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	Spearman-Brown prediction formula - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Spearman-Brown prediction formula (also known as the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula) is a formula relating psychometric reliability to test length:
		The formula predicts the reliability of a new test composed by replicating the current test N times (or, equivalently, adding N parallel forms of the current exam to the current exam).
		This formula is commonly used by psychometricians to predict the reliability of a test after changing the test length.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spearman-Brown_prediction_formula (284 words)

	Spearman-Brown prediction formula (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Spearman-Brown prediction formula (also known as the Spearman-Brown prophesy formula) is a formula relating psychometric reliability to test length:
		where is the predicted reliability; N is the number of "tests" combined (see below); and is the reliability of the current "test".
		The formula can also be rearranged to predict the number of replications required to acheive a degree of reliability:
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/s/sp/spearman_brown_prediction_formula.html (277 words)

	Psychometrics
		Internal consistency may be assessed by correlating performance on two halves of a test (split-half reliability); the value of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is adjusted with the Spearman-Brown prediction formula[?] to correspond to the correlation between two full-length tests.
		A commonly used measure is Cronbach's α[?], which is equivalent to the mean of all possible split-half coefficients.
		Predictive or concurrent validity cannot exceed the square of the correlation between two versions of the same measure.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ps/Psychometrics.html (525 words)

	Psychometrics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Charles Spearman, a pioneer in psychometrics who developed approaches to the measurement of intelligence, studied under Wilhelm Wundt and was trained in psychophysics.
		In addition, Spearman and Thurstone both made important contributions to the theory and application of factor analysis, a statistical method that has been used extensively in psychometrics.
		When the criterion measure is collected at the same time as the measure being validated the goal is to establish concurrent validity; when the criterion is collected later the goal is to establish predictive validity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Psychometric (2289 words)

	[No title]
		Spearman R. Spearman R can be thought of as the regular Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (Pearson r); that is, in terms of the proportion of variability accounted for, except that Spearman R is computed from ranks.
		In stacking, the predictions from different classifiers are used as input into a meta-learner, which attempts to combine the predictions to create a final best predicted classification.
		So, for example, the predicted classifications from the tree classifiers, linear model, and the neural network classifier(s) can be used as input variables into a neural network meta-classifier, which will attempt to "learn" from the data how to combine the predictions from the different models to yield maximum classification accuracy.
	www.statsoft.com /textbook/gloss.html (8802 words)

	Cronbach's alpha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is the extension of an earlier version, the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (often shortened to KR-20), which is the equivalent for dichotomous items, and Guttman (1945) developed the same quantity under the name lambda-2.
		Given that a sample was measured on a set of k items, Cronbach's α is defined as the mean correlation across the items, adjusted upward by the Spearman-Brown prediction formula by k.
		It is related to the outcome of an analysis of variance of the item data into variance due to the individuals in the sample and variance due to the items.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cronbach's_alpha (384 words)

	Race and intelligence (Explanations) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jensen formulated a hypothesis now referred to as Spearman's hypothesis which states that the degree of difference between fl and white cognitive test scores will be correlated with the degree to which the test measures g (called the test's g-loading).
		Spearman's hypothesis has a strong form, which says that all test-score differences can be traced to g, and a weak form, which claims that some but not all differences are due to g.
		This is a novel prediction of the partly genetic hypothesis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Race_and_intelligence_(Culture-only_or_partially-genetic_explanation) (10581 words)

	stats.html
		Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is based on the sum of squared differences in ranks between x and y.
		Note that the prediction error depends on the squared distance of x from the mean.
		You can predict biomoass of individual ijk from the sum of a species effect, a fertilizer effect, an interaction effect for the particular combination of fertilizer and species, and a residual error term.
	www.uvm.edu /~dstratto/old_PU_files/eeb407/stats.html (1943 words)

	Psychometrics info here at en.88of100c.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Charles Spearman, a prime in psychometrics who growed approaches to the measurement of intelligence, studied nether Wilhelm Wundt und was trained in psychophysics.
		Internal consistency may be assessed by correlating fulfillment on two halves of a dissection (split-half reliability); the tariff of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is redressed with the Spearman-Brown prediction formula to correspond to the correlation midway two full-length tests.
		Predictive or concurrent validity cannot exceed the square of the correlation midway two constructions of the above-named measure.
	en.88of100c.info /Psychometrics (2527 words)

	Psychometrics info here at en.86-of-100.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Charles Spearman, a initial in psychometrics who riped approaches to the measurement of intelligence, studied underneath Wilhelm Wundt & was trained in psychophysics.
		Internal consistency may be assessed by correlating work on two halves of a attempt (split-half reliability); the liability of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is quadrated with the Spearman-Brown prediction formula to correspond to the correlation amid two full-length tests.
		Predictive or concurrent validity cannot exceed the square of the correlation amid two chronicles of the same dissemblance measure.
	en.86-of-100.info /ohio-department-of-education/Psychometrics (2551 words)

	PHIL 332 Add-ons
		A further prediction of the averageness hypothesis is that, if any face shape is exaggerated away from average, it should become less attractive.
		The mood appeal of this perfume, originally based on the types of natural oil shown in the formula, could not easily be extended in a novel direction without the help of the perfumery chemist.
		Brown, Evan L. and Deffenbacher, Kenneth, Perception and the senses, 1979.
	www.philosophy.umd.edu /Faculty/jhbrown/BtyAdds (15611 words)

	Reliability (psychometric) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		For example, while there are many reliable tests, not all of them would validly predict job performance.
		This "halves reliability" estimate is then stepped up to the full test length using the Spearman-Brown prediction formula.
		The most common internal consistency measure is Cronbach's alpha, which is usually interpreted as the mean of all possible split-half coefficients.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/r/re/reliability__psychometric_.html (530 words)

	Quantitative marketing research - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Internal consistency may be assessed by correlating performance on two halves of a test (split-half reliability).
		The value of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is adjusted with the Spearman-Brown prediction formula to correspond to the correlation between two full-length tests.
		When the criterion is collected later the goal is to establish predictive validity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Quantitative_marketing_research (1322 words)

	Common Correlation and Reliability Analysis with SPSS for Windows
		This formula is adapted from SPSS 7.0 Algorithms where n is used instead of the sum of the weights.
		The coefficient of determination is a measure of the strength of the relationship between the predicted variable and model of the predictors in a regression model.
		The formula used depends upon whether the ratings are single ones or averages of the raters.
	www.nyu.edu /acf/socsci/Docs/correlate.html (4490 words)

	Development and Validation of an Intentional Learning Orientation Questionnaire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		McComb adds that "learners of all ages are naturally quite adept at being self-motivated and at directing and managing their own learning on tasks that they perceive as interesting, fun, personally meaningful, or relevant in some way" (McCombs, 1991, 1993, 1994).
		Expounding upon the focus on metacognition in the latest research in educational psychology, Brown (1987) suggests that terms like metacognition and cognition are too fuzzy, broad, and imprecise to use for scientific inquiry.
		Brown asserts that metacognitive processes are central to learning and development and represents an understanding and control of knowledge to some degree.
	mse.byu.edu /projects/elc/meaprojpr.html (6744 words)

	Shor et al 1962 JOP
		In spite of reservations appropriate to the lack of independence it is warranted to conclude that the results are a modestly convincing demonstration that the questionnaire measure evolved is very highly reliable and is a valid predictor of hypnotizability, and most clearly so in the deeper region of the hypnotizability continuum.
		The over-all generalization which may be drawn from the study is as follows: there is reasonable evidence that the questionnaire as evolved predicts hypnotizability, especially in the deeper region of the hypnotizability continuum; it is less predictive, if at all, in the lighter region.
		The area enclosed by the solid outline is depicted as predictive of hypnotizability mostly in the deeper regions; the area enclosed by the broken outline is depicted as predictive of hypnotizability mostly in the lighter regions.
	www.psych.upenn.edu /history/orne/shoretal1962jop5575.html (5622 words)

	The Person and the Situation
		For example, the consistency between children's honesty in one social situation (e.g., one's willingness to steal some change left on the table of an empty classroom) and their honesty in a different social situation (e.g., willingness to cheat during an exam) amounted to a correlation of.20.
		Making a dichotomous prediction, we will be correct about 86% of the time, demonstrating a 71% improvement over chance.
		This defense seems to backfire a bit, however, as it implies that the relative predictive power of the situation versus that of the person depends itself on the situation.
	www.uoregon.edu /~bfmalle/issues/pxs.html (2083 words)

	JITE Volume 34, Number 2 - Richard E. Satchwell
		Mental models are useful for entertaining specific hypotheses to predict or explain one's interactions with the environment or technical equipment (Johnson, 1987, 1988; Norman, 1983).
		The final cognitive process, predicting, was defined as the ability to anticipate the correct outcome in situations where multiple outcomes are possible.
		This is consistent with an a priori prediction that students using schematic diagrams would have to trace the schematic diagram several times in order to develop an understanding of the system.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /ejournals/JITE/v34n2/Satchwell.html (8847 words)

	Use of PET for Monitoring Cancer Therapy and for Predicting Outcome -- Weber 46 (6): 983 -- The Journal of Nuclear ...
		Prediction of response to preoperative chemotherapy in gastric carcinoma by metabolic imaging: results of a prospective trial.
		Prediction of response to preoperative chemotherapy in adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction by metabolic imaging.
		Positron emission tomography in non-small-cell lung cancer: prediction of response to chemotherapy by quantitative assessment of glucose use.
	jnm.snmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/46/6/983 (7265 words)

	Practice Quiz
		In a prediction study of the relationship between age and cognitive development, the criterion variable would be
		It determines the predictive validity of an instrument.
		When students' GPA in their freshmen year of college is predicted from their ACT scores and high school GPA, the analysis is known as
	wps.prenhall.com /chet_airasian_edresearch_8/0,11083,2526142-content,00.utf8.html (839 words)

	Samuel Stouffer: An Experimental Comparison of Statistical and Case History Methods of Attitude Research: II: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The correlation between these two sets of scores was +.85, which became +.92 when adjusted for a test of double the length of each half, by use of the Spearman-Brown prediction formula
		In the present investigation the average scores made by subjects on each parallel form yielded a correlation coefficient of +.88., slightly higher than that obtained by Dr. Smith in her group of 890 subjects.
		Adjusted by the Spearman-Brown formula for a test of double the length of either half, the reliability coefficient was +.94.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Stouffer/1930/Stouffer_1930_2.html (1798 words)

	A novel method for accurate operon predictions in all sequenced prokaryotes -- Price et al. 33 (3): 880 -- Nucleic ...
		We show the ROC curves for unsupervised predictions using all features, for unsupervised predictions using only distance or only the comparative/functional features, and also for supervised predictions (using all features and 100-fold cross-validation).
		Where the log likelihood is zero, operon and not-operon pairs are predicted to be equally likely to have that distance.
		predictions that are optimized using known operon structure.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/33/3/880 (6366 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| The rating reliability calculator
		This simple web-based program provides a convenient means of estimating the reliability of rating data without the need to conduct special studies in order to provide complete rating data.
		If more than one rating is specified, the program uses the Spearman-Brown prophesy formula [6] to extrapolate what the reliability would be if that number of ratings was averaged to obtain a score.
		The program also lists each subject, their mean rating, standard deviation of their ratings and number of ratings they received.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2288/4/11 (1705 words)

	R FAQ
		In S a terms object is an expression with attributes, in R it is a formula with attributes.
		Improved predictive models by direct and indirect bootstrap aggregation in classification and regression as well as resampling based estimators of prediction error.
		Construct or predict with k-nearest-neighbor classifiers, using cross-validation to select k, choose variables (by forward or backwards selection), and choose scaling (from among no scaling, scaling each column by its SD, or scaling each column by its MAD).
	web.csb.ias.edu /R/html/faq.html (12003 words)

	software from Marley Watkins
		A standalone Macintosh program that performs a simple regression-based prediction of achievement for determination of a severe ability-achievement discrepancy.
		A standalone Macintosh program that calculates the Spearman-Brown 'Prophecy' formula that estimates the reliability of a test if its number of items is altered.850k.
		A standalone Windows program that calculates the Spearman-Brown 'Prophecy' formula that estimates the reliability of a test if its number of items is altered 600k.
	www.personal.psu.edu /mww10/Watkins3.html (1466 words)

	AssiStat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The AssiStat is a Windows-based software package that does automated calculation of 80 formulas useful in educational and psychological research, practice, and in measurement and statistics courses.
		It was designed to be used as a complement to typical statistical data analysis packages rather than as a primary data analysis tool.
		Everything except entry of formula values/data is done by clicking a button (i.e., viewing a help screen to learn how to use the system, navigating through the system of menus, sub-menus, and formula screens, performing calculations, clearing the screen of previous calculations, printing results, viewing and printing references for the formulas/applications)
	www.assess.com /Software/AssiStat.htm (596 words)

	Probability and Statistics Resources
		Brown M., and A. Forsythe, Robust test for equality of variances: Modified Levene's test, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 69, 1974, 364-367.
		Sahai, H. and A. Khurshid, Formulas and tables for the determination of sample sizes and power in clinical trials involving the difference of two populations: A review, Statistics in Medicine, 15, 1996, 1-12.
		Sgibnev M., On an explicit formula for the distribution of the supremum, Statistics & Probability Letters, 40, 329-331, 1998.
	home.ubalt.edu /ntsbarsh/Business-stat/R.htm#rPublishers (10627 words)

	Glossary
		Hypothesis — a prediction or guess of the relation that exists among the variables being investigated; the formal statement of the researcher’s prediction of the relationship that exists among the variables under investigation
		Predictive research — research focused on predicting the future status of one or more dependent variables based on one or more independent variables
		Predictive validity evidence — validity evidence based on the relationship between test scores collected at one point in time and criterion scores occurring at a later time
	www.southalabama.edu /coe/bset/johnson/dr_johnson/2glossary.htm (8776 words)

	\|STAT Handbook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The next analysis predicts final exam scores with those of the two midterm exams.
		These two expressions, one on each line, are the obtained and predicted final exam scores, respectively.
		In the regression analysis, the first column is predicted with all the others.
	www.cog.brown.edu /~max/cg144/class_files/pipehandbook.htm (13494 words)

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