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Topic: Spanish monarchs

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List of Spanish monarchs

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Bourbon family

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Charles III of Spain

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Ferdinand II of Aragon

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Charles II of Spain

Joanna of Castile

	Portuguese commemorate restoration of independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Portugal was governed by Spanish monarchs under a principle of dual monarchy, which recognized the existence of two crowns in the hands of the same king.
		The Spanish monarch appointed Margaret of Savoy, Duchess of Mantua, and her Secretary of State Miguel de Vasconcelos to represent the Spanish kings in Portugal.
		During this period, the Spanish built the fortress of St. Phillip at the base of Monte Brasil in Angra to defend themselves from the island's population and corsairs.
	www.lajes.af.mil /news/story.asp?id=123033287 (345 words)

	Spain - MSN Encarta
		The Spanish monarchs, like their European counterparts, were believed to rule as trustees of God.
		During his reign, Spanish soldiers and wealth were used to fight the Protestant Reformation sweeping northern Europe, the Ottoman Empire in the western Mediterranean, and the French in Italy and the Rhineland.
		The Spanish Catholic Church was one of the least corrupt in Europe.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761575057_13/Spain.html (1816 words)

	TellzAll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Spanish Conquistadors had little difficulty in subduing native populations - the Aztecs of Mexico, the Incas of Peru - and they systematically stripped the Indians of their gold and silver ornaments and then put them to work in the mines and refineries.
		And at the U.S. mint, Spanish pieces of eight were melted down and made into U.S. currency: the bust of Spanish monarchs was replaced by that of Liberty, coats of arms melted before the American eagle, and LIBERTY was emblazoned where once monarchy had been proclaimed.
		The Spanish found gold as well as silver in the New World, and their colonial mints produced gold coins such as this eight-escudo piece, which was struck at Santiago, Chile, in the same year that Ohio achieved statehood.
	www.ohiokids.org /tellzall/2004/july.shtml (885 words)

	Language and Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Because the Spanish were in control of writing, and the means of publication, they were also in control of the history of the conquest and of the Americas which was presented to the rest of the world.
		Spanish hegemony in writing the official history of the conquest and the people in the Americas, along with the colonialist language which was a part of that history, consistently ignored indigenous conceptions of themselves and their history, in favor of ones which were fundamentally European in outlook.
		The Spanish were successful to a certain extent in imparting their vision, as opposed to the Indians' vision, of the history of the conquest and of the conquered people.
	www.loyno.edu /history/journal/1995-6/rosa.htm (9282 words)

	Palmer: Origines Liturgicæ
		If then it appears that in the sixth century the Spanish churches had their liturgy distinct from the [170] Roman, we are justified in thinking that they had used the same from a period of remote antiquity.
		The Spanish or Mosarabic liturgy was minutely described by Isidore Hispalensis in the sixth century; and his description coincides perfectly with those monuments of it which still remain.
		This preface is peculiar to the Gallican and Spanish liturgies.
	anglicanhistory.org /palmer/palmer10.html (2024 words)

	chronology of medieval boys' clothing -- the Church Spanish Inquisition
		They and suceeding Spanish monarchs appointed the officers of the Spanish Inquisition and they were not responsible to the Church in Rome.
		This is referred to as the Roman Inquisitioin meanung the Inquisition administered and supervided by the Roman Curia of the Cathholic Church.
		Ferdinand and Isabel and suceeding Spanish monarchs appointed the officers of the Spanish Inquisition who as a result were not directly responsible to the Church in Rome nor under the auspices of the Roman Inquisition.
	histclo.com /chron/med/church/mc-inqsp.html (5326 words)

	InternationalReports.net : Madrid (Spain)
		Architecturally, the legacy of the Spanish monarchs is enshrined in three palaces -- the Royal Palace in Madrid, the palace at Aranjuez, and the monastery and palace of San Lorenzo de el Escorial.
		Spanish kings began going to Aranjuez to relax and to hunt in its royal forest in the 13th century.
		The kings of Spain are buried in the Pantheon de los Reyes (Royal Pantheon) at the Escorial, their bodies occupying most of the 26 sumptuous marble and bronze sarcophagi that line the walls --with three empty ones reserved for future monarchs.
	www.internationalreports.net /europe/Spain/2004/palace.html (1079 words)

	Department of Foreign Languages, Salem State College: Jon Aske
		Spanish originated as a small Romance language -- actually a variety of Romance, the term we use for the speech which Latin morphed into in the Roman empire after its fall in the 5th century -- in the north-central area of the Iberian peninsula known as Castile, land of castles, during the middle ages.
		Spanish speakers typically identify themselves in terms of their country of origin or their ethnic group.
		As for the identification of the label Hispanic with the Spanish (Castilian) language, let us not forget that then the label Hispanic, rightly or wrongly, excludes people from Latin American countries in which Spanish is not spoken, such as Brazilians, whose native language is for the most part Portuguese, one of the languages of Hispania.
	www.lrc.salemstate.edu /aske/spanishworld.htm (3611 words)

	open book: Spanish Rome
		Reconstructing the large Spanish community in Rome during this period, the book reveals the strategies used by the Spanish monarchs and their agents that successfully brought Rome and the papacy under their control.
		Spanish ambassadors, courtiers, and merchants in Rome carried out a subtle but effective conquest by means of a distinctive "informal" imperialism, which relied largely on patronage politics.
		It was formerly known as San Giacomo degli Spagnoli and was built by a Spanish bishop, Alfonso Paradinas, in 1450, as the Spanish national church.
	amywelborn.typepad.com /openbook/2006/08/spanish_rome.html (2516 words)

	Goldberg Coins & Collectibles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In 1492, the Spanish monarchs finally gave their royal approval, and on September 6, the expedition sailed westward in search of Asia and riches.
		Spanish coins were sent to the New World for temporary use until the colonies could produce their own coinage.
		The new milled issues had a change in design, with the obverse showing the Spanish crown over the two hemispheres of the globe, flanked by the “Pillars of Hercules.” A choice example of the rare first date is shown at right.
	www.goldbergcoins.com /coinage (1391 words)

	The Spanish Inquisition:Fact Versus Fiction
		The Holy Office, as it was popularly called, was founded in 1478 on the strength of a papal rescript requested by the sovereigns of a newly united Spain, the wife and husband, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon.
		And this is precisely why the Inquisition was created by the Spanish monarchs: as the etymology of the word implies, the first task of this new judicial body was inquiry, specifically inquiry into the authenticity of the conversion of the Moors and Jews who had come under the sway of those monarchs.
		During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when Spanish sovereignty extended from Italy to most of Latin America, on average less than three persons a year were executed by the Inquisition, which was formally constituted in all those places as well as at home.
	www.catholic.net /RCC/Periodicals/Dossier/1112-96/article2.html (2299 words)

	Inquisition - MSN Encarta
		Nevertheless, its superior organization and the consistency of the support it received from the Spanish monarchs, especially Philip II, assured that it would have a greater impact on religion, politics, and culture than comparable institutions elsewhere.
		The Spanish established it in Sicily in 1517, but were unable to do so in Naples and Milan.
		Historians have noted that many Protestant lands had institutions as repressive as the Spanish Inquisition, such as the consistory in Geneva at the time of the French reformer John Calvin.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761552909_2/Inquisition.html (322 words)

	[No title]
		In that year, the Catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, granted their approval to the governor of Hispanola, Nicholas de Ovando to use African slaves.
		One measure of the everyday conditions of slavery may well be in the extent to which slaves fled or committed suicide to escape from their servitude.
		It is now generally recognized, however, that slaves in Spanish America and Brazil did not obtain their freedom as easily as earlier scholars like Tannenbaum seemed to argue.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/data/art/PALMER01.ART (3036 words)

	Babbo Ristorante
		Throughout the Middle Ages, the tables were turned as the Spanish, along with the French, effectively carved out their own areas of dominance in the regions of what we now know as modern day Italy.
		Overtaxed and exploited, the peasant classes were stricken with famine and disease while the Spanish treasury was filled with whatever could be stripped from the country’s agriculture and trade.
		Over the 500 years of Spanish dominance, Sicily perhaps retained the most of the Spanish flavor, evidenced in the Spanish influence upon the distinctive Sicilian Baroque architecture, the footprints of the Spanish language upon the Sicilian dialect, as well as culinary contributions such as Pan di Spagna.
	www.babbonyc.com /dolci-pandispagna.html (838 words)

	Atahualpa, Pizarro and the Fall of the Inca Empire
		At the time of the Spanish conquest of what is now Peru, the empire that the Incas had built up was the largest and most sophisticated to be found in the New World.
		The Catholic Monarchs wanted religious unity in their kingdoms and therefore authorized the Church to conduct an inquisition to weed out any of the unwanted religions from Spain.
		Together, the Church and the Spanish monarchs formed a kingdom that was extremely Catholic and not very tolerant of other religions.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/papers/white.html (2899 words)

	List of Spanish monarchs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Officially, the monarchy of "Spain" came into the Bourbon monarch's titulary as late as in 1837, when the regency of Isabella II of Spain adopted it to the place of the old, lengthy titulary (that had started "...of Castile, Leon, Aragon," and so on).
		He left behind a Spanish monarchy that also, for some time, retained control of the Netherlands; however, the title of Holy Roman Emperor did not pass to these Spanish monarchs.
		Thus the Spanish kings of the House of Bourbon were descended in male line from the French royal family.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs (1010 words)

	NationMaster - Statistics on Spain. 4261 facts and figures, stats and information on Spanish economy, crime, people, ...
		The kingdom of the Catholic monarchs then imposed the Christian religion; in 1492, Isabel and Fernando ordered the expulsion of all Jews from their dominions, having imposed physical segregation in 1480 (two years after the establishment of the Inquisition) and, in 1502, Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity or be banished.
		With the approval of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the arrival of democracy, the old historic nationalities — Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia — were given far-reaching autonomy, which was then soon extended to all Spanish regions, resulting in one of the most decentralized territorial organizations in Western Europe.
		Hispanic culture is the one that was created with the colonization and mingling of the Spanish bloodlines with the local Indian cultures (and sometimes even the slave culture imported from Africa to the Americas for labor).
	www.nationmaster.com /country/sp-spain (3681 words)

	Wikinfo \| Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In 1492 Queen Isabella I of Castile began the Spanish Inquisition, which lasted for more than 300 years.
		Nevertheless, the project of Castilian monarchs was to unify all Iberia and this aim seemed almost acomplished when Philip II became King of Portugal in 1580, as well as of the other many Iberian Kingdoms (collectively know as "Spain" which was not a unified State then).
		As of 2003, Spain is currently holding talks with the United Kingdom about Gibraltar, a tiny peninsula that changed hands during the War of Spanish Succession in 1714.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Spain (1345 words)

	Hispanic Online.com - Headlines
		But while the royal visit has rekindled pride in Spanish heritage among Hispanics in the regions visited by the monarchs, their last stop may be marred by exiled Cubans who are unhappy with Spain's considerable investments on the island and friendly relations with the Castro regime.
		Solidarity with all Latinos has been the focus of the Spanish king's message during his visit, the latest effort by the monarchs to nurture and capitalize on centuries of Spanish influence in the Americas.
		Enthusiasm ran high this week as the monarchs traveled through Texas, Mississippi, and Florida, territories once part of the Spanish empire which continue to be hubs of Hispanic culture and commerce.
	www.hispaniconline.com /index_articles/reyes.html (1097 words)

	Teacher Resources - Collection - Parallel Histories: Spain, United States and the American Frontier
		Parallel Histories: Spain, the United States, and the American Frontier explores the history of the Spanish presence in North America from the first voyage of Columbus in 1492 to the continued exploration and settlement of California and the American Southwest in the early 19th century.
		The collection includes a number of 16th- and 17th-century maps, royal decrees from the Spanish monarchs, maps of the Lewis and Clark and Zebulon Pike expeditions, U.S. military reconnaissance reports relating to the War with Mexico (1846), and nineteenth-century maps of railroads in the United States.
		Within months of Columbus’s return from his first voyage, the Spanish monarchs urged Pope Alexander VI to issue a papal bull drawing a Line of Demarcation recognizing Spain’s exclusive right to all lands 100 leagues (a league is approximately 3 miles) west of the Cape Verde Islands not previously claimed by a Christian prince.
	memory.loc.gov:8081 /ammem/ndlpedu/collections/spain/history.html (1156 words)

	Racial Tension: The Fair Maid of the West
		Queen Elizabeth incited the Spanish attack by her aid to the Netherlands rebels battling the Spanish monarchs.
		Ph ilip II resented this act and felt her support of the rebels was a threat to his quest for a single continental power as well as to Spain's beloved Catholicism.
		The defeat of the Spanish Armada was a much celebrated victory for Britain for it removed any threat to Queen Elizabeth's throne and power.
	www.english.uga.edu /~cdesmet/lindy/LINDY.HTM (2168 words)

	New Laws
		On the other hand, and in the absence of a clearly defined common enemy, they had to find a means of maintaining and strengthening their hold over the sizeable population of nobles (hidalgos) who earlier had offered them their loyalty in exchange for the possibilities of material gain.
		By the time that Cortéz and Pizarro began their conquests of Mexico and Peru, Spanish priests and missionaries already were complaining to the Crown of the conquistadors’ abuses of the native populations.
		Not to be confused with a land grant—since, after all, there was still considerable debate over whether the Indians were civilized enough to possess their own lands—the encomienda entrusted the indigenous inhabitants of a particular area or region to a hidalgo for the duration of his life.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /slatta/hi216/documents/newlaws.htm (1024 words)

	Spanish royals arrive for coronation festi
		The Spanish royal couple was greeted at Bangkok’s military airport by Their Majesties the King and Queen, following which King Juan Carlos inspected the Guard of Honour during a ceremony.
		The Spanish royal couple’s visit is also aimed at improving ties between the two countries, which have maintained diplomatic relations for over a century.
		The Governor of Bangkok presented the Spanish monarchs with the Key to the City at the Maha Jesadabodin Pavilion before they proceeded to the Royal Residence, the Boromabiman Mansion inside the Grand Palace complex.
	www.nationmultimedia.com /2006/02/22/national/national_20001361.php (402 words)

	Longtime Keck School surgeon to be honored by Spanish monarchs
		Longtime Keck School surgeon to be honored by Spanish monarchs
		The king and queen of Spain awarded the Gold Medal of the Mutua Foundation, the monarchs’ favorite philanthropic foundation, to USC’s Juan A. Asensio on March 3.
		Asensio received this honor for his work on difficult injuries and difficult problems in trauma surgery, including his work in cardiac, thoracic and vascular injuries and exsanguination research, along with trauma-prevention work and human-rights advocacy.
	www.usc.edu /uscnews/stories/11054.html (291 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 20, 1500
		He participated in the principal activities of the Spanish royal family as a member of the entourage of his uncle the cardinal.
		He accompanied the Spanish monarchs when their son took the oath as heir of the crown in the cathedral of Toledo in May 1481.
		In 1501, he presided, in the name of the monarchs, the Cortes of Sevilla; he and the suffragan bishops sent several priests to Granada to instruct the rebellious Moors; several of the priests were martyred.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/bios1500.htm (2612 words)

	English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - Henry VII. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		His son, that best known of English monarchs, the tyrranical and blodstained Henry VIII is famous for having six wives and executing two of them.
		Elizabeth I, highly astute and wily survived an appalling childhood and adolescence to emerge as the greatest of her house and lead England to victory over the Spanish, the greatest power of the age.
		To strengthen his dynasty and obtain international recognition, Henry signed the Treaty of Medina del Campo with the Spanish monarchs whereby Henry's son, Arthur, was to marry Katherine of Aragon, their youngest daughter.
	www.englishmonarchs.co.uk /tudor.htm (1379 words)

	[No title]
		Mexican historians who have studied the colonial period of our country confirm that although the Spanish monarchs decreed that Spanish should be taught to all their subjects, the enforcement of those laws left a lot to be desired.
		In Mexico, the former virreinato de la Nueva España, Spanish became widespread only after Mexican independence in 1821, and that was because the local elite, who waged the anti-colonial revolution, spoke in that language and began to propagate it through the educational system.
		If Spanish is spoken in TV soaps from Mexico, Venezuela, Peru and even Miami, then it must be all right to speak "español" (no longer "kastila").
	filipinokastila.tripod.com /redis.html (624 words)

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