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Topic: Spatial memory

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	Spatial memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example, a person's spatial memory is required in order to navigate around a familiar city, just as a rat's spatial memory is needed to learn the location of food at the end of a maze.
		Spatial memories are formed after an organism gathers and processes sensory information about its surroundings (especially vision and proprioception).
		Spatial learning requires both NMDA and AMPA receptors, consolidation requires NMDA receptors, and the retrieval of spatial memories requires AMPA receptors [4].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spatial_memory (163 words)

	Spatial memory performances of aged rats in the water maze predict levels of hippocampal neurogenesis. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		We expected that the spatial memory capabilities of aged rats would be related to the levels of hippocampal neurogenesis.
		Animals with preserved spatial memory, i.e., the aged-unimpaired rats, exhibited a higher level of cell proliferation and a higher number of new neurons in comparison with rats with spatial memory impairments, i.e., the aged-impaired rats.
		In conclusion, the extent of memory dysfunction in aged rats is quantitatively related to the hippocampal neurogenesis.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_14614143.html (307 words)

	Memory Research Lab at UCSD \| Larry Squire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Shimamura, A.P., and Squire, L.R. Memory and amnesia, pp.
		Squire, L.R. and McKee, R.D. The biology of Memory.
		Squire, L.R. and Zola, S.M. Memory, memory impairment, and the medial temporal lobe.
	whoville.ucsd.edu /1990.htm (3255 words)

	Spatial memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spatial memories are formed after an organism gathers and processes sensory information about its surroundings.
		There is some evidence that human spatial memory is strongly tied to the right hemisphere of the brain [1] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieveanddb=pubmedanddopt=Abstractandlist_uids=3677733) [2] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npgandcmd=Retrieveanddb=PubMedandlist_uids=10050894anddopt=Abstract) [3] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieveanddb=pubmedanddopt=Abstractandlist_uids=10403200).
		Spatial learning requires both NMDA and AMPA receptors, consolidation requires NMDA receptors, and the retrieval of spatial memories requires AMPA receptors [4] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieveanddb=pubmedanddopt=Abstractandlist_uids=7796636).
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Spatial_memory (171 words)

	Spatial memory -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		For example, a person's spatial memory is required in order to navigate around a familiar city, just as a rat's spatial memory is needed to learn the location of food at the end of a (Complex system of paths or tunnels in which it is easy to get lost) maze.
		Spatial memories are formed after an (A living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently) organism gathers and processes (additional info and facts about sensory) sensory information about its surroundings.
		Spatial learning requires both (additional info and facts about NMDA) NMDA and (additional info and facts about AMPA receptor) AMPA receptors, consolidation requires NMDA receptors, and the retrieval of spatial memories requires AMPA receptors.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sp/spatial_memory.htm (269 words)

	Memory
		Both semantic and episodic memories, whether linguistically expressed or not, usually aim at truth, and are together sometimes called ‘declarative memory’, in contrast to nondeclarative forms of memory, which don't seem to represent the world or the past in the same sense.
		But to say that psychologists of memory have turned their research efforts to the study of suggestibility, misinformation, and distortion is not, of course, to say that accuracy in memory has suddenly been shown by science to be impossible or unlikely.
		Engel (1999) and Schacter (1996) are reliable and well-written introductions to the psychology of memory in general: Tulving and Craik (2000) is a thorough handbook on the cognitive psychology and neuropsychology of memory.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/memory (11302 words)

	Memory in Psychology
		The mathematical memory models tutorial is an introduction to some of the major psychological models of memory that have a mathematical component.
		In 4 experiments, the authors explored the role of the frontal lobes (FLs) in source memory, the extent to which they may be involved in the encoding and/or retrieval of source or context, and the conditions under which the source memory deficit in older people may be reduced or eliminated.
		We review the idea of working memory as a short duration system in which small amounts of information are simultaneously stored and manipulated in the service of a task and that syntactic processing in sentence comprehension requires such a storage and computational system.
	www.psychology.org /links/Environment_Behavior_Relationships/Memory (1210 words)

	Positive effects of deprenyl and estradiol on spatial memory and oxidant stress in aged female rat brains. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The present study examined the effects of the monoamine oxidase B inhibitor L-deprenyl, alone and in combination with estradiol, on spatial memory using the Morris water maze and oxidant stress in aged female rat brains.
		We demonstrated that co-administration of deprenyl and estradiol caused a synergistic effect on spatial memory.
		Therefore, positive effects of deprenyl and estradiol on spatial memory may occur due not only to their antioxidant activities but also to the different actions.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_14700737.html (185 words)

	Research: Spatial Memory Distortions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		A consistent pattern of distortions can be observed: close to the landmarks a repulsion from the landmarks is observed, whereas further away from the landmark, the memory is distorted towards the landmark This pattern indicates that the target position is at least partially encoded relative to the landmarks.
		We used a cognitive judgment task to investigate the time course over very short memory intervals: we presented a dot on the screen, followed by a visual mask for as short as 50 ms and subsequently we presented the dot again, either at the same or at a slightly different location.
		Based on the answer of the participants whether the location had changed or not, we inferred that the memory representation of the dot was distorted relative to the landmarks only 50 ms after the stimulus was presented.
	www.bme.jhu.edu /~jdiedric/spatial.htm (480 words)

	Spatial Memory
		Spatial memory is an essential part of our ability to function as an individual within our environmemt.
		Using the firing of multiple, overlapping place cells, an internal spatial map of this particular environment can be constructed in which the pattern of firing of particular place cells gives the animal a location for its position.
		From work such as this, it is clear that the plasticity inherent in place field stability involves cellular mechanisms that are dependent on NMDA receptors, in particular those that contain NR2A and/or NR2B subunits, as receptors containing these subunits are preferentially blocked by CPP.
	www.bris.ac.uk /Depts/Synaptic/research/projects/memory/spatialmem.htm (1388 words)

	NEUROSCIENCE: ON SPATIAL MEMORY
		The search for the neural foundations of this ability center on the hippocampus, a brain structure involved in the type of spatial memory that we use to navigate to a location hidden from view, such as a parking space.
		In studies with human subjects, Mueller and Pilzecker found that memory of newly learned information was disrupted by the learning of other information shortly after the original learning, and they suggested that processes underlying new memories initially persist in a fragile state and then consolidate over time.
		In humans, among other functions, the hippocampus is apparently involved in short-term memory, and analysis of the neurological correlates of learning behavior in the rat indicates that the hippocampus of the rat is also involved in memory.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sa041022-1.htm (1376 words)

	Life-Enhancement.com Article - Print (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		This experiment examined the effects of aging and ALC on the retention and acquisition of spatial discrimination in an unfamiliar environment, compared with a familiar environment.
		Spatial memory was not enhanced in the familiar environment.
		ALC improved spatial retention only in the intermediate performance group, suggesting that its effects are performance-dependent.
	www.life-enhancement.com /article_print.asp?ID=21 (280 words)

	Spatial memory dissociations in mice lacking GluR1 - Nature Neuroscience (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Spatial reference memory retention was then tested in a probe trial with the platform absent, during which each mouse was allowed to search for 90 s.
		The spared spatial abilities of the mutant mice cannot be attributed to a progressive recovery of function, such that tasks early in the test sequence are impaired while later tasks are spared.
		Spatial reference memory was also re-assessed in sham and lesioned, wild-type and mutant mice on the elevated Y-maze in a novel spatial environment.
	www.nature.com /neuro/journal/v5/n9/full/nn910.html (5707 words)

	Memory, visual - WikEd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Visual memory is part of memory preserving some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience.
		We are able to place in memory information that resembles objects, places, animals or people in sort of a mental image.
		Spatial memory could also be a subcategory of visual memory since it relies on a mental map.
	wik.ed.uiuc.edu /index.php/Memory,_visual (523 words)

	Spatial Hypertext: An Alternative to Navigational and Semantic Links
		Spatial hypertext has contributed to a number of these lines of hypertext research: playing into the discussion of hypertext literary theory; framing the discussion of visualization and interaction techniques for hypertext information; challenging the open-hypermedia research community with a different model of hypertext; and motivating work on Web workspaces.
		The representational malleability of spatial hypertext is also considered important; early critiques of the rhetoric of hypertext call for a need to reform the established structural rigidity of hypertext and move to a more exploratory one [Moulthrop 1991].
		Spatial hypertext, because of the lack of links or other explicit relationships between nodes, challenges the open-hypermedia research protocols to consider information structuring at a more abstract level [Nürnberg 1999].
	www.cs.brown.edu /memex/ACM_HypertextTestbed/papers/37.html (2554 words)

	Remote spatial memory in an amnesic person with extensive bilateral hippocampal lesions - Nature Neuroscience (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The hippocampus may have a time-limited role in memory, being needed only until information is permanently stored elsewhere, or this region may permanently represent long-term allocentric spatial information or cognitive maps in memory.
		In his spatial knowledge, general aspects were preserved, but details were lost, a pattern that resembled his memory loss in other domains.
		This suggests that the hippocampus is not crucial for maintenance and retrieval of remotely formed spatial representations of major landmarks, routes, distances and directions, but is necessary for specifying location details, regardless of when they were acquired.
	www.nature.com /neurolink/v3/n10/abs/nn1000_1044.html (279 words)

	Citations: Data Mountain: Using Spatial Memory for Document Management - Robertson, Czerwinski, Larson, Robbins, Thiel, ...
		Experiments showed that spatial memory reduced subjects reaction times and error rates this result is exploited by the Escritoire which also displays a large group of documents from which a....
		The system takes advantage of human spatial memory, and experiments have shown that it reduces reaction time and error counts.
		....that people have better memory of locations in 3D space if they turn their bodies rather than turning the world about them [3] The presence of vestibular, proprioceptive, and somesthetic cues strongly affects spatial memory.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/838917/387221 (2765 words)

	Conservation of Spatial Memory Function in the Pallial Forebrain of Reptiles and Ray-Finned Fishes -- Rodríguez ...
		Conservation of Spatial Memory Function in the Pallial Forebrain of Reptiles and Ray-Finned Fishes -- Rodríguez et al.
		The hippocampus of mammals and birds is critical for spatial memory.
		and to the LP of goldfish in spatial memory.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/22/7/2894 (339 words)

	Research: The pragmatics of spatial memory
		These findings suggest that spatial memory is not a flat, map-like representation of space but rather a hierarchical graph-like structure that contains nested levels of details.
		These so called hierarchical theories of spatial representations propose that, depending on physical properties and subjective evaluation of space, places are grouped together to regions that form higher level nodes in spatial memory.
		Although spatial representations have been subject of research for many decades, little is known about the pragmatics of human spatial memory.
	www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de /projects.html?prj=136 (422 words)

	Involvement of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Spatial Memory Formation and Maintenance in a Radial Arm Maze Test ...
		Spatial reference (A) and working (B) memory formation in nonoperated control rats (n = 7) and rats that were continuously infused with BDNF antisense (n = 6) and sense oligonucleotides (n = 6) into the cerebral ventricle.
		Rats were first trained for the reference and working memory task for 28 d and then received a surgical operation for the continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of BDNF antisense (n = 11) or sense oligonucleotide (n = 10).
		We demonstrated in the present study that spatial memory formation is associated with an increase in BDNF mRNA level in the
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/20/18/7116 (5638 words)

	In Monkeys, A Spatial-Memory Gender Gap Closes With Age
		Lacreuse and her co-authors at The Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Emory University) and the Boston University School of Medicine tested spatial memory in 90 adult rhesus monkeys divided among three age groups: Young (less than 15 years old), middle aged (between 15 and 20), and old (20 or older).
		Although young-adult males had better spatial memory than females, choosing the correct food location more often, they peaked early.
		Training probably focused the females’ attention on the spatial features of the task, say the authors, whereas the males seem to have a natural tendency to attend to these features.
	www.apa.org /releases/gendergap.html (649 words)

	CVBP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		POUCET, B. Searching for the spatial correlates of unit firing in the prelimbic area of the rat medial frontal cortex.
		POUCET, B. A further characterization of the spatial problem-solving deficit induced by lesions of the medial frontal cortex in the rat.
		Spatial problem solving in a dual runway task by normal and septal rats.
	lnf.cnrs-mrs.fr /crnc/space/cvbp.htm (1279 words)

	Loss of estrogen affects different cognitive abilities, says new study, and may have implications for hormonal ...
		Those monkeys without functioning ovaries performed better on spatial memory tasks than monkeys with intact ovaries.
		Also to determine whether long-term loss of estrogen exacerbates normal age-related cognitive decline, the aged females were also compared to young female (4-7 year old) monkeys with intact ovaries.
		The ovariectomized female monkeys performed poorly on the object recognition tasks but performed better on a spatial memory task.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-06/APA-Loea-1706100.php (604 words)

	Amygdala kindling increased fear-response, but did not impair spatial memory in rats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Two weeks later the performance of the amygdala-kindled and sham-operated rats was tested in the open-field test, on the elevated plus maze, elevated bridges, and in the Morris water maze.
		The results show that amygdala kindling decreased exploratory and other motor activity in the open-field test, had anxiogenic effects on the elevated plus-maze, decreased boldness on the elevated bridges, but had a negligible affect in the spatial memory task.
		These results suggest that amygdala kindling affects the normal fear reaction of rats, a response that is known to be mediated through the amygdaloid pathways.
	www.uku.fi /neuro/ab9236.htm (186 words)

	Intracellular Correlates of Spatial Memory Acquisition in Hippocampal Slices: Long-Term Disinhibition of CA1 Pyramidal ...
		Spatial memory of rats used for in vitro recordings was assessed
		Acquisition of spatial memory in the Morris WM task and the effects
		B: detailed frequency distributions of the numbers of spikes fired during injection of the 800-ms depolarizing current pulse show that both spatial memory acquisition and swimming resulted in larger fractions of neurons with increased spike frequency accommodation.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/86/2/881 (8594 words)

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