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| | Glossary |
 | | In the fifteenth century a distinction can be made between personal badges, which were often beasts and survived in the Royal Beasts, and retainers' badges, which were simple, often inanimate charges. |
 | | Fess The Ordinary is a band taking up the centre third of the escutcheon, and formed by two horizontal lines drawn across the shield. |
 | | Heralds differ as to the number but nine are usually given, namely cross, chief, pale, bend, fess, inescutcheon, chevron, saltire, bar. |
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