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Topic: Spanish transition to democracy

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	ETA - MSN Encarta
		ETA leaders argued that the Spanish democracy was nothing but a cosmetic change to the authoritarian nature of Spain and gradually increased the use of terrorist tactics.
		The first round of negotiations happened during the Spanish transition in the late 1970s; the second round occurred in Algiers between 1986 and 1989; and the third round in Zurich in May 1999.
		Whereas the Spanish government was willing to discuss security issues (prisoners, refugees, and so on) ETA wanted to enlarge the scope of the negotiations to discuss political issues such as the right to self-determination.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_781531767/ETA.html (659 words)

	Publications
		While he lauded the work of the parliament during the transition years, a "honeymoon" period in which it served as an important arena for consensus-building, he regretted the changes that had taken place in the wake of the 1982 electoral landslide, in which the Socialist party won an absolute majority of votes and seats.
		This brilliant group of intellectuals–the label "the Silver Age of Spanish culture" was coined for them–created and shaped a political and cultural project of modernization and Europeanization, the same project that 70 years later led my own generation to carry out Spain’s transition to democracy.
		I am sure that the enormous impact of the Spanish transition all over the world lies precisely in the fact that what happened from 1975 to 1978 was exactly the opposite of what everybody had expected.
	www.ned.org /forum/reports/spain98/report.html (6094 words)

	INSTITUTIONAL LEGACIES AND COLLECTIVE MEMORIES: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The fear of a coup d’état led those pressing for democracy to moderate some of their demands, since it was hardly appropriate to force the hand of those already suspicious of the whole process of democratization (especially in regard to territorial decentralization) who, furthermore, were already the favored target of terrorist attacks.
		The difference between the Spanish case and some of the ex-communist countries is that, although it is true that stateness was also an issue in the Spain of the seventies, most of the Spanish society did not consider their belonging to the Spanish State as a problematic issue.
		In the second place, the most popular demonstrations of the Spanish transition, those in which the main demand was the total amnesty for political prisoners (irrespective of the result of their actions) were especially abundant and violent also in the Basque Country, given that most of the political prisoners of that time belonged to ETA.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/ilas/publications/papers/aguilar.htm (10907 words)

	Cuba and the keys to the Spanish transition to democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Although everyone justly attributes to Suárez the leading role in the transition, the truth is that almost all the political factors behaved with prudence and moved in the right direction.
		Somehow, Cuba continued to be an essentially Spanish society throughout the 20th Century, especially in the first several decades, just like the United States, at least for a while, continued to be a spiritually and culturally British territory even after the country's independence, in the late 18th Century.
		At the same time, the ups and downs of that Spanish war were part and parcel of the impassioned political debate in Cuba..
	www.firmaspress.com /708.htm (2278 words)

	Spanish transition to democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Spanish transition to democracy or new Bourbon restoration was the era when Spain moved from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state.
		The transition is usually said to have begun with Franco’s death on November 20, 1975, while its completion has been variously said to be marked by the Spanish Constitution of 1978, the failure of Antonio Tejero's attempted coup on February 23, 1981, or the electoral victory of the socialist PSOE on October 28, 1982.
		The Spanish Constitution of 1978 went on to be approved in a referendum on the December 6, 1978.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy (3023 words)

	Nom_assignatura (codi) - Curs 2005-2006 - (UPF)
		The core of the course is the study of the nature and functioning of the Spanish democratic system installed since the middle of the seventies, paying special attention to the processes, institutions, actors, political culture and electoral behavior.
		Transition from Dictatorship to Democracy I: Theories of Democratization.
		The Institutions of The Spanish Democracy I: Introduction to the debate Parlamentarisms versus Presidentialisms, Parlamentarism in Europe: Parliamentary Democracies and Parliamentary Republics.
	www.upf.edu /pro/2005/9991/51048.htm (1295 words)

	Alfonso Guerra: The spanish transition wasn't a case of some against the others, but of everybody working together · ...
		Santiago Carrillo, former general secretary of the Spanish Communist Party, confirmed that in spite of the fact that the model of transition was not exportable “we did it well and thanks to that, today we can discuss the problems of democracy, the problems of the new Spain”.
		Also taking part in the round table on “The Spanish transition to democracy” was Rodolfo Martín, Interior Minister during the transition era, for whom the Spanish model need neither be a model nor exportable.
		The need to look more closely at new research into the Civil War and the transition and the recovery of historical memory were the two most relevant aspects of today’s round table discussions “The Spanish transition to democracy” which forms part of the Dialogue “Conflicts, prevention, resolution, reconciliation”.
	www.barcelona2004.org /eng/actualidad/noticias/html/f042757.htm (538 words)

	Transition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The paradox lay in the fact that the attempt of a few military officials to destroy democracy resulted in its reinforcement and the recognition of the Monarchy as an institution indissolubly tied to Spanish democracy.
		In 1971, the Spanish Catholic Church publicly apologised for its partisan attitude during the Civil War and thus shattered one of the few pillars on which the precarious Francoist ideology still rested.
		The King lent the new regime a double legitimacy in that, to the various forces the regime, he represented the "legal" succession to Franco and that, in secular terms he was also the legitimate heir to the dynasty.
	www.royalfamily.org /welcome/transition.htm (1432 words)

	Spanish Transition to Democracy
		The purpose of this study is to analyse the factors influencing the strategies of the left, and particularly the Spanish Communist Party (PCE), during the period from the April 1974 revolution in Portugal to the victory of the Spanish Socialist Party (PSOE) in the 1982 general elections.
		It is based primarily on recorded interviews with participants in the events in question – the opposition movements during the dying days of the Franco regime and the transition to democracy that followed the dictator’s death.
		Surveying Spanish Communist organisations in the mid-1980s, R. Gunther has argued convincingly that roots of the ex-leader’s downfall lay in the fact that the combination of his political line and his internal leadership style left him vulnerable to attack from both wings of the party.
	www.socialisthistorysociety.co.uk /BAKER01.HTM (8240 words)

	Hispanic American Center for Economic Research - Cuba and the keys to the Spanish transition to democracy
		The labor unions -- though deeply penetrated by the Communists -- and the business owners -- many of whom were accustomed to the protection furnished by Francoism -- were able to negotiate their differences peaceably and establish a modus vivendi based on cooperation and a gradual increase in their contributions to the social services.
		The European democracies in the 1970s, led by France and Germany in the midst of the Cold War, had a special interest in seeing that the dictatorships remaining in Europe (Greece, Portugal and Spain) became Allied democracies that would strengthen the southern Mediterranean region and cooperate in the construction of a common economic space.
		The key to the transition lies in creating the conditions so that everyone, or almost everyone, sees the change as an opportunity to improve living conditions for oneself and one's relatives.
	www.hacer.org /current/Cuba088.php (2158 words)

	Spanish and Portuguese: Faculty: Predmore
		Joan Ramon Resina, Professor of Spanish and Portuguese Literature is also the Director of the Institute for Iberian Studies.
		His interests are amply comparative, with a strong cultural component, ranging from urban studies to the collective memory and issues of political and social scale, such as the relation between the local and the global.
		Spanish Cinema in the Second Half of the 20th Century.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/span-port/faculty/Resina.html (202 words)

	Department of Romance Languages and Literatures: Courses-Graduate Spanish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This seminar explores the role of fiction in the representation and commemoration of the Spanish transition to democracy.
		This course investigates relations between the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spanish and Portuguese empires by reading from the written relations of these empires: relaciones and relações of discovery and conquest as well as shipwreck and captivity.
		The juxtaposition of Spanish and Portuguese sources will aim to highlight both the distinctive features of the respective empires and their complex, interconnected histories.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /depts/romance/courses/gradspanish.html (1394 words)

	Toledo Spain - International Study Programs - University of Notre Dame
		Students will learn about Spanish history of the 20th century and women's participation across the political spectrum, the feminist movement, the social-political and cultural changes since Franco's death in 1975, the role of Spanish women writers in the transition to democracy and social change.
		The intention of this course is to study the role of Spanish movies as a form of collective reflection and as a reflection of 20th century mass society.
		Focus on the main trends of Spanish mysticism (Carmelite, Franciscan) and the remarkable figures of religious expression of the 16th century in Spain, including the Jesuits and Dominicans.
	www.nd.edu /~intlstud/locations/spain/toledo_courses.html (1515 words)

	Dept of Languages & Cultural Studies » SP4621 A Culture of Transition: Spanish Film and Literature since (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		To introduce students to the major cultural developments in the area of literature and film of the Spanish transition to democracy.
		One weekly lecture to focus on the general background to the Transition (recent history of Spain since the Civil War to the present).
		Disremembering the Dictatorship: The Politics of Memory in the Spanish Transition to Democracy.
	www.ul.ie /~lcs/sp4621 (399 words)

	Bennington College Hosts Multi-National Conference on Transitions to Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This lecture will provide an historical overview of democracy in Japan, and discuss issues that the nation is facing now.
		From 1975 to 1982, Spain underwent what has been considered the Spanish Transition to Democracy.
		This presentation will offer a discussion of the roles of nationalism and terrorism as they relate to this transition, focusing on the particular case of the Basque Country.
	www.collegenews.org /x5401.xml (375 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 97031040 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This is a book about the role of culture in social change and the Spanish transition to democracy after Franco.
		Laura Desfor Edles takes a distinctively culturalist approach to the 'strategy of consensus' deployed by the Spanish elite and uses systematic textual interpretation (with a particular focus on Spanish newspapers) to show how a new symbolic framework emerged in post-Franco Spain which enabled the resolution of specific events critical to the success of the transition.
		In addition to uncovering underlying processes of symbolization, she shows that politico-historical transitions can themselves be understood as ritual processes, involving as they do phases and symbols of separation, liminality and re-aggregation.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/cam028/97031040.html (159 words)

	University of Bath - Programme & Unit Catalogues 2006/07
		EU20707 Cultural memory and the Spanish transition to democracy
		* assess the importance of memory in cultural discourses during the Spanish transition to democracy.
		Skills in critical analysis, conceptual thinking, precision in the use of written and spoken language, exercise of independent judgement, reasoned argument, effective communication in the target language, teamwork and the planning/conduct/reporting of non-quantitative research are developed and assessed in this unit.
	www.bath.ac.uk /catalogues/2006-2007/eu/EU20707.htm (223 words)

	[No title]
		The fact that they did not experience social conflict during the transition led researchers to ignore them until now.
		Focusing on the province of Salamanca, I would like to suggest the existence of an important and surprising local agent of change that functioned during the period of the transition -- the rural teacher.
		The scarce research on this phenomenon, which has come to be known as "the teachers' movement," has concentrated on its leadership in Madrid and Barcelona.
	www.tau.ac.il /~amlat/conference/tamar1.doc (219 words)

	Agnes Scott College \| Academics \| Course Listings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		All students with more than one year of Spanish are required to take the placement test.
		Traces the history and development of the genre with emphasis on examining the elements specific to the short story and the literary devices that contemporary writers employ in their craft.
		A study of the cultural expressions of the Spanish people during the transition from dictatorship to democracy (approximately 1968 to 1992).
	www.agnesscott.edu /academics/p_courselist.asp?type=d&id=34 (875 words)

	Department of Romance Languages and Literatures: Faculty - Mario Santana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Associate Professor, Spanish Literature, Center for Latin American Studies, Master of Humanities Collegiate Division; Associate Dean of the Division of the Humanities, and the College
		Santana's scholarly work concentrates on 19th- and 20th-century Spanish and Catalan literatures, and 20th-century Latin American Literature, with particular emphasis on narrative and film.
		He is the author of Foreigners in the Homeland: The Spanish American New Novel in Spain, 1962‑1974 (Bucknell UP, 2000).
	humanities.uchicago.edu /depts/romance/faculty/santana.html (177 words)

	Contribution to: 4
		It was then that I took the decision to finish my short but passionate political life in the Spanish transition to democracy and commence my career at the university.
		He invited me to work on a book of readings in Spanish about the theory of economic policy.
		This influence has been clearly perceived by my students, as demonstrated anecdotally by the appearance in a satirical student magazine two years ago of the phrase: "if Buchanan is the God, Bacaria is his prophet".
	www.gmu.edu /jbc/fest/files/bacaria.htm (379 words)

	BERGHAHN BOOKS
		Pb Hb this excellent history of the Spanish desire for reconciliation is a major contribution to the study of both the Transition and memory.” · Journal of Modern History
		Using a rich variety of sources such as official newsreels, school textbooks, the work of contemporary historians, memoirs, official documents, legislation, and monuments, this book explores how the historical memory of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) influenced the transition to democracy in Spain after Franco's death in 1975.
		The author traces the development of official discourse on the War throughout the Franco period and describes the régime's attempts to achieve political legitimacy.
	www.berghahnbooks.com /title.php?rowtag=AguilarMemory (393 words)

	International Justice Tribune - Independent newsletter & database
		This plan's measures to recognize the crimes committed and to pay compensation to victims, including the victims of Francoism, represent a veritable challenge for Spain, which for the past thirty years has chosen to forget its past in order to forge ahead with democratic transition.
		The Spanish transition to democracy has always been an exception to the rule.
		Whereas in most countries, the transition from civil war to peace or from dictatorship to democracy leads to a re-examination of these dark periods and even the establishment of truth commissions, the payment of reparation...
	www.justicetribune.com /?page=v2_article&id=3584 (189 words)

	[No title]
		Reading: Philippe C. Schmitter, "An introduction to the Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal and Turkey." In: O´Donnell, Schmitter and Whitehead, Transitions form Authoritarian Rule.
		Reading: Astudillo, Javier "Without Unions, but Socialist: The Spanish Socialist Party and its Divorce from its Union Confederation (1982-96)." Politics and Society, vol.
		Reading: José Ramón Montero, Richard P. Gunther and Mariano Torcal, "Democracy in Spain: Legitimacy, Discontent, and Disaffection," Studies in Comparative International Development, 32 (3), Fall 1997: 124-60.
	www.gseabroad.com /cd-1427.aspx (1373 words)

	Joan Ramón Resina
		Currently professor of Romance Studies and Comparative Literature at Cornell University, he specializes in Cultural Studies, cultural theory, Spanish and Catalan literature, Spanish film, and urban culture.
		In progress: In collaboration with Robert Davidson, a double monographic issue of Diacritics titled “New Coordinates: Spatial Mappings, National Trajectories,” and with Andrés Lema-Hincapié, a collection of essays on Spanish cinema, Burning Darkness: Half a Century of Spanish Cinema.
		Consultant for academic publishers: University of North Carolina Press, SUNY Press, The University of Illinois Press, University of Delaware Press, University of Nebraska Press.
	www.arts.cornell.edu /romance/spanish/spanish_faculty/resina.html (492 words)

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