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Topic: Spanning tree (networks)

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	Foundry Networks Aggregation/Backbone (L2/3) Products - BigIron 4000/8000/15000
		Network Level redundancy protocols for Layer 2 and Layer 3 networks - provide resiliency by having a alternate BigIron in case of failure from a primary or active device.
		This dramatically simplifies network provisioning, diagnostics and resolution, thus reducing the operational expenses.
		This allows network operators to gather a variety of sophisticated network statistics and information for capacity planning and real-time network monitoring purposes.
	www.foundrynet.com /products/l3backbone/bigiron/BigIronx00Datasheet.html (2020 words)

	Spanning tree (networks) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its structure corresponds to that of the spanning tree in graph theory.
		Networks must have only one path to any destination active at any one point in time, this is called a loop free topology.
		The minimum spanning tree algorithm ensures that only one path to a destination is available at any one time by detecting loops and blocking switch ports as required.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanning_tree_(networks) (834 words)

	spanning tree protocol - a Whatis.com definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Where two bridges are used to interconnect the same two computer network segments, spanning tree is a protocol that allows the bridges to exchange information so that only one of them will handle a given message that is being sent between two computers within the network.
		The benefit of network segmentation (and the bridge) is that the amount of competition for use of the network path is reduced by half (assuming each segment has the same number of computers) and the possibility of the network coming to a halt is significantly reduced.
		The spanning tree algorithm determines the network (which computer hosts are in which segment) and this data is exchanged using Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs).
	searchnetworking.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci214602,00.html (794 words)

	[No title]
		Spanning Tree, developed by Radia Perlman for use with early bridges, has also been used in switches, since they themselves are Layer 2 bridging devices.
		Spanning Tree is a protocol designed to allow bridges to map a redundant topology without causing loops in the network.
		Spanning Tree Operation The purpose of Spanning Tree is to avoid and eliminate loops in the network by negotiating a loop free path.
	campus.murraystate.edu /tsm/tsmdb/db17/STPIntro.doc (4406 words)

	Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The Rapid Spanning Tree network protocol and algorithm provides a loop free topology for any LAN or bridged network.
		The Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol, which is also referred to as RSTP, is defined in the 2004 edition of IEEE Standard 802.1D.
		RSTP is an evolution of the Spanning Tree Protocol, and was introduced in IEEE 802.1w, and provides for faster spanning tree convergence after a topology change.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/RSTP (154 words)

	Tree \| TutorGig.co.uk Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		In computer science a T tree is a type of tree graph theory tree data structure that is used by main memory databases, such as, supposedly, TimesTen.
		A locust tree could be a honey locust tree, a legume leguminous tree with pods having a sweet, edible pulp.
		Spanning tree mathematics Spanning tree structure in graph theory.
	www.tutorgig.co.uk /encyclopedia/sencyclo.jsp?keywords=Tree (451 words)

	Riverstone Networks - Spanning Tree: Death is Not an Option
		This article is an overview of the progression of both the spanning tree algorithm and recent modifications that have made it an important technology for today's metro networks.
		Spanning Tree is a protocol with a life story.
		It reduces the topology to a tree structure that guarantees complete connectivity (that's why it is a "spanning" tree).
	www.riverstonenet.com /solutions/spanning_tree.shtml (2617 words)

	Spanning Tree Technologies, Inc
		The Spanning Tree Technologies personnel are well versed on many aspects of telecommunication from planning and documentation to installation and testing.
		Spanning Tree Technologies has made the extra effort on many occasions to see that things are done right and that we are satisfied with the work.
		Spanning Tree Technologies believes when the complexity of the network rise exponentially, the best approach in achieving a robust, secure, and available network is by going back to the fundamentals.
	www.nobtech.com /cgi-bin/span_tree/dynamic_page.cgi?case_history=yes (2042 words)

	O'Reilly Network -- Understanding Spanning Tree Protocol -- the Fundamental Bridging Algorithm
		To keep their two network segments up 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, all year round, she placed two LAN switches in her topology to connect these two segments.
		Spanning tree root bridges in redundant fault-tolerant environments.
		Once a tree is built and the BPDU exchange has settled down, the network is said to be in a state of convergence.
	www.oreillynet.com /pub/a/network/2001/03/30/net_2nd_lang.html (1240 words)

	How to... implement resilience in networks with Spanning Tree_Networking-Tech Knowledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		In business-critical networks, though, we would often like to be able to build our networks such that should a switch fail, the packets can still find a path from A to B until we fix the broken device - a desire which, by definition, we can't service unless we introduce a loop into the network.
		The Spanning Tree Protocol is the mechanism by which suitably enabled devices on a network (in our case probably an Ethernet LAN of some description) negotiate with each other in order to ensure that the properties of a spanning tree are satisfied.
		Every time a device connects to the network, the time for the STP calculation (bearing in mind that the system has to figure out whether the connection of the new device will introduce a loop) to take place is measured in tens of seconds.
	www.read123.net /tech/2004-12/1541.htm (1195 words)

	Spanning tree (networks) at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The Spanning tree network protocol provides a loop free topology for any LAN or bridged network.
		Networks must have only one path to any destination active at any one point in time to avoid the same frame arriving at the destination multiple times, causing dysfunction.
		The minimum spanning tree algorithm ensures that if multiple paths exist to the same destination then all but one will be blocked.
	www.wiki.tatet.com /Spanning_Tree_Protocol.html (296 words)

	InterNet Multicast Routing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		A distributed spanning tree algorithm is computed by all the routers in the internetwork.
		One router is "elected" to be the root of the spanning tree.
		Spanning Tree routing already provides for multicast by means of broadcast delivery.
	ganges.cs.tcd.ie /undergrad/4ba2/multicast/eoghan (1040 words)

	Multicast - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This model generally assumes that the stations participating in the communication are known ahead of time, so that distribution trees can be generated and resources allocated by network elements in advance of actual data traffic.
		As of 2003, most efforts at scaling multicast up to large networks have concentrated on the simpler case of single-source multicast, which seems to be more computationally tractable.
		IP multicast conferencing was first demonstrated on a wide scale when it was used to broadcast several sessions from the 23rd IETF in March, 1992 to researchers and interested observers around the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Multicast (903 words)

	Minimum Spanning Tree
		The history of the minimum spanning tree problem dates back at least to Boruvka, in 1926, and is presented in [GH85].
		Minimum spanning tree algorithms have an interpretation in terms of matroids, which are systems of subsets closed under inclusion, for which the maximum weighted independent set can be found using a greedy algorithm.
		Algorithms for generating spanning trees in order from minimum to maximum weight are presented in [Gab77].
	www2.toki.or.id /book/AlgDesignManual/BOOK/BOOK4/NODE161.HTM (1238 words)

	Network World: Ring Spanning Tree brings resiliency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Carriers everywhere are deploying Ethernet in their metropolitan-area networks, and the fiber they use is being deployed in ring configurations.
		Unlike random topologies with Spanning Tree, in which the root bridge almost never blocks traffic, in RRST the root is doing the blocking.
		Finally ring spanning trees, while timely, are not the only important enhancement to spanning trees.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3649/is_200201/ai_n9067246 (600 words)

	Spanning tree plots
		When we computed and plotted a minimum distance spanning tree (which we will define as a spanning tree of the original graph such that the distance from the root is preserved), the picture became much clearer.
		Many of the tree drawing algorithms, however, result in unappealing drawings, due to two features of the resulting tree: the shallow nodes have very high degree (over 100, in some cases) and deep nodes have very low degree.
		That network has ``only'' 3,000 announced networks (versus some 90,000 registered for the Internet at this writing.) The full map is shown in figure 3.
	www.usenix.org /events/usenix2000/general/full_papers/cheswick/cheswick_html/node7.html (449 words)

	What is spanning tree protocol? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Using the spanning tree algorithm, STP provides path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops in a network that are created by multiple active paths between stations.
		To establish path redundancy, STP creates a tree that spans all of the switches in an extended network, forcing redundant paths into a standby, or blocked, state.
		Without spanning tree in place, it is possible that both connections may be simultaneously live, which could result in an endless loop of traffic on the LAN.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/S/spanning_tree_protocol.html (341 words)

	NETWORKS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		If a graph is a tree, there is one and only one path joining any two vertices.
		Note: A Spanning Tree of a connected graph G with N vertices is a connected subgraph of G having N – 1 of the edges of G and all N vertices.
		Minimum Spanning Tree is a spanning tree of a weighted graph G that has the least total weight.
	www.math.colostate.edu /~peters/M130Summer/Chapter_7_slides.htm (274 words)

	Networking Concepts for the Passport 8000 Series Switch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Spanning Tree must be used to detect loops
		With the introduction of SMLT, all dual-homed layer 2 frame-switched network devices are no longer dependent upon the Spanning Tree Protocol (Figure 14) for loop detection.
		SMLT solves the Spanning Tree problem by combining two aggregation switches into one "logical" MLT entity, thus making it transparent to any type of edge switch.
	www25.nortelnetworks.com /library/tpubs/html/passport/313196A/Chapter434.html (163 words)

	Graphs: Minimum Cost Spanning Tree (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		A spanning tree for G is a free tree that connects all vertices in G. A connected acyclic graph is also called a free tree.
		The cost of the spanning tree is the sum of the cost of all edges in the tree.
		The algorithm adds nodes to the spanning tree one at a time, in order of the edge cost to connect to the nodes already in the tree.
	www.cs.rochester.edu /u/leblanc/csc173/graphs/mcst.html (859 words)

	Method and apparatus for rapidly reconfiguring computers networks executing the spanning tree algorithm - US Patent ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		A method that rapidly reconfigures a computer network having a plurality of devices executing the spanning tree algorithm.
		First, one or more devices are configured and arranged so that one port, providing connectivity to the root, is in the forwarding state and the remaining ports, providing connectivity to the root, are in the blocked state.
		Rapid reconfiguration of the network is also provided upon detection of a new or repaired link or device representing a better path toward the root.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6388995.html (485 words)

	ccnp switching 642-831 examcram.
		The function of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is to avoid loops in a switched network.
		Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) is used by STP to find redundant links.
		PVST (Per VLAN Spanning Tree): This is a Cisco proprietary method.
	www.examguides.com /ccnp-switching.htm (734 words)

	Citations: Spanning tree method for link state aggregation in large communication networks - Lee (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The network state is collected by using either distance vector protocols (e.
		....of state update storage and improving scalability is to construct a single tree shared by all the sources in a multicast group.
		The compact topology is then represented as a complex node, which is broadcasted to the rest of the network.
	citeseer.lcs.mit.edu /context/116217/0 (1850 words)

	Metro vendors question Spanning Tree standard
		The question is whether the recently ratified IEEE 802.1w Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) is the answer to Ethernet's shortcomings.
		Ashwin Moranganti, a product manager at metropolitan network equipment maker Appian Communications, says RSTP lacks the fault-management capabilities that service providers get with SONET and is not designed for ring topologies, which continue to be widely deployed in metro networks.
		RSTP may be unable to scale along with the network, says Marian Stasney, an analyst with The Yankee Group.
	www.networkworld.com /archive/2001/123588_08-06-2001.html (987 words)

	Viking Resources at ECSL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		When a large number of Ethernet switches are clustered together, in order to determine switching paths and avoid loops in the network the switches compute a Spanning Tree and eliminate redundant links.
		The spanning tree topology has an effect of uneven traffic distribution in the network where the Root and neighbouring switches are highly loaded whereas the leaf switches in the networks are underutilized.
		An alternative is to use VLAN technology in conjuction with multiple spanning trees in the network.
	www.ecsl.cs.sunysb.edu /viking (481 words)

	Rapid Spanning Tree 802.1w Library & Simulator
		The Internet Engineering Task Force*** (IETF) is a large open international community of network** designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet.
		The project IEEE 802.1d ethernet bridging:*** provides an implementation of IEEE 802.1d ethernet bridging (plus Spanning Tree** protocol) for the linux kernel.
		The project STAR Bridging**: Implemenation of STAR (Spanning Tree Alternate Routing) bridging protocol for linux networks**, as an addon to the current STP Briding (by buytenh@gnu.org) included as part in 2.4 kernels.
	rstplib.sourceforge.net (362 words)

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