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Topic: Spanish determiners

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	Spanish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Spanish originated in Castile, (Spain); it was brought by Spanish explorers, colonists and empire-builders to the Western Hemisphere and other parts of the world in the last five centuries.
		Spanish is one of the official languages of the United Nations and the European Union.
		Spanish ceased to be an official language of the Philippines in 1987, and it is now spoken by less than 0.01% of the population, or 2,658 people (1990 Census), though recently there seems to have been a resurgence in interest in the language among educated youth.
	www.sitetunnel.com /cgi-bin/nph-sitetunnel.cgi/001010A/http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language (3849 words)

	Spanish dialects and varieties - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		There are a series of significant differences in the way the Spanish language is spoken in the 20 or so countries and territories where it is an official language.
		In Argentina and Uruguay (Rioplatense Spanish), the compound past tense is used rarely, most notably when the action has been finished recently, to stress its immediacy, much like the present perfect in English, but even in those cases the simple past tense is prevalent.
		Others have pointed out that Mexican Spanish is tending towards stress timing and concomitant vowel reduction, and that this is likely to be caused by the influence of geographically close English of the United States and strong economic and social-cultural ties between the two countries.
	trickmy.net /cgi-bin/nph-proxy.pl/100010A/http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Spanish (2935 words)

	Spanish determiners - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Spanish language uses determiners in a similar way to English.
		Strictly speaking, the presence of the first determiner means that the possessive must be interpreted as an adjective rather than a determiner.
		There are many more words that can be used as determiners in Spanish.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_determiners (771 words)

	Spanish dialects and varieties - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Since some words would become homonyms in Latin America with the confusion of the pronunciation of z or c before e or i and the s, it is preferred to use instead synonyms or slightly different words.
		In a broad sense, the Latin American Spanish could be grouped in five sets of variants, according to the pronunciation.
		Others have pointed out that Mexican Spanish is tending towards stress timing and concomitant vowel reduction, and that this is likely to be caused by the influence of geographically close English of the United States and economic and social-cultural ties between the two countries.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/s/p/a/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties.html (2557 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In this paper, we present an observational study of definite determiners in the L2 Spanish of L1 Quechua speakers.
		Group 1, formed by 4 speakers, showed a mean of 21.40% of error in their use of definite determiners characterized by the absence of the definite determiners for contextually salient singular objects and complements of prepositions: (3) El chiquito busca e sapito...El chiquito quiere agarrar e venado The kid looks for e frog...
		Definite determiners are functional heads for groups 1 and 2 as they are in Spanish.
	www.msu.edu /~slrf97/Abstracts/Liliana_Sanchez (226 words)

	J. Liceras, L. Díaz, C. Mongeon: N-drop and Determiners
		However, in the case of L2 acquisition, projecting the abstract ‘word marker’ feature of the Spanish DP the morphology of the Spanish determiner may not be a condition for the productive use of Null Nouns.
		Spanish grammarians as well as modern syntacticians (Liceras, Díaz and Rosado 1998; Rosado 1998) have always been aware of the morphological ‘richness’ of the Spanish determiner and have in fact linked the availability of N-drop to this ‘richness’.
		The fact that Koki mastered the Spanish determiner system at age 2;2, four months before she produced the first null Nouns (at age 2;6) leads the authors to conclude that there is no relationship between mastering the morphological paradigm and acquiring N-drop.
	www.ucm.es /info/circulo/no3/liceras.htm (2105 words)

	Spanish prepositions - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Spanish language has a relatively large amount of prepositions.
		It is rather archaic, and is not used in modern spoken Spanish.
		According to Cassell's Contemporary Spanish, in general, por indicates cause or reason (looks backwards), while para indicates purpose or destination (looks forwards).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Hasta (1745 words)

	AUTHOR
		Then we could ask ourselves why some nouns that have no determiner are able to perform these tasks on their own, why this capacity varies from language to language and how this affects to codeswitched determiner phrases and the determiner phrases uttered by learners of English as a second language.
		In Spanish, thus, generics should raise to D but, as we have seen, generics in Spanish are preceded compulsorily by the definite article (see (3)).
		On the other hand, the phrases used by Spanish learners of English as a second language show a lot of interference from their mother tongue (see (13-14) and (17-18)) which can be reduced to a lack of knowledge in the articulation of the lexicon, as proposed by Toribio (1999).
	www.eng.helsinki.fi /main/news/ESSE5-2000/monica.moro.quintanilla.htm (1034 words)

	Glossary of Spanish Linguistic Terms
		The verb dormir in Spanish is inherenty durative.
		In Spanish, it is sometimes difficult rigorously to distinguish between direct and indirect object, since the preposition a may introduce either, and the forms of the third person pronouns, which are apparently inflected for direct and indirect object (le/lo), do not always obviously correlate with these notions.
		The Spanish forms in -ndo are not adjectival, and are usually called the gerund; the term present participle is sometimes used for Spanish adjectives in -nte (interesante), but not all verbs have forms in -nte (eg abrir has no form abriente): ie, the -nte forms are only semiproductive in Spanish*.
	www.lrc.salemstate.edu /linguistics/linguistics-terms.htm (4095 words)

	CSAIL Research Abstract
		Spanish morphology is sensitive to several important features, for example person, case, number, and gender.
		For example, determiners, adjectives, and nouns are constrained to agree in number and gender when they occur in the same noun phrase (Figure 1).
		We used a publicly-available Spanish treebank [6] consisting of approximately 3500 trees to train a baseline model (Collins model 1) and over 50 morphological models, each using different combinations of morphological features added to the baseline in the way described above.
	publications.csail.mit.edu /abstracts/abstracts05/brooke/brooke.html (1265 words)

	Spanish Translation. Determiner.
		Determiners are usually classified as a type of nondescriptive adjective, and with the exception of numbers they have little meaning apart from the nouns they refer to.
		Types of determiners include articles (such as "a" and "the" in English, un and el in Spanish), possessive adjectives (such as "their" and su), numbers (such as "three" or tres), demonstrative adjectives (such as "that" or este) and quantifiers (such as "many" and muchos).
		It is possible to use two determiners with a single noun if the second determiner is a number or quantifier (as in "the many Cubans" or los muchos cubanos).
	www.translation-services-usa.com /determiner.shtml (270 words)

	SUB Göttingen - Dissertationen - Kirchner, Arne Reimar: Eine kopfgesteuerte Phrasenstrukturgrammatik für ...
		If determiner and adjective are not obligatory, the question of their status remains open, especially in a grammatical theory like HPSG.
		Because this differentiation is gradual, we calculate the distance between one determiner and the other with the aid of a mathematical method.
		Determiners are classed as specifiers between complementation and adjunction, while adjectives are classed as adjuncts.
	webdoc.sub.gwdg.de /diss/2000/kirchner (322 words)

	LINGUIST List 15.1975: Psycholing/Socioling/Syntax: S�nchez (2004)
		In the scope of the accusative case assignment in the two languages, the partial similarity between the explicit accusative case marking morpheme in Quechua and the properties of definite determiners in Spanish is pointed out by the author as one of the salient characteristics of the languages' syntactic interference.
		A further disparity between monolingual and bilingual usage of null pronouns is that in bilingual Spanish, null pronouns serve a deictic purpose not found in the monolingual grammar.
		The use of the gender-less le in Spanish is shown as evidence of convergence in the features of Cl. Support for convergence in D is revisited through mention of the frequency of null objects in bilingual Spanish and the deictic function the null objects serve in the bilingual narratives.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/15/15-1975.html (3743 words)

	Spanish Lessons & Resources to Learn Spanish for Free
		In all languages there are some words that lead to mistakes in writing or use due to their similarity in pronunciation.
		Since this problem also exists in Spanish, we have prepared a selection of 100 words that frequently present problems to help you improve your Spanish.
		This is an Anglicism that appeared in French in the middle of the twentieth century and then came into use in Spanish.
	www.donquijote.org /spanishlanguage/words (171 words)

	Luis Alonso-Ovalle:Two types of weak quantifiers: evidence from Spanish (2002) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Weak determiners have both a presuppositional and a non presuppositional reading.
		The Ambiguity Approach (Partee 1989, Diesing 1992, de Hoop 1992) posits that weak determiners are ambiguous.
		We present as evidence the behavior of two Spanish weak determiners, unos and algunos.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~luisalo/bibliography/weak.html (204 words)

	SYSTRAN - Support - Dictionary Manager (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Adding these simple intuitive clues (determiners, particles) will give the system valuable information about the kind of entry you are entering: whether it is a noun, a verb or an expression (sentence), masculine or feminine, singular or plural.
		When an entry is ambiguous, it is possible to force its grammatical category by adding a determiner (definite or indefinite article) next to it.
		When a singular entry needs to be translated by a plural form, it is possible to force its number by adding the plural form in the dictionary.
	www.systransoft.com /Support/Dicts/UserGuide/intuitive.html (213 words)

	Rexach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Thetic/Categorical Predication and the Semantics of Existential Determiners
		It also adds the condition that the discourse referent it introduces in the universe of the embedded DRS is a subset of a plural discourse referent already present in the universe of the matrix DRS.
		Typically in this case the determiner is contrasted with the determiner "otros" I argue that the focused correlates introduce a duplex condition UNOS/OTROS and, as a consequence, that the statement becomes categorical.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~tls/97tls/gutierre.html (230 words)

	Publicaties
		Determiner omission in language acquisition and language impairment: Syntactic and discourse factors, In: A. Do, L. Domínguez, and A. Johansen (eds.), BUCLD Proceedings 26, Cascadilla Press, Somerville, Mass.
		Baauw, S. and F. Cuetos (2003) 'The interpretation of pronouns in Spanish language acquisition and language breakdown: Evidence for the "Delayed Principle B Effect" as a non-unitary phenomenon,' Language Acquisition 11(4), 219-275.
		Baauw, S. (1998) ‘The "Delay of Principle B Effect" in the Acquisition of Spanish and Dutch: The Role of the Clitic-Full Pronoun Distinction,’ lecture given at Utrecht University, 20 November.
	www.let.uu.nl /~Sergio.Baauw/personal/publications.htm (1809 words)

	Grammar
		In Spanish, as in English, commons nouns are often accompanied by a determiner (an article, a possessive or demonstrative adjective, etc.)
		As previously mentioned, all nouns in Spanish are either masculine or feminine.
		In Spanish, determiners and adjectives agree with the noun they accompany, not just in number, but also in gender.
	fis.ucalgary.ca /aval/235/1g8.html (605 words)

	3 Extending X' theory
		Combining an NP with a determiner like this or those has the syntactic effect of yielding a DP and the semantic effect of picking out a particular individual (or individuals, in the case of a plural noun) from the set denoted by the NP.
		The resulting correspondence between English and Spanish determiners is shown in (29); the plural indefinite articles are highlighted.
		For instance, English determiners can be medial in their maximal projections, and the English verbs and modals we have seen so far must be so, but they count as head-initial because they are the leftmost elements in the intermediate projections of their elementary trees.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/Spring_2001/ling150/ch3.html (6407 words)

	Juana M. Liceras
		Experimental work on the status of determiners and clitic pronouns in French-speaking children with Specific Language Impairment (Jakubowicz, Nash, Rigaut and Gérard 1998) suggests that while these children encounter few difficulties with determiners, they do have problems with the production and comprehension of clitic pronouns.
		In order to investigate whether a similar pattern of difficulty characterizes the acquisition of Spanish determiners and clitic pronouns, we have elicited data from 60 learners of Spanish at three levels of proficiency.
		Our results show that: (a) clitics are more problematic than determiners for all three levels, but particularly at the early stages; (b) clitics are more problematic regardless of the learners’ L1; (c) there are significant differences between position and omission only in the case of determiners.
	www.uic.edu /depts/sfip/formmeaning/abstracts/liceras.html (248 words)

	Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The choice of the proper article or determiner to precede a noun or noun phrase is usually not a problem for writers who have grown up speaking English, nor is it a serious problem for non-native writers whose first language is a romance language such as Spanish.
		These categories of determiners are as follows: the articles (an, a, the — see below; possessive nouns (Joe's, the priest's, my mother's); possessive pronouns, (his, your, their, whose, etc.); numbers (one, two, etc.); indefinite pronouns (few, more, each, every, either, all, both, some, any, etc.); and demonstrative pronouns.
		Choosing articles and determiners: Briefly defined, a determiner is a noun-marker: when you see one, you know that what follows is a noun or noun phrase.
	grammar.ccc.commnet.edu /grammar/determiners/determiners.htm (2198 words)

	research
		Unlike most of the research in acquisition and aphasia, the focus of this program is on the investigation of the development and disruption of the interface between syntactic and discourse mechanisms, rather than on a specific kind of linguistic knowledge (e.g.
		The aim of this study is to investigate the role of incomplete lexical feature acquisition in children’s non-adultlike interpretation of pronouns and definite articles.
		I argue that as a result of this, children often interpret definite articles as expletive determiners (articles without semantic content) and third person pronouns as SE-anaphors (se in Spanish, zich in Dutch).
	www.let.uu.nl /~Sergio.Baauw/personal/research.htm (550 words)

	Spanish Nouns - Los Sustantivos en Español
		That does not mean that masculine nouns are used exclusively for males or feminine nouns used exclusively for females.
		Spanish uses the determiners el for a masculine singular noun, la for a feminine singular noun, los for a masculine plural noun, and las for a plural feminine noun.
		Spanish uses the masculine determiner for feminine nouns that start with the á or accented ha.
	www.mprz.com /edu/vocab/nouns.html (196 words)

	5 Extending the X' schema
		Given the structure in (13c), the traditional term 'noun phrase' is a misnomer since noun phrases are maximal projections of D rather than of N. Because the term 'noun phrase' is firmly established in usage, we continue to use it as an informal synonym for 'DP'.
		The resulting correspondence between English and Spanish determiners is shown in (29); the plural indefinite articles are in boldface.
		For instance, English determiners can be medial in their maximal projection (the possessive morpheme 's must be preceded by a DP in Spec(DP)), and English verbs and modals must be medial in their maximal projections, but they all count as head-initial because they are the leftmost elements in the intermediate projections of their elementary trees.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/Spring_2004/ling150/ch5.html (7601 words)

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