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Topic: Spanish colonization of the Americas

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	Francisco Pizarro - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		1475–June 26, 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Inca Empire and founder of the city of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru.Pizarro was born in Trujillo, (Extremadura), Spain.
		The Spanish were successful and Pizarro executed Atahualpa's 12-man honor guard and took the Inca captive at the so-called ransom room.
		After the Spanish had sealed the conquest of Peru by taking Cusco in 1533, Jauja in the fertile Mantaro Valley was established as Peru's provisional capital in April 1534.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Francisco_Pizarro (3786 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Spanish colonization of the Americas
		The Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Western Hemisphere of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón) in 1492.
		The Spanish colonization of the New World spanned four centuries, eventually ending with a series of independence movements in the Nineteenth Century, including ultimately Cuba, Philippines, and Puerto Rico in 1898 as part of the Spanish-American War.
		The accounts of the ill behavior of Spanish conquistadors from both inside and outside were part of the source material for the stereotype of Spanish cruelty that came to be known as the Black Legend spread mostly by Protestant foes, such as the Dutch and the English.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas (2074 words)

	Spanish colonization of the Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It is important to distinguish between the Spanish conquest of Mexico and the Spanish conquest of YucatÃ¡n.
		The accounts of the ill behavior of Spanish conquistadors from both inside and outside were part of the source material for the stereotype of Spanish cruelty that came to be known as the Black Legend spread mostly by Protestant foes, such as the Dutch and the English.
		His account is largely responsible for the passage of the new Spanish colonial laws known as the New Laws of 1542, which was used in an attempt to protect the rights of native inhabitants (the governor and men sent to enforce them were killed by rebellious conquistadores).
	www.anime.co.za /wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas (2491 words)

	Spanish
		Spanish is one of six official working languages of the United Nations and the European Union.
		Spanish grammar is derived from the grammar of Latin.
		Spanish is considered to be a Category I language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/january/Spanish.html (1666 words)

	La leyenda Negra, the Black legend: truths and myths about the Spanish Colonization part 2
		So the Spanish thought that the pain and the suffering imposed on the Indians were a small prize compared to what they were offering which was salvation and eternal life.
		The conquest of Mexico by Cortez is one of the darkest chapters of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
		Being the first to make contact with the Indians, the Spanish set in motion the machinery of the European Colonization of the Americas but the dehumanization of the Indians, the capture and enslavement of millions of African were guided by a General European Vision of Humanity.
	www.kwabs.com /leyenda_negra_black_legend2.html (1248 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These laws were that the Crown attempted to impose in all of the Spanish colonies in the Americas and in the Philippines.
		The encomienda system was essential to the Spanish government sustaining their control over North, Central and South America, because it was the first major organizational law instituted on a continent where disease, war and turmoil reigned.
		The etymology of encomienda and encomendero lies in the Spanish verb encomendar, "to entrust".
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Encomienda (819 words)

	Black Legend
		The Black Legend (in Spanish, leyenda negra) is the claim that Spain and the Spaniards were depicted as uniquely bloodthirsty, cruel, greedy and licentious, in excess of reality.
		In addition, the other European colonial powers, rivals of Spain, envied the Spanish Empire[?], the first in the history to include territories in all the inhabited continents, and the most powerful throughout the 16th and the 17th century.
		The United States of America would have inherited the Black Legend from the British colonization of the Americas.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/bl/Black_legend.html (411 words)

	Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the 16th century, the Spaniards arrived in the Andean region of South America and over the course of only a few decades, succeeded in toppling the Inca empire, which had spanned most of the Andean region and surrounding lowlands from the south of modern-day Colombia to the north of Chile and Argentina.
		On November 16, 1532, while the natives were in a celebration in Cajamarca, the Spanish Pizarro took the Inca Atahualpa prisoner by surprise, causing a great consternation between the natives and conditioning the future course of the fight.
		It was at this critical moment in the empire's history that the Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro arrived and after three long expeditions had already established the first Spanish settlement in northern Peru, calling it San Miguel de Piura on July of 1532.
	www.bookrags.com /Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire (3629 words)

	Family Search - History
		It was the later voyage of Christopher Columbus that led to extensive European colonization of the Americas.
		Britain acquired the French colony of New France and the Spanish colony of Florida in 1763.
		Britain also colonized the west coast of North America with the colonies of Vancouver Island, founded in 1849 and New Caledonia, founded in 1846 (later combined and named British Columbia).
	www.searchfamily.org /genealogy_1.htm (1864 words)

	Creole at Caribbean Topfunwebsites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Throughout the Spanish colonization of the Americas of Latin America, the Spanish caste system made distinction between ''criollos'' and the higher-ranking and governing ''peninsulares'', despite both being of pure Spanish ancestry — the only distinction being that the latter were born on the Iberian Peninsula, hence the name.
		Unlike in Spanish America, a Brazilian Empire directly connected to the Portuguese monarchy was established.
		During the colonial era of the Philippines, the term "Filipino" served the same purpose as the term "Criollo" in Latin America, though there it implied the birth of the unmixed Spaniard was in the Philippines.
	www.topfunwebsites.com /haiti/creole.html (1107 words)

	A History of Afro-Hispanic Language - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In Spanish America, Africans were found in every colony, from the highland mines of Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and Honduras, to the Argentine pampas, the docks of El Callao, the port attached to Lima, Peru, and the streets of Mexico City.
		In contemporary Latin America, the population of African origin is most noticeable where the last wave of slave arrivals touched shore – in the Caribbean islands, and along the Caribbean and upper Pacific coasts of South America.
		Their use of Spanish was depicted – never flatteringly and often with much exaggeration – from the early sixteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521822653&ss=exc (3500 words)

	Get to know the Hispanics around you
		The colonization of the Americas by Europeans had devastating consequences for the native inhabitants.
		Spanish America had more resources, but it became fragmented, weak, and dominated by outside powers, whereas the United States expanded and became powerful and managed to stay free of outside control.
		In 1822 President Monroe declared that the Americas were off-limits to European powers (the ""The Monroe Doctrine, expressed in 1823, proclaimed the United States\' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize the Americas or interfere with the affairs of sovereign nations located in the Americas, such as the United States, Mexico, and others.
	www.lrc.salemstate.edu /hispanics/history.htm (2553 words)

	Unique Facts About South & Central America: : The Spanish Colonization
		Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Americas of Christopher Columbus in 1492.
		The Treaty of Tordesillas was an attempt to solve the disputes with the Portuguese colonizers.
		The silver of America (especially the mines of Zacatecas and Potosí) went to pay the enormous debt brought by the wars against the Reformation led by the Spanish kings.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /southamericaweb/factfile/Unique-facts-SouthAmerica5.htm (712 words)

	[No title]
		Cabildos- central authority of the Spanish colonized cities — had responsibilities such as regulating wages, food prices, supplies — first the job position was elected, and eventually it was sold, meaning it went primarily to the oligarchy.
		Conquistadores- (meaning "Conqueror" in the Spanish language) is the term used to refer to the soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who achieved the Conquista (this Spanish term is generally accepted by historians), i.e.
		The Spanish also utilized the same form labor system in supplying the needed work force for the silver mines, which was the basis of their economy in this time period.
	people.cohums.ohio-state.edu /guy60/history534.04/5341.doc (335 words)

	Colonial history of the United States - Wikinfo
		From 1492, when Christopher Columbus brought the lands of the Western Hemisphere to the attention of a Europe that had long forgotten about them, throughout the 16th century, North America was a backwater of colonialism.
		Little Portugal, which had in fact begun charting the far shores of the Atlantic Ocean before Spain began, was limited by the Treaty of Tordesillas to the easterly lands of Brazil.
		The men and women who sailed to America on the Mayflower intended to arrive in the northern parts of what was known as Virginia - somewhere in the area of today's New York.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Colonial_History_of_the_United_States (3684 words)

	SCCS: Spanish Curriculum
		First, students study Spanish to develop confidence and beginning skills in Spanish and to experience the intellectual pleasure that can come from the study of a foreign language.
		Students are introduced to art and literature from Spanish speaking countries, learn a variety of traditional and contemporary songs, and are introduced to native speakers through both visitors and pen-pals.
		In addition, the content of the Spanish curriculum is integrated with the schools social studies program through the study of the “geography” of the Spanish language, medieval Spain, Spanish colonization of the Americas and the ways in which immigrants from Spanish speaking countries are currently influencing our language and our culture.
	www.smith.edu /sccs/curriculum/spanish.html (281 words)

	SPAIN: The Black Legend in the 18th century
		Spanish was barely tolerated as a language of commerce; a scholarly minister once said to me "Spain has no literature".
		Spanish was not widely taught, but I happened to go to a school which taught it, and that changed my career.
		The first deals with L'Ábbé Raynal, whose notorious denunciations of Spanish colonization of the Americas was the source of much of the later odious comparisons between the colonization of the Americas by Spain and the other countries, such as Britain.
	wais.stanford.edu /Spain/spain_blacklegendin18thcentury32502.html (1305 words)

	The Spanish Debate On the Americas
		Juan Ginés de Sepulveda, Bartolomé de las Casas, and Francisco de Vitoria arguments pertaining to the settlement and colonization of the native people of America, while presented in different manors, are all the same.
		All three Spaniards believed that the barbarians had to accept the rule of the Spanish because the Spanish were mentally superior, and divine and natural laws gave the Spanish the right to conquer and enslave the native people of America.
		The foundation for Spanish conquests was their interpretation of the bible.
	www.studyworld.com /spanish_debate_on_the_americas.htm (745 words)

	Settlement 7, Go Ahead, American Beginnings: 1492-1690, Primary Resources in U.S. History and Literature, Toolbox ...
		Attempts by the Spanish, French, and English to place settlements on the Atlantic coast had failed (Fort Caroline, Ajacan, and Roanoke among the failures).
		In a space of two years, however, in 1607 and 1608, the Spanish, English, and French founded settlements north of the 30th latitude that survived despite the odds against them—Santa Fé in New Mexico (1607), Jamestown on the Atlantic coast (1607), and Quebec on the St. Lawrence River (1608).
		In correspondence between officials in Spain and Spanish America, the fate of these settlements was debated.
	www.nhc.rtp.nc.us /pds/amerbegin/settlement/text7/text7read.htm (1066 words)

	Spanish Discovery and Colonization
		By the time the English began active colonization, the Spanish had already explored large portions of North America, especially in the South and Southwest.
		The Spanish explorers encountered three major civilizations in the New World: the Incas in present-day Peru and the Mayans and Aztecs in Mexico and Central America.
		Spanish conquest in the New World was driven by the three 'G's—gold, glory, and gospel.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h436.html (740 words)

	Santos and Retablos
		In the West Indies, Mexico, New Mexico, and Central and South America, the conversion of native populations to Catholicism was a central element of colonization.
		In the sixteenth century, Spanish Catholic missionaries in Puerto Rico introduced prayer and devotion to saints to the native Tainos and Africans, brought to the island as slaves.
		Spanish colonists also brought their tradition of carving saints to Puerto Rico as well as to New Mexico, the West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America, and the Philippines.
	www.tfaoi.com /aa/7aa/7aa3.htm (1568 words)

	Map of the Caribbean including Isla de Margarita, Venezuela
		Whether an Ortoiroid colonisation of the islands took place is uncertain, but there is little evidence of one.
		During the first voyage of the explorer Christopher Columbus (mandated by the Spanish crown to conquer) contact was made with the Lucayans in the Bahamas and the Taíno in Cuba and the northern coast of Hispaniola, and a few of the native people were taken back to Spain.
		In 1697 the Spanish ceded the western third of Haiti to France.
	www.freewebs.com /caranta/caribmap.htm (672 words)

	Cultures - Planet Age of Empires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Age of Empires III will feature eight European nations that you'll be able to take control of on their way to the colonization of the Americas.
		The French were able to briefly regain some of their possessions in North America from the Spanish during the Napoleonic Era.
		The German colonization of the Americas consisted of a 16th century attempt to settle Venezuela.
	planetageofempires.gamespy.com /View.php?view=GameInfo.Detail&id=74&game=3 (3296 words)

	[No title]
		Basques pursued ethnically based trading networks to aid the expansion of their ambitions and this was the foundation for a trade diaspora (“diaspora” as defined by the Greeks for spreading or sowing) that was followed by economic, political, and socio-cultural transnationalism.
		Basque emigration to the Americas and the Philippines was the transfer of the skilled and influential from an imperial country and its regions to its colonies, a colonial diaspora.
		Therefore, for today’s Basque population in Peru, the Basques in Peruvian history are connected to Spanish conquerors and colonizers and are categorized by the general population as “Spanish”, while the Basques in Río de la Plata history are distinguished as immigrant pioneers who fought for independence and built the new countries.
	ce-cs.huji.ac.il /articles_etc/documents/basqueglorial3.doc (6384 words)

	Spanish_Colonization
		Considering that their rule replaced that of far more barbaric societies, resulted in a moral and cultural reformation among the natives, and amplified technological and economic progress, it is by far more appropriate to laud the conquistadors as dauntless liberators than as the wretched slime they do not deserve to be called.
		Sepulveda had taken cognizance of the fact that, for the sake of undermining the morality of the Spanish effort, the enemies of colonization (or more likely those who did not wish to compete with Spanish efforts in the New World) portrayed Native communities as idyllic, harmonious, and hospitable.
		According to Cerio, “From Ferdinand forward, Spanish monarchs encouraged candid reports, favorable or unfavorable, on conditions in the Americas.” This was a remarkable, if only partial, development in free speech rights two hundred years prior to the emergence of individualistic philosophical systems which secured a general transition to liberty in Western culture.
	www.geocities.com /rationalargumentator/Spanish_Colonization.html (1000 words)

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