Martínez from Bexar, met Perry’s force near current Goliad on the plains of La Encinal del Perdido in what some refer to as the Battle of the Perdido and routed them.
		Upon suggestion by Spanish envoy to the USA, Luis de Onís, Lallemand attempted to obtain permission to establish a colony in New Spanish Texas from the Viceroy, but he was refused permission to land anywhere in New Spain.
		Texas was decimated during the death throes of the royal government and its successful attempts to repel illegal immigration, filibustering and independence movements.
	www.tamu.edu /ccbn/dewitt/Spain3.htm (4206 words)

	Learn Spanish Houston Texas College \| Learn English Speak \| Learn Spanish Present Tense Of Verbs \| Eslcafe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
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	www.surr3al.com /learn-spanish-houston-texas-college.htm (482 words)

	Lt. Zebulon Pike in Spanish Texas
		His official mission was to "approximate" to the Spanish possessions, take the lay of the land politically and geographically and make contact with the Indians.
		Malgares and several others of the Spanish officers having heard of the thing, waited on us much mortified, saying with what pleasure they would have entertained us had not the designation of the general pointed out his will on the subject.
		Although he candidly confessed his disgust at their service, manners, morals, and political establishments, yet he never made a communication to us which he was bound in honor to conceal; but on the contrary fulfilled the station of informer, which in that country is considered no disgrace, with great punctuality and fidelity.
	www.tamu.edu /ccbn/dewitt/pikejour.htm (5393 words)

	Filibusters into New Spanish Texas
		On the 21st, the Spanish force encountered Nolan's men entrenched and unwilling to surrender near the current Nolan River near Blum in current Hill County.
		Martinez and Lara defected to the Spanish force and at 9 AM, Nolan was killed by a ball to the forehead after which his men surrendered because of low ammunition.
		The expedition including the capture and experiences while in Spanish prisons is described in the Memoirs of Ellis P. Bean, who was second in command on the expedition.
	www.tamu.edu /ccbn/dewitt/filibusters.htm (1292 words)

	Spanish Texas, Section 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Spanish perception of the United States had changed and with it, its perception of American and of Nolan's activities.
		Though the Spanish signed the Pinckney Treaty with the United States in 1795 they did so because of pressures brought to bear by the treaty between England and the United States.
		This was necessary because of the separate Spanish administrations in Spanish Texas and Spanish Louisiana.
	users.ev1.net /~gpmoran/chap1b.htm (1604 words)

	Spanish translations website integration Austin Texas
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		We work with small Hispanic business providing them bilingual technical services, teaching them about technology, and helping them to understand how technology and computers can help them be more productive, have better customer relationships, and make them more profitable.
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	www.spanishtech.com (508 words)

	Dallas Texas Spanish Personal Injury Lawyers Automobile Accidents Attorneys Nursing Home Abuse
		Since 1980, William M. Hayner and Associates has been representing the residents of the Dallas - Fort Worth “Metroplex” in a variety of legal matters with a focus on the area of Personal Injury.
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		Contact the law firm of William M. Hayner and Associates today and leave your worries in the hands of experienced counsel.
	www.haynerlaw.com (427 words)

	Texas State Historical Association - The Handbook of Texas Online -- Browse \|
		Texas State Historical Association - The Handbook of Texas Online -- Browse
		Copyright © The Texas State Historical Association Last Updated: January 2, 2007
		Produced in partnership with the University of Texas Libraries and the Center for Studies in Texas History at the University of Texas at Austin.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/browse/index.html (91 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: SPANISH TEXAS
		The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.
		The Handbook of Texas Online is a joint project of The General Libraries at the University of Texas at Austin (http://www.lib.utexas.edu) and the Texas State Historical Association (http://www.tsha.utexas.edu).
		Copyright ©, The Texas State Historical Association, 1997-2002
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/print/SS/nps1.html (7071 words)

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