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	Spartina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Spartina is held in place by its strong roots and stalks.
		Spartina grass drinks the salt water from the marsh.
		Spartina is a tall, green, and pointed grass.
	www.promotega.org /ksu00023/spartina2.htm (133 words)

	Spartina Salt Marshes
		West Meadow Creek in Winter, North Shore of Long Island NY Spartina salt marshes are broad nearly level meadows dominated by several species of grasses that are tolerant of salt and anoxic sediment.
		A salt marsh is "born" by the arrival of a seed or the rafting of a plant of the cord grass Spartina alterniflora.
		Spartina alterniflora consists of tough leaves composed of cellulose.
	life.bio.sunysb.edu /marinebio/spartina.html (1268 words)

	Information about common cordgrass (Spartina anglica)
		Spartina is a relatively small genus consisting of approximately 14 species, geographically centered along the east coast of North and South America, with outliers on the west coast of North America, Europe, and Tristan da Cunha.
		Decomposition of Spartina anglica, Elytrigia pungens and Halimione portulacoides in a Dutch salt marsh in association with faunal and habitat influences.
		Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) as an invasive halophyte in Pacific Northwest estuaries.
	www.nwcb.wa.gov /weed_info/Written_findings/Spartina_anglica.html (4723 words)

	Spartina alternaflora - Smooth Cordgrass - A Probem Aquatic Plant in the Western USA
		Spartina alterniflora is native to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America, occurring from Quebec and Newfoundland to Florida and Texas (Hitchcock 1971).
		Spartina alterniflora is a plant of the intertidal zone, where it colonizes mud- or sandflats in saline or brackish water.
		Spartina alterniflora was apparently first introduced into Willapa Bay in 1894 in a shipment of eastern oyster spat originating from the east coast of North America.
	www.wapms.org /plants/spartina.html (4668 words)

	Tidepool \| Spartina
		Spartina is doubly dangerous because it combines both key threats for endangered species.
		The spread of spartina is changing the delicate balance of estuarine food webs, and a team of UC Davis researchers, including Grosholz, has been charged with finding out how.
		Don Strong, a biologist on the UC Davis team, is researching the tempo of spartina’s spread, in part by examining aerial photos from the 1940s to the present.
	www.tidepool.org /ctc/spartinaks.cfm (1079 words)

	Puget Sound's Health 2002
		Spartina (commonly known as cordgrass) infestations are concentrated in the northern and central areas of Puget Sound.
		Agriculture and its partners succeed at reducing or eliminating smaller, outlying populations of spartina that have the potential to greatly increase in area, larger areas of infestations, such as south Skagit Bay, will become a bigger priority and the focus of additional funding.
		Between 1999 and 2001, the area of spartina infestations was reduced in each county where it occurs except Snohomish County.
	www.psat.wa.gov /Publications/pshealth2002/aquatic_spartina.htm (219 words)

	Maryland Vegetation Classification: SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE
		The vegetation is diverse and is codominated by Spartina alterniflora, Ptilimnium capillaceum, and Polygonum punctatum.
		Spartina alterniflora is limited to the low marsh zone by interspecific competition and by moderate salinity; it can withstand longer submergence than other salt marsh grasses but still requires periodic exposure of the substrate.
		Spartina alterniflora - Lilaeopsis chinensis Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL004193) is a Spartina alterniflora-dominated association occurring in the mid-tidal range of tidal rivers that have a minimum tidal range of one meter.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /wildlife/Md_Veg_Com/102_.asp (1317 words)

	VCR LTER Dataset LKB2E8802A - Spartina alterniflora decomposition in marsh sediments.
		VCR LTER Dataset LKB2E8802A - Spartina alterniflora decomposition in marsh sediments.
		LKB2E8802A - Spartina alterniflora decomposition in marsh sediments.
		LKB2E8802 - Spartina alterniflora decomposition in marsh sediments
	www.vcrlter.virginia.edu /data/query/text/datasets/LKB2E8802A.html (2384 words)

	Botanical Electronic News - BEN #286
		Spartina is an invasive cordgrass that is taking over tideflats in Puget Sound and coastal Washington, altering natural fish and shellfish habitats and excluding native vegetation.
		Spartina densiflora became established in San Francisco Bay in 1976 as part of a restoration project, when it was transplanted from Humboldt Bay (Spicher 1984).
		Spartina densiflora is perennial that spreads by seeds and short tillers.
	www.ou.edu /cas/botany-micro/ben/ben286.html (1982 words)

	Third International Conference on Invasive Spartina
		Each Spartina invasion is unique - a different species, a different type of shoreline, a different interaction with native species - but people dealing with the robust invaders face a similar spectrum of issues, ranging from scientific and technical to sociological and regulatory.
		Spartina plants thrive at the interface between land and sea, a place where even simple things become complex and unpredictable.
		The Third International Conference on Invasive Spartina will provide a forum for the best and latest Spartina research from around the world, and an opportunity to hear and discuss the experiences of a wide range of marsh managers and technical experts.
	www.the-conference.com /2004/spartina (147 words)

	Estuary Online - June, 1998
		Spartina alterniflora has increasingly been first on site at restoration projects on the southeast bayshore, largely due to the outpouring of seeds from huge established populations of this smooth eastern cordgrass at New Alameda Creek and on the San Bruno coast - populations that got a roothold here two decades ago.
		Ayres examined 25 marshes throughout California, using genetic markers to identify the spread of Spartina alterniflora and the degree of hybridization with the natives.
		Spartina patens or salt meadow grass, another invader from the East Coast, is found in San Bruno and in Southhampton Marsh in Benicia.
	sfep.abag.ca.gov /news/newsletter/est9810.html (6531 words)

	EW Spartina
		Spartina is a robust, up-right, perennial plant growing to one metre in height.
		Spartina is found in most eastern harbours of the Coromandel Peninsula and a number of estuaries and mudflat areas on the western side of the Peninsula.
		Spartina is declared a total control plant pest for the entire Waikato region (requiring the removal or control of all plants).
	www.ew.govt.nz /enviroinfo/pests/plants/spartina.htm (459 words)

	Washington's Coast: Plants - Spartina
		Nearly a third of Willapa Bay's 45,000 acres of tide flats are infested with Spartina, an invasive salt marsh grass.
		Spartina alterniflora is a deep-rooted salt marsh species native to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
		Spartina alterniflora is a beneficial plant in its native range along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/sea/coast/plants/spartina.html (494 words)

	Spartina Control Project
		Spartina, commonly known as cordgrass, is a non-native esturine grass that is widely considered a noxious weed.
		Spartina was identified in Tulalip Bay and an eradication and control program initiated.
		The Tulalip Spartina Control Program also made a contribution of $200 to the Triangle Cove Spartina Task Force for the purchase of herbicide and surfactant for their control efforts.
	www.tulalip.nsn.us /htmldocs/spartinacontrolproject.htm (1184 words)

	Spartina Anglica
		Spartina anglica was initially discovered on Roberts Bank in the Fraser Delta by Gary Williams during intertidal marsh surveys conducted for the Vancouver Port Authority in the summer of 2003.
		Using both ground and a hovercraft method, Spartina was estimated to affect over 220 ha of the 25,000 ha of intertidal habitat in the Fraser River Delta.
		The majority of Spartina infestations were individual plants and clones less than 1m in diameter and only one area was substantial in size (25m by 25m).
	www.corp.delta.bc.ca /EN/main/residents/771/808/spartina_anglica.html (564 words)

	A World of Diversity
		Spartina, a smooth cordgrass which is found in the intertidal mudflats of estuaries and wetlands along the coast of the United States forms large, deep rooted colonies which are posing great threat to the Willapa Bay and other open mud flat estuaries of the Pacific coast.
		The invasive Spartina alterniflora is thought to have come into the Willapa Bay estuary in as packing material in shipments of eastern oysters around 1894 (styce, 1988).
		The dense Spartina colonies will destroy the nurseries of the chum salmon and the english sole, also the populations of dungeness crab, and the commercial oyster beds will be effected since Spartina decreases the available area for oyster growth and decreases the available nutrients in the oyster bed.
	library.thinkquest.org /C007506/spartina.htm (606 words)

	Spartina anglica
		Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard (fertile amphidiploid hybrid of Spartina maritima (Curt.) Fernald and Spartina alterniflora Lois.)
		The smooth cord-grass Spartina alterniflora was introduced from the east coast of North America to Southampton Water prior to 1870 and was first found on mudflats near Hythe (Stapf 1913).
		Following the appearance of Spartina anglica, it was extensively planted throughout Britain to stablise soft sediments (Hubbard and Stebbings 1967) and in Europe, China and eastern USA.
	www.jncc.gov.uk /page-1680 (702 words)

	Saltmeadow Cordgrass -Spartina patens
		Beneficial: In its native range, Spartina patens is used to vegetate and stabilize saline, brackish, and freshwater tidal streambanks.
		Denno, R.F. Ecotope differentiation in a guild of sap-feeding insects on the salt marsh grass, Spartina patens.
		Seneca, E.D. Seedling response to photoperiod and thermoperiod by saltmeadow cordgrass, Spartina patens, from Ocracoke Island, North Carolina.
	www.nwcb.wa.gov /weed_info/Written_findings/Spartina_patens.html (1963 words)

	City News Article - City of Alameda California
		Spartina infestations exist along the Alameda eastern shoreline, the San Leandro Channel on both the Alameda and Bay Farm Island shorelines, the shorelines and in the shallow near-shore waters of the Elsie Roemer Bird Sanctuary and in pockets along the Alameda shoreline of the Inner Harbor, Tidal Channel and behind Paden School near Ballena Bay.
		Control of the spread of the non-native Spartina would serve to minimize the potential for Spartina-caused local flooding events, encroachment in shallow shoreline areas such as at marinas and residential boat docks, and impacts to local, native shoreline habitat.
		The purpose of this public review of the proposed Spartina control and partnership efforts is to provide information to the public, to meet the needs of the community and the City’s goals.
	www.ci.alameda.ca.us /news/news.html?id=060629_spartina_spp (218 words)

	issg Database: Ecology of Spartina anglica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Spartina anglica is a perennial salt marsh grass.
		Spartina anglica spread occurs in two phases, initial invasion and establishment of seedlings or vegetational fragments, and then expansion of tussocks by radial clonal growth (up to 30 cm per year).
		Spartina anglica is known for the unpredictable production, viability and germination of its seeds.
	www.issg.org /database/species/ecology.asp?si=76&fr=1&sts= (1135 words)

	Oregon Department of Agriculture News and Events: Aquatic noxious weed draws Oregon's attention
		Spartina - also known as cordgrass - has the ability to alter the food webs that sustain Dungeness crab, oysters, migratory birds, and other organisms.
		For large infestations, such as the thousands of acres of Spartina in Willapa Bay, the herbicide imazapyr is the preferred treatment.
		Spartina seeds yearly in the late summer through the autumn and rhizome fragments could be produced by digging, dredging, or by natural tidal influences.
	egov.oregon.gov /ODA/news/050824spartina.shtml (923 words)

	Cordgrass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spartina has been planted by humans to reclaim estuarine areas for stripping, to supply feed for livestock, and to prevent erosion.
		Various members of the genus (especially Spartina alterniflora and its derivatives, Spartina anglica and Spartina × townsendii) have spread outside of their native boundaries and become invasive.
		Spartina species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Aaron's Skipper (which feeds exclusively on S.h.i.t) and The Engrailed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spartina (207 words)

	issg Database: Ecology of Spartina alterniflora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Spartina alterniflora commonly known as smooth cord grass is a species that inhabits marsh habitat in its native range, where introduced It is known to establish itself in wave-protected mud and sand flats and grow very quickly into dense impenetrable stands.
		Spartina can grow in terrestrial areas, but is excluded by competition from other plants.
		alterniflora is therefore a threat to the survival of native Spartina spp.
	www.issg.org /database/species/ecology.asp?si=792&fr=1&sts= (1030 words)

	Biocontrol of Spartina anglica
		They can decrease the rate of tidal flow, accrete and hold sediment in intertidal areas, change the communities of intertidal algae, benthic invertebrates and shorebirds, and outcompete native salt marsh plants confining the native to a narrow intertidal zone.
		Spartina invasions have resulted in massive habitat alteration with ramification for wildlife, fisheries, native vegetation, geology, and hydrology.
		Two sap-feeding Spartina specialists, Prokelisia marginata and Prokelisia dolus, were used to test the impacts of insect herbivory on introduced intertidal cordgrass, Spartina
	faculty.plattsburgh.edu /meiyin.wu/spartina.html (217 words)

	Invasive Spartina in Willapa Bay: Environmental Impacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		We think that Spartina was first introduced into coastal Washington either late in the 19th century or early in the 20th century.
		Or it may have grown from spartina used as packing material to cushion cargo in the holds of ships.
		Spartina is highly valued in its native range.
	www.willapabay.org /~coastal/nospartina/impacts/impacts.htm (307 words)

	Invasive Spartina Threatens Our Bays
		The task at hand was the removal of a patch of invasive, non-native spartina from the preserve's sweep of tidelands.
		Spartina (Spartina anglica and other species), also known as cordgrass, is an aggressive weed that has caused serious environmental and economic damage across the Pacific Coast.
		Spartina control efforts in Willapa Bay have cost state taxpayers millions of dollars.
	www.sanjuanislander.com /county/noxious_weed_board/spartina.shtml (400 words)

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