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Topic: Spanish conquest of Peru

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	Peru (country) - MSN Encarta
		Conditions were favorable to conquest, for the empire was debilitated by a just-concluded civil war between the heirs to the Inca throne, Atahualpa and Huascar, each of whom was seeking to control the empire.
		The Spanish, whose main aims were plunder and the conversion of native tribes to Christianity, stopped the development of the indigenous civilization.
		As a result, colonial Peru was a divided society, consisting of a small class that owned the land and controlled education, political, military, and religious power, and of a large, mostly indigenous class (about 90 percent of the total population) that remained landless, illiterate, and exploited.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570790_8/Peru_(country).html (1083 words)

	Senior Thesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It was invaluable to Spanish invaders – just as useful as the dynastic schism of the civil war, and the indifference of the native masses to the fate of the upper classes of Inca society.
		Author Robert Royal says that the Spanish should not be chastised for looking to the New World for opportunities, because the Indians themselves “were no strangers to need and conquest.”[108] It was a tragedy that so many natives died, but the Spanish mentality was no different from the Incas.
		Spanish possession of horses first provided an element of fear within the native population, but once the natives became accustomed to these beasts, they provided a military advantage to the Spanish, especially during the siege of Cuzco.
	home.comcast.net /~rhonda-lou2/senior_thesis.htm (8388 words)

	Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On November 16, 1532, while the natives were in a celebration in Cajamarca, the Spanish Pizarro took the Inca Atahualpa prisoner by surprise, causing a great consternation between the natives and conditioning the future course of the fight.
		Nevertheless, the Viceroyalty of Peru was not organized until the arrival of the Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572.
		It was at this critical moment in the empire's history that the Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro arrived and after three long expeditions had already established the first Spanish settlement in northern Peru, calling it San Miguel de Piura on July of 1532.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Peru (2518 words)

	Travel with Bob and Betty Van Leer
		Peru is a large country, our guide says 1260 miles from the Chilean border to the Ecuador border.
		Peru spreads across the Andes and our guide said 52% of the country is in the Amazon River jungle.
		However, when the Spanish arrived the empire was in a crisis, weakened by a civil war and disease.
	www.bobvanleer.com /southamericasouthpacific2003/gensanmartin21403.htm (1330 words)

	Global Volunteers Peru Program: The People of Peru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		About 45 percent of Peru's inhabitants are Native Americans, some of whom are descended from the Inca who established a great civilization in the region by the 15th century.
		Spanish, spoken by some 70 percent of the people, was the sole official language of Peru until 1975, when Quechua, also was made an official language.
		In Peru's rural areas, the way people dress makes an important distinction, as a result of the blend of pre-Hispanic influences with the European clothing that the natives were forced to wear during the colonial era.
	www.globalvolunteers.org /1main/peru/perupeople.htm (1346 words)

	Peru Expediciones >>> Peru Travel, Guide, Vacation, Tours, Peru, History Peru, The Chavin Culture, The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		There is, however, archeological evidence of human occupation in Peru dating back to around 15,000-20,000 BC, concentrated in the Ayacucho Valley, where these early Peruvians lived in caves or out in the open.
		Queen Isabella of Spain indirectly laid the original foundations for the political administration of Peru in 1503 when she authorized the initiation of an encomienda system, which meant that successful Spanish conquerors could extract tribute...
		Modern Peru is generally considered to have been born in 1895 with the forced resignation of General Caceres.
	www.peruexpediciones.com /history.htm (1157 words)

	History of Peru, The Spanish Conquest, 1532-72
		Further consolidation of Spanish power in Peru, however, was slowed during the next few years by both indigenous resistance and internal divisions among the victorious Spaniards.
		As the civil turmoil continued, the Spanish crown intervened to try to bring the dispute to an end, but in the process touched off a dangerous revolt among the colonists by decreeing the end of the encomienda system in 1542.
		It had originally been granted as a reward to the conquistadors and their families during the conquest and ensuing colonization, and was regarded as sacrosanct by the grantees, or encomenderos, who numbered about 500 out of a total Spanish population of 2,000 in 1536.
	motherearthtravel.com /history/peru/history-4.htm (1545 words)

	Spanish colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Western Hemisphere of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón) in 1492.
		It is important to distinguish between the Spanish conquest of Mexico and the Spanish conquest of Yucatán.
		Peru - Conquered from the Incas in 1531 by Francisco Pizarro.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_conquest (1961 words)

	Spanish conquest of Peru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The fact that a tiny band of Spanish were able to overcome the vast Inca armies at Cajamarca is directly attributable to the Spanish horses and cannons.
		He began his rule as an ally of the Spanish and was respected in the southern regions of the empire, but there was Still much unrest in the north near Quito where Atahualpa’s generals were amassing troops.
		Inca [[Túpac Amaru, the last Inca, murdered by the Spanish]] After the Spanish regained control of Cusco, Manco Inca and his armies retreated to the fortress at Ollantaytambo.
	spanish-conquest-of-peru.iqnaut.net (1278 words)

	AllRefer.com - Peru - The Spanish Conquest, 1532-72 - Pizarro and the Conquistadors \| Peruvian Information Resource
		AllRefer.com - Peru - The Spanish Conquest, 1532-72 - Pizarro and the Conquistadors
		The conquistadors were excited by tales of the Incas' great wealth and bent on repeating the pattern of conquest and plunder that was becoming practically routine elsewhere in the New World.
		On November 15, 1532, Pizarro arrived in Cajamarca, the Inca's summer residence located in the Andean highlands of northern Peru, and insisted on an audience with Atahualpa.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/peru/peru15.html (823 words)

	De geschiedenis - Peru. Amauta Spanish School
		The history of Peru goes back to some 20 000 years B.C. when the territory began to be populated with groups of hunters and gatherers.
		The period of the Conquest was traumatic and difficult, as much for the indigenous natives as the new European governors.
		Given the crisis within the Vice Regency, one social class, especially the criollos (the children of the Spanish, born in Peru), were the principal managers of the future Independence of Peru.
	www.spanishinperu.com /amautaspanish/dutch/peru/history.asp (672 words)

	The Conquest of Peru and the Inca
		These rumors fired the hopes of three men in the Spanish colony at Panama, namely, Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro, both soldiers of fortune, and Hernando de Luque, a Spanish priest.
		As it was primarily from the efforts of these three that that astonishing episode, the Spanish conquest of Peru, came to pass.
		According to the traditions of Peru, there had come to that country, then lying in barbarism and darkness, two "Children of the Sun." These had taught them wise customs and the arts of civilization, and from them had sprung by direct descent the Incas, who thus ruled over them by a divine right.
	www.latinartmall.com /conquestperu1.htm (797 words)

	Incas and Conquistadors
		John Hemming's authorative masterpiece draws upon numerous historical documents and first-hand narratives to weave a lively and enjoyable account of the Spanish conquest of Peru.
		The first half of the book concerns the supposed origins of the people and animals of Peru and is extremely revealing of 16th century Spanish attitudes to the Indians and religion in general.
		Much of the book is devoted to the achievements of the 9th Inca, Pachacutic, and details his conquests of the surrounding Indian tribes, his organisation of the land, the creation of a structured society and the construction of Cuzco.
	dspace.dial.pipex.com /town/road/hc09/incas/further.shtml (705 words)

	Spanish conquest of Peru biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Spanish, greatly outnumbered, were able to convince Atahualpa's generals not to attack by threatening to kill their king.
		Pizarro and the Spanish decided to charge Atahualpa with 12 crimes, the most important being attempting to revolt against the Spanish, practicing idolatry and murdering Huascar.
		Some successful Inca rebellions against the Spanish did occur, such as when Manco Inca, next in line after Tupac Huallpa, organized the recapture of Cuzco from the Spanish in 1536.
	www.biography.ms /Spanish_conquest_of_Peru.html (1066 words)

	Spanish Abroad Inc - Peru - Country Guide - Culture
		The highlands comprise about a quarter of Peru's territory, but are home to about half of Peru's population.
		Meanwhile in the Amazon jungle, there are at least 53 ethnolinguistic groups, although only around 5 percent of Peru's population live in the Selva (the tropical region east of the Andes in the jungle).
		Peru's middle class is the most difficult to define.
	www.spanishabroad.com /peru/country_guide/culture.htm (875 words)

	Guarani
		With the Inca conquest of Peru in the 14th century, Quechua became Peru's lingua franca.
		In Peru education is exclusively in Spanish although many primary-school teachers use a combination of Spanish and Quechua with monolingual Quechua children.
		The number of loan-words is so large that Spanish sounds such as /f/, /b/, /d/, /g/ that were absent in Quechua are now becoming part of its sound system.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december2005/quecha.html (1441 words)

	Spanish conquest of Peru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		By asking permission from the Spanish to perform religious ceremonies in the nearby Yucay valley, Manco was able to escape from Cusco in order to organize his rebellion.
		After the Spanish regained control of Cusco, Manco Inca Yupanqui and his armies retreated to the fortress at Ollantaytambo.
		The conquest actully took about forty years to obtain control of the Inca empire and was not easy.
	spanish-conquest-of-peru.kiwiki.homeip.net (1532 words)

	Peru home page, Photoseek.com
		Conquest of the Inca / Moray / Salt Pans at Salinas / Lares Trek
		After realizing that the Spanish were here to stay, the successor Inca Emperor, Manco, met with fellow Inca chiefs at Lares in Spring 1536 to plan a rebellion, raising an army of 100,000 to 200,000 to surround Cuzco against just 190 Spaniards (including 80 on horses).
		After the Spanish Conquest, Peru's population declined from 7 million to 1.8 million due to disease, war, famine, culture shock, and demoralization.
	www.photoseek.com /peru/Peru.html (2805 words)

	USATODAY.com - Explorer says lost Peru city is plundered (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Savoy, son of famed 78-year-old explorer Gene Savoy, who has discovered more than 40 lost cities in Peru since the 1960s, said in an interview with The Associated Press Saturday that the city is much bigger than his father had calculated.
		Spanish chronicles from the 16th century tell of a network of seven Chachapoyas cities strung like a necklace along the heights of the high jungle of northern Peru.
		The elder Savoy is credited with finding three of Peru's most important ruins: Vilcabamba, the last refuge of the Incas; Gran Pajaten, a citadel city atop a jungle-shrouded peak; and Gran Vilaya, a complex of more than 20,000 stone buildings.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/discoveries/2005-09-05-peru-peril_x.htm?csp=34 (766 words)

	Spanish conquest of Peru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Friar Valverde spoke with Atahualpa about the Spanish presence in his lands, introducing him to the precepts of the Catholic religion.
		Spanish Crown Atahualpa’s refusal to convert led to the bloody Battle of Cajamarca on November 16, 1532.
		After the Spanish regained control of Cusco, Manco Inca and his armies retreated to the fortress at Ollantaytambo.
	diego.de.almagro.pl.ogarnij.com /en/Spanish+conquest+of+Peru (9211 words)

	Spanish Abroad Inc - Country Overview of Peru
		Peru is the largest of the Andean nations located in South America.
		The culture of Peru is a reflection of its history.
		The country has witnessed great indigenous civilizations culminating with the Inca, Spanish conquest, the struggle for independence, and today, an emerging democracy.
	www.spanishabroad.com /peru.htm (767 words)

	PERU
		Until the early 1980s, this valley was one of the most isolated parts of Peru, seldom receiving visitors.
		The construction of a major irrigation project in southern Peru led to the development of improved communication routes into the valley -- today the road between Arequipa and the Colca is paved about half way, and it is now only about a three hour ride from Arequipa.
		conquest of Peru, it was the principal annual celebration of the Catholic church in Europe.
	www.csufresno.edu /perutour/peru99b.htm (1271 words)

	Amazon.com: The Conquest of the Incas: Books: John Hemming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Praised as the finest account of the annihilation of the Incan empire since W.H. Prescott's History of the Conquest of Peru, this compelling, authoritative account removes the Incas from the realm of prehistory and legend and shows the reality of their struggle against the Spanish invasion.
		"Conquest of the Incas" is almost unquestionably the best book ever written about the 16th century Spanish conquest of the Inca empire in Peru and neighboring countries.
		The conquest of the Incas is perhaps the most defining moment in the history of South America and remains so today.
	www.amazon.com /Conquest-Incas-John-Hemming/dp/0156223007 (2124 words)

	Concern Over Peru's Coarsening Alpaca Fibre
		Recent studies by Dr. Wheeler from mummified llamas and alpacas from the ninth and tenth centuries suggest that hybridization that occurred post Spanish Conquest has modified the genetic make-up of living populations which may well explain the diversity of conclusions about their ancestry and also be at the root of today's fibre fineness debate.
		Because Andean civilization was nonliterate, knowledge of pre-Spanish Conquest llama and alpaca husbandry have been reconstructed from archaeological remains of llamas and alpacas of which the most important were found at El Yaral in the Moquegua valley of Southern Peru twelve years ago.
		The Spanish Conquest had a devastating effect on both the alpaca and llama populations where huge mortality rates were suffered and the animals displaced from the coastal and puna regions of the country to the higher elevation Altiplano region where they are found today.
	site.mawebcenters.com /oldtrailsalpaca/concern.html (1137 words)

	ICL - Peru Index
		Since the Spanish conquest, Peru's Indians and creoles are mainly living in the rural uplands and inlands, far from the country's coastal infrastructure.
		During 13 years of Shining Path terrorism (1980-1993), some 120,000 peasant families were forced to leave their homes in Peru's central Andes and Amazon regions.
		April 1992: In a coup, the 1979 Constitution is suspended and the National Congress dissolved by Fujimori.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/pe__indx.html (379 words)

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