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Topic: Spanish War of Independence

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	Spanish-American War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A war that was in part fueled by the American public's ambition to end the abuse of Cuban natives would in the end result in three territorial conquests for the U.S., tens of thousands of Spaniards and Cubans killed, and the deaths of perhaps a quarter of a million Filipinos [12].
		The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898-1934 (1994).
		Centennial of the Spanish-American War 1898–1998 by Lincoln Cushing
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish-American_War (4998 words)

	Algerian War of Independence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Merciless "café wars," resulting in nearly 5,000 deaths, were waged in France between the two rebel groups throughout the years of the War of Independence.
		An important watershed in the War of Independence was the massacre of civilians by the FLN near the town of Philippeville in August 1955.
		For Algerians of many political factions, the legacy of their War of Independence acted to legitimise and virtually sanctify the unrestricted use of force in achieving a goal deemed to be justified.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence (6000 words)

	American Revolutionary War Encyclopedia Articles @ ArtOfTexas.com (Art of Texas) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The war was the culmination of the American Revolution, a colonial struggle against political and economic policies of the British Empire.
		Throughout the war, the British were able to use their naval superiority to capture and occupy coastal cities, but control of the countryside (where most of the population lived) largely eluded them.
		The northern, southern, and naval theaters of the war converged in 1781 at Yorktown, Virginia.
	www.artoftexas.com /encyclopedia/American_Revolutionary_War (6519 words)

	Chronology--Puerto Rico
		Spanish Minister of Defense Segismundo Bermejo sent instructions to Spanish Admiral Cervera to proceed with his fleet from Cape Verde to the Caribbean, Cuba and Puerto Rico.
		Spanish forces in the fortress of San Cristóbal in San Juan exchanged fire with the U.S.S. Yale under the command of Capt. William Clinton Wise.
		The Spanish fleet attempt to leave the bay was halted as the U.S. squadron under Admiral Schley destroyed the Spanish destroyer Furor, the torpedo boat Plutón, and the armored cruisers Infanta María Teresa, Almirante Oquendo, Vizcaya, and Cristóbal Colón.
	www.loc.gov /rr/hispanic/1898/chronpr.html (2461 words)

	Chapter 19: A History of Spain and Portugal, vol. 2
		The War of Independence was in the long run a struggle of attrition in which the French were ground down by constant harassment and, from 1812, by the commitment of Napoleon's main strength to eastern and central Europe.
		The seat of Spanish government during the greater part of the War of Independence was Cádiz, the country's leading Atlantic port, separated from the mainland by a narrow peninsula easily defended from French assault, protected and provisioned by the British and Spanish fleets.
		The dominant figure in the Spanish army at the close of the First Carlist War was General Baldomero Espartero, who commanded the government forces in the north during the climactic campaign that concluded with the compromise peace of Vergara in 1839.
	libro.uca.edu /payne2/payne19.htm (15693 words)

	WHKMLA : Dutch Revolt, (1566) 1579-1648
		Spanish forces laid siege to Haarlem, the capital of Holland (Dec. 1572); the city surrendered July 12th; the defenders were executed.
		The war had become a stalemate; Spain could not conquer Holland and Zeeland because of her location and fleet; the rebels could not conquer the higher situated grounds because of the superior Spanish army.
		With the death of Isabella in 1621, the Spanish Netherlands reverted to Spanish sovereignty.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/16cen/dutchrevolt.html (1935 words)

	The History Guy: Philippine American War
		After fighting a savage guerilla war for two and a half years, the Filipinos suddenly found themselves in a seemingly advantageous position as allies of the United States.
		In 1898, Spain fought a losing war with the United States in which her colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam were overrun with relative ease by the U.S. Army and her Atlantic Fleet devastated outside of Santiago, Cuba.
		Many American officers and non-coms had served in the Indian Wars, and thus applied the old belief that "the only good Indian was a dead Indian" to their relations with the Filipinos.
	www.historyguy.com /PhilipineAmericanwar.html (1308 words)

	History of CUBA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The brutal Spanish repression of the Cuban independence movement, including the details of the concentration camps, is vividly reported in the American press.
		The Spanish insist that it was an accident (and indeed a fire in the ship's coal bunkers spreading to the ammunition store could well be the reason), but President McKinley now demands Cuban independence as the price of peace.
		The terms of independence have included the Platt Amendment, which pledges the Cubans to continue the public health improvements started by the military government (such as the eradication of yellow fever) and allows the USA to intervene if there is a threat to Cuba's independence or good government.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab08 (961 words)

	The Art of War - Otto Dix’s Der Krieg [War] cycle 1924
		Otto Dix’s Der Krieg [War] 1924 is consciously modelled on Goya’s equally famous cycle of prints Los desastres de la guerra [The disasters of war], which detailed Goya’s own account of the Spanish War of Independence from 1808 to 1814.
		War for Goya was an intimate horror, its initial impact localised, itsultimate effect incremental.
		It is only on closer inspection, however, that images of skeletons, disarticulated limbs and the other debris of war slowly emerge – see, for example, the foot in the extreme lower left foreground which many viewers fail to see on first inspection.
	www.nga.gov.au /Dix/gallery.cfm (1321 words)

	The Press and Spanish-American Relations in 1898
		The Spanish report listed several pieces of evidence: the failure of a geyser of water to shoot up; the lack of dead fish in the area of the wreck; and, the lack of opportunity for anyone to place a mine near the ship.
		In case Spanish duplicity has gone so far as to blow up the Maine there is nothing to do but declare war, whip the rascals and make Spain pay for all of the trouble she has caused.
		Spanish threats can do nothing to bluff this country and it matters but little what speculators may do or say, there will be a hot time if Spain did it.
	www.humboldt.edu /~jcb10/spanwar.shtml (5800 words)

	[No title]
		Spanish-American War / War of Philippine Independence 1898 - 1901
		As war between the United States and Spain became imminent, the commander of the U.S. Asiatic Squadron, Commodore George Dewey, had discussions with Emilio Aguinaldo's government in exile in Singapore and Hong Kong.
		The Filipino rebels routed the demoralized Spanish forces in the provinces and laid siege to Manila.
	www.ualberta.ca /~vmitchel/fw4.html (888 words)

	11.5.04
		During the Napoleonic invasion and the Spanish war of independence from 1808 to 1814, Goya served as court painter to the French.
		Upon the restoration of the Spanish monarchy, Goya was pardoned for serving the French, but his work was not favored by the new king.
		...it is by no means certain that he disapproved of war as an institution; he had no sympathies with causes or movements, but instead, an insatiable curiosity in life and the energy to indulge it, and through his own hardships, a far-reaching knowledge of the feelings of the poor and of the cannon-fodder.
	www.madinpursuit.com /Journal/20041105.htm (491 words)

	The Art of War - Otto Dix’s Der Krieg [War] cycle 1924
		Dix was conscripted into the army during World War II and in 1945 was captured and put into a prisoner of war camp.
		War profoundly affected him as an individual and as an artist, and he took every opportunity, both during his active service and afterwards, to document his experiences.
		Goya’s cycle of 82 etchings, which he worked on for a decade after the Spanish War of Independence were not, however, published until 1863, long after his death.
	www.nga.gov.au /Dix/index.cfm (1084 words)

	The Spanish Civil War
		Although a war that soon took on an international character, the civil war was born out of Spanish problems and divisions.
		Most of the Spanish gold reserves (the fourth largest in the world) were sent to the USSR in exchange for military equipment that began arriving in October.
		The Spanish civil war started as a distinctly Spanish war born out of Spanish disputes but it was soon to take on an international character.
	www.historyhome.co.uk /europe/spaincw.htm (2793 words)

	Spanish-Cuban-American War - History of Cuba
		The dream of Cuban independence had existed for over one-hundred years before the final war for independence from Spain began in February 1895.
		Under traditional Spanish rule, they sold their goods to the Spanish government, who set the prices and was their only legal customer.
		Cuba’s second war of independence began in 1895, after years of meticulous planning by José Martí, who united some of the surviving veterans of The Ten Year War; Antonio Maceo, Máximo Gómez, Calixto García and others.
	www.historyofcuba.com /history/scaw/scaw1.htm (964 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		The Mexican War of Independence was in reality a series of revolts that grew out of the increasing political turmoil both in Spain and Mexico at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
		During the French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars Spain fought both as an ally and as an enemy of France and suffered frequent interruptions in its commerce with its American colonies.
		Burdened with mounting war debts and facing a deepening economic crisis, Spanish rulers settled on extracting increased colonial revenues to meet European obligations.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/MM/qdmcg.html (1356 words)

	A Brief History of Spain - the 18th and 19th Centuries
		The war continued until Emperor Joseph I of Austria died in 1711 leaving Charles III of Spain as his successor to the Austrian throne.
		Charles was forced to relinquish all claims to the Spanish throne and Barcelona surrendered on Sept 11th 1714.
		The Spanish Cortes (parliament) made Wellington a Grandee of Spain with the title Duque de Ciudad Rodrigo and he was awarded the title Viscount Wellington of Talavera by the British.
	www.practicalspain.com /spain-napoleon.htm (920 words)

	Napoleonic Turbulence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		My interest in the Napoleonic Wars is restricted to Spain and Portugal, and their Central and South American Colonies.
		The continental part of these conflicts (1807 - 1814) was known as the Peninsular War to the British and the War of Independence to the Spanish.
		During the period 1807 - 1824, the Spanish colonies were wracked by revolution; by 1824 Mexico and all the South American Colonies were independent.
	www.balagan.org.uk /war/iberia/1807 (198 words)

	A Splendid Little War
		When the thick, fl smoke that had obscured the battle cleared, he saw the Spanish fleet, battered and afire.
		The Spanish fleet was destroyed, and with it sank all hope of victory in Cuba.
		Compared to the Civil War, in which tens of thousands were often killed in a single day, these casualties seemed insignificant.
	www.smplanet.com /imperialism/splendid.html (1664 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Thoughts on guerilla war
		I know guerilla wars were not exactly the norm in the EU time period, but I was thinking that some sort of (daily, please
		I think the Irish used this some as well, and in the south the Americans did in the rev war, even if that is at the very tail end of the period.
		BTW,Paterson, you are very welcome in the spanish forums as you live in Ronda.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=246200 (619 words)

	Mark Twain on War and Imperialism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Mark Twain (1835-1910) was the most prominent literary opponent of the Philippine-American War and he served as a vice president of the Anti-Imperialist League from 1901 until his death.
		The Worthiest War: Letter to Joseph H. Twichell, by Mark Twain, June 17, 1898, expressing support for the Spanish-American War.
		Mark Twain's Civil War, by Jim Zwick, on his experiences of the Civil War as a soldier, an exile from war, and as a Southern writer seeking national acceptance.
	www.boondocksnet.com /ai/twain/index.html (1593 words)

	The War for Cuban Independence
		After careful planning by José Martí and a series of events that seemed to conspire against the Cuban rebels, the war of independence began on February 1895.
		This was the 3rd effort by the Cubans to free themselves from centuries of Spanish domination, reuniting many of the loved heroes of the Ten Year War: Antonio Maceo, Maximo Gómez, Flor Crombet, Calixto Garcia and others.
		Articles may be printed for personal consumption but may not be reproduced, copied, published, sold or altered in any way without prior written consent.
	www.historyofcuba.com /history/scaw/spawar.htm (276 words)

	Spanish-American War
		In 1898 national attention focused on Florida as the Spanish-American War began.
		The port city of Tampa served as the primary staging area for U.S. troops bound for the war in Cuba.
		Florida, the closest state to the Caribbean and home to a large Cuban immigrant population, became the setting for much of the action in Cuba's fight for independence from Spain.
	www.floridamemory.com /OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/s-a_war.cfm (180 words)

	Crucible of Empire - PBS Online
		Unlike the Ten Years' War, the Cuban Independence Movement of the 1890s was not ignored by the United States.
		The Civil War was over, the American west had been settled, and immigration was at record heights.
		After the United States government was drawn into the conflict in 1898, the end of Spanish rule became a reality.
	www.pbs.org /crucible/tl3.html (331 words)

	Spanish-American War
		On the night of 15 February l898 the battleship USS Maine was shattered by an explosion which sent the ship and two-thirds of her crew to the bottom of Havana harbor.
		Bolstered by wide-spread sympathy for those who were seeking Cuban independence from Spain's colonial rule, the emotion-charged Maine tragedy forced the already strained Spanish-American relations to the breaking point, precipitating a short war rapidly decided by two naval engagements.
		In addition to Sampson and Dewey's crushing victories, naval operations included blockade of the Cuban coast, bombardment of Spanish fortifications at San Juan, Puerto Rico by battleship USS Iowa., armored cruiser USS New York and other ships, and gunfire support of Marine and Army landings in Cuba and Puerto Rico.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/stream/faq45-11.htm (190 words)

	Spanish-American War for Cuba's Independence
		The students will be able to explain why the United States joined in the fight for Cuba's independence.
		Using a map of Florida and Cuba, have the students label the cities used as military bases during the Spanish-American War.
		Therefore, students should not be asked to complete the questions until after receiving class instruction on the vocabulary and content of the passage.
	fcit.coedu.usf.edu /Florida/lessons/s-a_war/s-a_war2.htm (216 words)

	Hispanics in the American Revolution, War of Independence
		There were 7000 prisoners of war who died while prisoners of war on English prison ships in New York Harbor after being captured
		Out of the 7000 there were over 4000 Spanish soldiers fighting for American independence.
		Spanish ports in Europe and the Caribbean were safe havens for harassed American ships.
	www.neta.com /~1stbooks/revolt_0.htm (242 words)

	Luso-Spanish Military History
		My specialty is 'Luso-Spanish', that is, the wars of Spain and Portugal.
		The pros are that it covers a lot of history and I have an excuse to buy armies from some fascinating conflicts.
		My current fascination is WWII wargaming using Crossfire - and yes the Spanish were involved.
	www.balagan.org.uk /war/iberia (127 words)

	Books on the Spanish-American War of 1898
		The Spanish American War is remembered more for its enormous political ramifications than for the actual fighting.
		The War with Spain in 1898, David F. Trask's definitive account, balances the political and military aspects of the conflict.
		Representations of the Cuban and Philippine Insurrections on the Spanish Stage 1887-1898
	www.dropbears.com /b/broughsbooks/military/spanish_american_war.htm (429 words)

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