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	Spartacist League - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Spartacist League (Spartakusbund in German) was a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during and just after the politically volatile years of World War I.
		After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Spartacists decided to agitate for a similar course, a government based on local workers' councils (soviets), in Germany.
		The remains of the Spartacist League continued as the KPD, which retained the League's newspaper, die Rote Fahne (Red Flag), as its publication.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spartacist_League (758 words)

	German Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, unlike the Russian Revolution, attempts by communists to carry over the revolution against the monarchy into a revolution against capitalism were ultimately unsuccessful, although their success appeared possible at several points.
		The events continue to polarise the Left, not least because of the use of the right-wing Freikorps paramilitaries by the Social-Democratic government in order to suppress the far-left Spartacist revolt.
		The two most famous victims of this counter-revolutionary operation were the Spartacist leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, who were killed in Berlin on 15 January 1919.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_Revolution (1096 words)

	HISTORY 369: WORLD IN THE 20TH CENTURY
		The bulk of the German army opposed the Spartacist revolt and the coup was smothered within a few days.
		The army's action in suppressing the Spartacist revolt tended to restore the Germans' esteem for the army even though it had been defeated in the war.
		Ironically one of the military leaders of this abortive revolt was Ernst Rohm, who later was the head of the Nazi Storm troopers.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/NaziGerm.html (1984 words)

	God Save the Queen: On revolutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		On the other hand, the revolt of June 1848, which was a genuine worker's revolt, was destroyed because the army stayed loyal to the provisional republic.
		The Spartacist revolt of the next year was also easily crushed, as was the Nazi putsch, simply because the police stayed loyal and showed themselves willing to shoot a few people.
		The revolutions of 1989 were notable for the degree to which popular revolt was a symptom of regime decay.
	godsavethequeen.typepad.com /god_save_the_queen/2004/07/on_revolutions.html (1577 words)

	Spartacists 1919
		Just as the democratic politicians who had taken power in Germany in November 1918 following the abdication of the Kaiser and the collapse of the Second Reich were getting used to their new roles, they found themselves under attack from the first of many attempted revolutions.
		Led by Karl Leibknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, the Spartacists took their lead from the successful revolution in Russia in 1917.
		The Spartacist Revolt showed the weakness of the new Weimar Republic, and although the new government survived, it had been shown to have fundamental problems which it did not have the strength to solve on its own.
	www.passmoresschool.com /History/gr30ke4.htm (246 words)

	Free Essay The Weimar Republic Face Political Problems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In January 1919, the Spartacists (an old name for the KPD), led by Karl Liebnecht and Rosa Luxembourg, attempted to overthrow the government and establish a worker's republic by means of an armed uprising in Berlin, Germany's capital.
		The Spartacists, however, did not have enough support and their revolt was brutally suppressed by a group of armed volunteers called Freikorps.
		The significance of this uprising was that it was the SPD who had allowed the right wing Freikorps to suppress the Spartacist revolt and so the communist hatred of Weimar was deepened even further.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=26150 (1651 words)

	Le Cinquième
		Because of her anti-war stance, she was arrested in 1916 and sentenced to two and a half years in prison.
		However, in November 1918 she was released from prison, and went on to take active part in the Spartacist Revolt, though she felt the second wave of the rebellion would only end badly, and so didn't encourage it.
		He was one of the founders of the Spartacist League, and his activities and writings for this group got him arrested once more.
	www.angelfire.com /retro/purple_vinyl/tooyoungtoosoonV.html (10181 words)

	German Revolution 1918-19 - Historic Event - German Archive: The German Revolution is a series of events that occurred ...
		Like the Russian Revolution, the German Revolution occurred in the context of the disastrous consequences of World War I. The concession of defeat in war by the Supreme Command under Erich Ludendorff triggered a political crisis, leading to the assumption of power by the liberal Prince Max von Baden.
		However, the united front disintegrated in late December 1918 as the USPD left the coalition in protest at perceived SPD compromises with the (capitalist) status quo.
		The two most famous victims of this counter-revolutionary operation were the Spartacist leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, who were killed on 15 January 1919.
	www.germannotes.com /archive/article.php?products_id=138&osCsid=3ff1d3d9fd0157586079ece6e2045eea (508 words)

	Chronology 1919
		The Independent Socialists and the Spartacists, led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, attempted to establish a Communist government in Germany.
		The provisional government, with the aid of the German army, crushed the revolt in Berlin.
		Gustav Noske, acting on behalf of the provisional government, took the lead in suppressing the revolts.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1919.htm (7876 words)

	Chronology 1920
		The Communists again attempted to seize control of Germany with the Spartacists leading a major revolt in the Ruhr, the industrial heart of Germany.
		In response to the German army intervention against the Spartacists in the Ruhr, the French sent forces to occupy Frankfurt and other cities in the region.
		In effect, the French seized the industrial and economic center of Germany and the intervention served as a rehearsal for the Franco-Belgian occupation of January 1923.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1920.htm (5504 words)

	Kronstadt 1921: Bolshevism vs. Counterrevolution
		The Bolsheviks charged that the revolt was a counterrevolutionary mutiny: whatever the sailors’ intentions, it could only aid the forces of capitalist restoration—ranging from avowed democrats to outright monarchists—united behind the White standard of clerical/tsarist reaction.
		Nonetheless, Avrich asserted that there was no evidence of links between the Whites and the sailors before the revolt and echoed the common refrain that had the revolt been planned, it would have been launched a few weeks later, after the ice melted and made a Bolshevik ground assault impossible.
		The Kronstadt revolt began in the wake of workers’ protests that started in Petrograd on February 20 when a fuel crisis forced the closure of major factories.
	www.icl-fi.org /english/esp/59/kronstadt.html (8506 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia â“ Free Online Encyclopedia for Reference, Research, Facts
		Another, more radical group also broke away; the Spartacus party led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg.
		With the German revolution of Nov., 1918, an SPD government under Friedrich Ebert and Haase took control, but its failure to promote socialist policies led to Haase's withdrawal and the brutally suppressed Spartacist revolt of Jan., 1919.
		Under the Weimar Republic the Social Democrats joined coalitions with other parties and succeeded in improving the condition of the working classes but were unable to counter extremist resurgence, and with the rise of Adolf Hitler the SPD was destroyed.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:Socprtys (1609 words)

	History of ROME (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The war of the Italians creates, within half a century, the first united Italy.
		Spartacist revolt and Mediterranean pirates: from 73 BC
		Soon after the Social War another violent uprising within Italy shakes Roman confidence.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=689&HistoryID=aa68 (2107 words)

	Was The Weimar Republic Doomed To Fail?
		The Freikorps were used to suppress the Spartacist Revolt by demand of the government.
		The government alienated the Extreme Left and this would prevent the Social Democratic Party and the Communists to later work together to oppose the threat from Hitler and the Nazi Party.
		If the Weimar Republic was doomed to failure then it would not have been able to suppress the violence and revolts from the Extreme Left and Right and it would have collapsed at that point in time.
	www.essaysword.com /viewpaper/35319.html (260 words)

	RevolutionaryLeft.com -> spartacist revolt
		My knowlege of the Spartacist Revolt isn't what it should be, (especially for a Marxist/Communist studying History to degree level
		Or perhaps the workers would not even have needed this authority - maybe Marx's vision of Proletarians uniting (across Europe at least) in glorious revolution could have been recognised!!! (Getting a bit carried away) This would have been made even more likely in the widespread depression of the early 1930's.
		It is a shame however that the Spartacists did not succeed, as I see little chance of an armed coup or popular uprising succeeding in the West today.
	www.revolutionaryleft.com /index.php?showtopic=18763 (2196 words)

	History 369: THE WORLD SINCE 1914. Selected Lecture Notes
		The clash of the skeptical spirit of science as represented by Clarence Darrow and dogmatic faith in the form of William Jennings Bryan attracted international attention.
		Paradoxically, the Twenties were also a period of feminine revolt against puritan restraints.
		Young women flocked to become "flappers." They worked for their own money at hundreds of new jobs, wore short skirts, cloche hats, and lots of makeup, smoked openly, hung out with young men, and emulated the big movie star of the era, Clara Bow, the "It" girl.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/369notes.html (12588 words)

	Spartacist Revolt
		The Freikorps was a volunteer militia made up of ex army men set up to defend the borders of Germany.
		Many Germans interpreted the events of the Spartacist revolt as further evidence that the country needed a strong
		The Spartacists (Communists) were seen to be anti
	www.educationforum.co.uk /spart.htm (261 words)

	A century of war - Ambrosia Software Web Board
		Anti-Imperial Revolt in China 1915-16 Haitian Revolt 1915
		Copacabana Revolt in Brazil 1922 Kurdistan Occupation Revolt 1922
		Hungarian Revolt 1956 Peronist Unrest in Argentina 1956-7
	www.ambrosiasw.com /forums/index.php?showtopic=36849 (765 words)

	[No title]
		Communist uprisings crushed by Freikorps Bavarian Republic formed in 1918, Eisner (right wing) was assassinated and a soviet republic was declared with a Red Guard formed and redistribution of wealth.
		Crushed by Freikorps brutally “white terror” 1919 Spartacist revolt in Berlin- hard-line communists went up against the Freikorps.
		Liebnecht and Luxemburg were murdered and a split occurred within the working class movement 1920 Kapp Putsch as industrialists and right wing try to take power.
	www.boredofstudies.org /courses/arts/history/modern/1099553174_2004_Modern_History_Notes_J_Long.doc (3572 words)

	COMMENTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A Russian philosopher by the name of Pavel Kozelsky had already formulated a doctrine of legitimate revenge against oppressive regimes with his "Philosophical Propositions" in 1768.
		Alexandr Radishchev extended the logic more radically with "Journey from St. Petersburg" (1790) and subsequent writings (which caused Catherine the Great to pack him off to Siberia), arguing for the serfs' wholesale destruction of their masters.
		This was the doctrinal element that drove revolutionaries in their "offensive[s]" (Den Beste's word) all over Europe throughout the end of the nineteenth century.
	www.two--four.net /comments.php?id=P1088_0_1_0_C (373 words)

	AEI - Short Publications
		Italy's and Weimar Germany's fragile democracies tolerated both these political forces and their armed thugs, on the grounds that bringing them into the political process would turn extremists into pragmatists, and that given their massive following one could not ignore them.
		The Freikorps, the precursors of the SA and the SS, helped put down the Spartacist revolt, fought alongside the White Armies in Russia, and gave some meaning to life for the veterans of a defeated Germany.
		They also engaged in hundreds of political assassinations and disruptive actions, which the central authorities could not countenance.
	www.aei.org /publications/filter.all,pubID.22274/pub_detail.asp (952 words)

	Axis History Factbook: Review - The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror
		The book then explains some of the Freikoprs action in pre-war Germany and else where.
		This chapter has a very interesting section on the Spartacist Revolt in January 1919.
		Williamson then goes on to explain the birth of the SS as the Führer's body guard and
	www.axishistory.com /index.php?id=5598 (1375 words)

	Kapp 1920
		From here you can find a huge amount of links, resources and activites that can help you to improve your GCSE grade.
		Although the Weimar Republic had survived the Spartacist Revolt in 1919 because of the help they were given by the Freikorps soldiers who used their weapons to crush the rebellion, the Weimar Republic did not really enjoy the support of these men.
		In 1920 a group of Freikorps led by Dr. Wolfgang Kapp staged another attempt to seize power in Berlin.
	www.passmoresschool.com /History/gr30ke7.htm (188 words)

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