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Topic: Spanning Tree Protocol

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	STP: Spanning Tree Protocol in IEEE 802.1D
		Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) as defined in the IEEE 802.1D is a link management protocol that provides path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops in the network.
		STP is a technology that allows bridges to communicate with each other to discover physical loops in the network.
		Where two bridges are used to interconnect the same two computer network segments, spanning tree is a protocol that allows the bridges to exchange information so that only one of them will handle a given message that is being sent between two computers within the network.
	www.networkdictionary.com /protocols/stp.php (639 words)

	Intel® Express 10/100 Fast Ethernet Switch - Spanning Tree Protocol Example
		The spanning tree agent is implemented in conformance with the IEEE 802.1d standard.
		Spanning tree is enabled anytime a packet could potentially be caught in an infinite loop on the network.
		Spanning tree determines which port is turned off by selecting the port with the lowest cost path.
	www.intel.com /support/express/switches/10100fast/sb/cs-010972.htm (321 words)

	O'Reilly Network -- Understanding Spanning Tree Protocol -- the Fundamental Bridging Algorithm
		Spanning tree root bridges in redundant fault-tolerant environments.
		Once a tree is built and the BPDU exchange has settled down, the network is said to be in a state of convergence.
		Once the STP is established, the network is a loop-free environment.
	www.oreillynet.com /pub/a/network/2001/03/30/net_2nd_lang.html (1258 words)

	Configuring Spanning Tree
		Spanning tree algorithms provide path redundancy by defining a tree that spans all of the switches in an extended network and then forces certain redundant data paths into a standby (blocked) state.
		Spanning tree operation is transparent to end stations, which do not detect whether they are connected to a single LAN segment or a switched LAN of multiple segments.
		When you change the spanning tree mode, the current mode stops, the information collected at runtime is used to build the port database for the new mode, and the new spanning tree mode restarts the computation of the active topology.
	www.cisco.com /univercd/cc/td/doc/product/lan/cat6000/sw_6_3/confg_gd/spantree.htm (6535 words)

	What is spanning tree protocol? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Using the spanning tree algorithm, STP provides path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops in a network that are created by multiple active paths between stations.
		To establish path redundancy, STP creates a tree that spans all of the switches in an extended network, forcing redundant paths into a standby, or blocked, state.
		Without spanning tree in place, it is possible that both connections may be simultaneously live, which could result in an endless loop of traffic on the LAN.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/S/spanning_tree_protocol.html (327 words)

	Spanning tree protocol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		STP is used in switched networks to prevent loops, and has been standardized by IEEE 802.1D.
		As the name suggests it finds a spanning tree within the mesh formed by the network installer and disables the links that are not part of that tree.
		In 1998, the IEEE introduced an evolution of the Spanning Tree Protocol: Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) or 802.1w.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanning_tree_protocol (986 words)

	CCNP Recertification » Spanning Tree Protocol
		STP’s job is to come up with the loop free topology, and allow each switch to make the decision as to if it needs to shut any ports down.
		The “Tree” from Spanning Tree implies a tree structure, the root bridge is the root (bottom) of the tree.
		Each BPDU includes the bridge ID (a two byte priority combined with the 6 byte MAC address) of both the device that the sender thinks is the root bridge, and that of the sender, the id of the port that sent the BPDU, and the path cost from the sender to the root bridge.
	ccnprecertification.com /2004/07/27/spanning-tree-protocol (1353 words)

	Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
		Spanning Tree Protocol was developed as a method of loop prevention on LANs.
		STP has only one purpose, to prevent loops occurring on a network by blocking connections that could cause a loop.
		Spanning tree is turned on by default on Cisco switches.
	tutorials.beginners.co.uk /read/category/recent/id/451 (1094 words)

	Configuring Spanning Tree Protocol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		STP eliminates Layer 2 loops in networks, by selectively blocking some ports and allowing other ports to forward traffic, based on configurable bridge and port parameters.
		STP also ensures that the least cost path is taken when multiple paths exist between ports or VLANs.
		STP is disabled by default on the NetIron XMR/MLX.
	www.foundrynet.com /services/documentation/xmr_user/STP.html (6080 words)

	Cisco - Understanding and Configuring Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) on Catalyst Switches
		Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a Layer 2 protocol that runs on bridges and switches.
		With STP, the key is for all the switches in the network to elect a root bridge that becomes the focal point in the network.
		The addition or removal of VLANs for a Multiple Spanning Tree (MST) instance that exists triggers spanning tree recalculation for that instance and traffic is disrupted for all the VLAN parts of that MST instance.
	www.cisco.com /warp/public/473/5.html (2946 words)

	Chapter 7. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
		Recall that in the networking world, a protocol is a standard set of rules and formats for data transmission between computers, similar to the rules of grammar in the English language.
		Establishing path redundancy, STP creates a tree spanning across all the switches in an extended network and forces redundant paths into a standby, or blocked, state.
		Without a spanning tree in place, it is possible that both connections might be considered the primary path, resulting in an endless loop of traffic on the local-area network (LAN).
	www.installfirefox.net /LANSwitching_web/1587201003/ch07.html (441 words)

	Spanning Tree Protocol
		STP is used with network devices such as routers and bridges, and it uses an algorithim to create a tree-like logical hierarchy of devices and creates a redundant network structure.
		The main 'real world' use of spanning tree is so you can have multiple paths in an Ethernet network that would otherwise cause a network loop.
		STP resolves the 'tree' and sets all the multiple paths except one to a blocking state.
	www.firewall.cx /ftopict-1089.html (506 words)

	What is spanning tree protocol - LinuxQuestions.org
		The moral of the story is that Spanning Tree is your friend and needs to be used wisely whenever possible.
		Spanning Tree Protocol, IEEE 802.1D prevents loops from being formed in a bridged LAN.
		STP achieves a loop free LAN topology by periodic exchange of BPDUs(Bridge Protocol Data Units), with a destination Multicast Address 01:80:c2:00:00:00.
	www.linuxquestions.org /questions/showthread.php?t=397725 (754 words)

	Spanning Tree Protocol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) allows network configurations that have "backup" paths between stations and/or mitigates the consequences of errors in network planning.
		Without STP, redundant paths through an Ethernet network form loops which cause packets to be continually recirculated in a "storm" which disrupts the network.
		Spanning Tree protocol has determined that the port may forward packets, or Spanning Tree is disabled (in which case all ports automatically enter
	www.transition.com /pshelp/spanning.html (174 words)

	Spanning Tree Protocol Configuration
		When the STP is enabled, every bridge and switch in the network starts in the blocking state and transitions to the listening and learning states.
		A port in the disabled state does not participate in frame forwarding or the operation of STP because a port in the disabled state is considered nonoperational.
		The Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP, IEEE 802.1w) is available to address this issue (the length of time required to transition from the blocking to forwarding state); RSTP enables designated ports to change from the blocking to forwarding state in a few seconds.
	www.installfirefox.net /LANSwitching_web/1587201003/ch07lev1sec2.html (2504 words)

	Source Routing and the Spanning-Tree Protocol
		One risk of using the spanning-tree protocol is that stations on two rings that are close together can become "separated" by additional bridges if the logical single route on the network does not use the most direct path between those particular rings.
		The spanning-tree protocol of source-routing bridges is similar to a pecking order, or dominance hierarchy in the animal kingdom.
		After broadcasting its bridge ID using the spanning-tree protocol, and listening for similar broadcasts from the other bridge, each bridge is able to determine which role to fill.
	support.novell.com /techcenter/articles/ana19910801.html (6261 words)

	Preventing network loops with Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) 802.1d
		The Spanning Tree protocol is a networking standard, as defined by the IEEE in the 802.1d standard.
		The purpose of Spanning Tree is to prevent loops in the LAN and to select the fastest network links, if there are redundant links in the network.
		Spanning Tree could be termed a Layer 2 routing protocol for a LAN because it performs the same functions but for an Ethernet network, regardless of IP addresses.
	www.petri.co.il /csc_preventing_network_loops_with_stp_8021d.htm (1217 words)

	Networking 101: Understanding Spanning Tree
		Spanning tree will block one or more of the links until the active one becomes unusable, and then fail over to the other available link.
		Spanning Tree provides a means to control loops in such a way that you can have an Ethernet network that will "fail over" in the case of failed links.
		The root bridge in a spanning tree is the logical center, and sees all traffic on a network; don't rely on the election to choose which bridge becomes the root.
	www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com /netsp/article.php/3580966 (1554 words)

	Spanning Tree Protocol
		One risk of using the Spanning Tree Protocol is that the single route between two rings that are physically close together might not be the most direct path between those rings.
		The Spanning Tree Protocol uses a hierarchical control structure to determine which bridge interfaces are allowed to forward single-route explorer frames.
		Using the Spanning Tree Protocol ensures that there is only a single data path between any two end stations and eliminates data loops, as shown in Figure 2.
	www.novell.com /documentation/nias41/srbrgenu/data/hia0ypjo.html (1613 words)

	What is spanning tree protocol? - a definition from Whatis.com
		- Where two bridges are used to interconnect the same two computer network segments, spanning tree is a protocol that allows the bridges to exchange information so that only one of them will handle a given message that is being sent between two computers within the network.
		The spanning tree protocol prevents the condition known as a bridge loop.
		The spanning tree protocol and algorithm were developed by a committe of the IEEE.
	searchnetworking.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci214602,00.html (813 words)

	Lab 10 – Spanning Tree Protocol
		STP calculations can be used to identify an interface in the customer network as the root port.
		UDLD is a Layer 2 protocol that enables devices connected through fiber-optic or twisted-pair Ethernet cables to monitor the physical configuration of the cables and detect a unidirectional link.
		Remember that because of spanning tree, without EtherChannel enabled only one of the two parallel links would be active at a time to prevent routing loops.
	www.cyberdogtech.com /school/cisco/switching/lab10 (4357 words)

	SuperStack II Switch 1000 User Guide
		STP is a part of the 802.1d bridge specification defined by the IEEE Computer Society.
		If the STP Max Age time of a bridge expires (refer to "Configuring the STP Parameters of VLANs") before receiving a Hello BPDU, the bridge assumes that the Root Bridge, or a link between itself and the Root Bridge, has gone down.
		The Port STP screen is dis-played, as shown in Figure 5-17, "Port STP screen".
	support.3com.com /infodeli/tools/switches/s_stack2/3c16902/manual.a02/chap51.htm (2087 words)

	Layer 2, Spanning Tree (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		By running the spanning tree algorithm, the possibility a broadcast loop has been eliminated.
		Spanning Tree Protocol allows a network to have redundant interfaces, but only one interface at a time will be active, so with spanning tree, there is no load sharing.
		In an STP enabled configuration, this is called the root bridge and is elected automatically by the network switches.
	bitsonawire.com /L2_STP.asp (1441 words)

	Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) - Cisco CCNA Certification
		The Spanning Tree Protocol was created by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) now Compaq.
		BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) are sent and received by switches in the network every 2 seconds (default) to determine spanning tree topology.
		Spanning Tree Algorithm is used to calculate a loop-free path.
	www.nikmakris.com /cisco_spanning_tree.asp (415 words)

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