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Topic: Species biology

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Biological types

Species

Anatidae

Tragelaphus

Apoidea

Formicidae

Certhiidae

Binomial name

Eurasian Tree Sparrow

Atta

Bovidae

Genera

Halictidae

List of birds

	Evolution -- What is a Species and What is Not
		The species is the principal unit of evolution and it is impossible to write about evolution, and indeed about almost any aspect of the philosophy of biology, without having a sound understanding of the meaning of biological species.
		Among the attributes members of a species share, the only ones that are of crucial significance for the species definition are those which serve the biological purpose of the species, that is, the protection of a harmonious gene pool.
		The literature traditionally has referred to the "species problem." However, it is now quite clear that there are two different sets of species problems, one being the problem of how to define the species (what species concept to adopt), and the other being how to apply this concept in the demarcation of species taxa.
	members.aol.com /darwinpage/mayrspecies.htm (6652 words)

	www.arareko.net - Biology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In this study, it was proposed to determine species richness of naked amoebae in a preserved soil and a degraded one from the Cutac subriver basin in Zapotitlán de las Salinas, Puebla.
		Species richness of naked amoebae and isolation of endosymbiotic bacteria in a preserved naked soil of Zapotitlán de las Salinas, Puebla
		In this study, it was proposed to determine the species richness of naked amoebae that are present in a preserved naked soil from the Cutac subriver basin in Zapotitlán de las Salinas, Puebla.
	www.arareko.net /biology (1160 words)

	Species (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Species are the fundamental taxonomic units of biological classification.
		The universality of a biological trait in a species is fragile.
		Genealogy is an inter-population structure: species are lineages of populations.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/species (6899 words)

	The Species Problem
		The species problem seeks to obtain a set of guidelines that enable us to place each and every living creature (as well as once-living creatures and even future creatures) into these species categories such that every organism belongs to one and only one species.
		The BSC states that a species is a group of individuals capable of interbreeding only within their fellow members; that is, they are reproductively isolated from other species.
		The daughter species are said to have synapomorphies, or derived characteristics setting them apart from their ancestral species.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~izad/speciesproblem.htm (1811 words)

	USGS Biology: Invasive Species Program - Welcome
		More than 6,500 nonindigenous species are now established in the United States, posing risks to native species, valued ecosystems, and human and wildlife health.
		USGS invasive species research encompasses all significant groups of invasive organisms in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in all regions of the United States.
		The Invasive Species Information Node (ISIN) is a data management portal for invasive plants, animals, and pathogens in the United States and a thematic node of the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII).
	biology.usgs.gov /invasive (406 words)

	Fly Control In Confined Livestock And Poultry Production - Novartis Animal Health Inc
		Most important are the species in the family Muscidae which includes the common house fly Musca domestica (L.).
		The house fly will be discussed in most detail since it is the major pest species and the primary target of fly control programs.
		Integrated fly control means using a two-pronged attack on flies: larvicides to prevent fly larvae developing into adults, and adulticides to kill adult flies.
	www.flycontrol.novartis.com /species/en (166 words)

	AllRefer.com - species (Biology, General) - Encyclopedia
		species, in biology, a category of classification, the original and still the basic unit in the demarcation of plant and animal types.
		Because related species are not absolutely permanent (see evolution), a precise definition of the term is difficult.
		The latter term refers to that collection of characteristics whose combination is unique in the species, although each individual of the group may not display every single one of the characteristics (see genetics).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/species.html (251 words)

	H-SC Academic Catalogue - BIOLOGY PROGRAM (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Prerequisites: Biology 110 and 151, or consent of the instructor.
		Prerequisites: Biology 110, 151, and 201; and Chemistry 110, 120, 210, 251, and 211; or consent of instructor.
		Prerequisites: Biology 110, 151, and 201 or 202.
	www.hsc.edu /academics/catalogue/course/biology.html (1541 words)

	Evolution of the term 'Species'
		The species essence was considered to be the unchanging concept in the mind of God about the ideal form of the members of a biological population.
		Because in classical biology the species was defined by its timeless essence, the resulting populations were likewise thought to be unchanging in time.
		The old species concept, based on the metaphysical concept of an essence, is so fundamentally different from the biological concept of a reproductively isolated population that a gradual changeover from one into the other was not possible.
	bahai-library.com /unpubl.articles/originality/biology.html (8497 words)

	Biology: endemic species
		Isolation is a common factor in speciation since there is little interplay in the gene pool.
		Environmental factors on the islands led to the evovling of two separate species: the land iguana that eats cactus and the marine iguana that feeds on water plants.
		I am unaware of recent extinctions on islands but even the slightest change of the environment on an island can cause death because the conditions under which the animals exist are limited and there is no input of new DNA due to the isolation Again returning to the Galapagos.
	en.allexperts.com /q/Biology-664/endemic-species.htm (350 words)

	David M. Lodge • Faculty • Department of Biological Sciences • University of Notre Dame
		In recognition of the extreme importance of invasive species in driving declines in native biodiversity and changes in ecosystem function, invasion biology has emerged in recent years as a central focus of conservation biology.
		One overall question is "can we forecast the introduction, establishment, dispersal, and impact of nonindigenous species on native species and ecosystems?" We are studying the pathways by which alien species are being introduced; the interactions that alien species have with native species, and how those interactions affect community and ecosystem function.
		We are also conducting extensive statistical analyses of alien and native species in the Great Lakes to discover characteristics that distinguish invasive from non-invasive species, and species that become nuisances from those that do not.
	biology.nd.edu /lodge.shtml (1299 words)

	Speciation
		A species is an actually or potentially interbreeding population that does not interbreed with other such populations when there is opportunity to do so.
		Although hybridization between related species of angiosperm also causes reduced fertility, it is sometimes followed by a doubling of the chromosome number.
		These benthic and limnetic species even display their mating preferences when presented with sticklebacks from Japanese lakes; that is, a Canadian benthic prefers a Japanese benthic over its close limnetic cousin from its own lake.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Speciation.html (2588 words)

	South Florida Environments - Introduced Species
		Species found outside their native range are non-indigenous, those within their natural range, indigenous.
		Reported species are those recorded with no knowledge of their reproductive status, locally established species are those species known to be breeding but within a limited area (such as an isolated pond), while an established species is defined by one or more breeding populations.
		Introduced species do not always behave as they are known to in their native environments and free from the constraints that may have kept their population in balance with their native surroundings, they may reach extraordinary levels of abundance.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/southflorida/introducedspecies.html (673 words)

	The KLI Theory Lab - keywords - species
		Futuyma, D.J. On the role of species in anagenesis.
		Rosenberg, A. Species notions and the theoretical hierarchy of biology.
		Stamos, D.N. Buffon, Darwin, and the non-individuality of species - A reply to Jean Gayon.
	www.kli.ac.at /theorylab/Keyword/S/Species.html (451 words)

	Biology News: Species mix across Panama Canal
		According to the 'niche' theory of ecosystems, every species within a community, be it river or rainforest, has a well-defined role in life.
		Every species interacts with other species in the group, for example by forming a predator-prey relationship, or forging a mutual bond such as that of corals with algae.
		This indicates that the number of species in the Rio Grande has increased by 28%, and in the Rio Chagres by 11%, the researchers report in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B.
	www.bioedonline.org /news/news.cfm?art=1215 (639 words)

	Biology: Young species
		I have experience teaching college level biology, microbiology and botany as well as general biology, physical science and chemistry at the high school and junior high school levels.
		The species concept is not as simple as one might imagine and there is more than one definition for the term.
		The only way a species could "pop" into existence would be for some mutation or accident to cause a problem with the genetic system so that an individual could not breed back to its original population.
	en.allexperts.com /q/Biology-664/Young-species.htm (348 words)

	Plant Species Biology - Journal Information
		The Society for the Study of Species Biology was originally founded as the Symposium Committee for Plant Experimental Taxonomy in 1968.
		It was reorganized as the Society for the Study of Species Biology (SSSB) in 1986.
		Plant Species Biology aims at communicating and exchanging knowledge and ideas on plant species and their biological aspects including life histories, population dynamics, molecular biosystematics, co-evolutionary networks among plants and other organisms, and mechanisms of speciation.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /aims.asp?ref=0913-557X&site=1 (195 words)

	Plant Species Biology - Journal Information
		Plant Species Biology, published since 1986, has covered such diverse subjects as Evolutionary studies on sexual systems in plants (1990), Maintenance mechanism and diversity of plant species populations (1993), Differenctiation patterns of plant populations and adaptive mechanisms (1996), and New perspectives in pollination biology: floral fragrances (1999).
		The Journal aims to communicate and exchange knowledge and ideas on plant species and their biological aspects including life histories, population dynamics, molecular biosystematics, co-evolutionary networks among plants and other organisms, and mechanisms of speciation.
		This knowledge is essential for 'modern conservation biology', which has a key role in today's preservation of endangered biodiversity.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /journal.asp?ref=0913-557X (291 words)

	Introduction to Canid Species Accounts
		Within the species’ accounts, this section is used where the taxonomy of a species requires clarification, particularly where recent studies may have challenged the accepted nomenclature of certain species.
		As far as possible, the description of a given species is based on live specimens and includes details of general appearance, followed with a detailed description beginning with the head, parts of the head, body, legs, feet and tail.
		Effects of pathogens and parasites on populations; susceptibility to particular diseases, pathogens and parasites (endo- and ecto-parasites); the importance of the species as a vector or reservoir of diseases of domestic stock and humans.
	www.canids.org /species/intro.htm (2527 words)

	Species - definition from Biology-Online.org
		A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characteristics distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level.
		In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a latin or Latinised adjective or noun.
		(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed.A specific kind of something; a species of molecule; a species of villainy.A taxon referencing organisms that can successfully reproduce with one another, and share common characteristics across the wide range of organisms that may exist in the species (their gene pool).
	www.biology-online.org /dictionary/Species (189 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : Biology : Introduced Species
		Plant species used in agriculture, for example, have been deliberately introduced to new areas by humans.
		In some cases, introduced species completely take over a habitat and eliminate the species who were living there originally.
		Sometimes the introduction of species is intentional and beneficial for humans.
	www.saburchill.com /hfns02/chapters/chap022f.html (237 words)

	Invasive species alter habitat to their benefit
		The diversity of native species declines, and changes occur in natural processes such as nutrient cycling, wildfire frequency and the movement of water through the system.
		The state is home to three cattail species: the native broad-leaf cattail; the invasive narrow-leaf cattail, which was introduced on the east coast in the early 19th century and eventually found its way inland; and a hybrid of the two species that is larger than either parent and tolerates a wider range of environmental conditions.
		When she tallied other plants in the experimental plots, she found that both the diversity and the density of native species were lower when litter was present.
	www.biologynews.net /archives/2006/08/09/invasive_species_alter_habitat_to_their_benefit.html (949 words)

	Biology News: Species list reaches half-million mark
		Many species are known by different colloquial names in neighbouring countries, and the catalogue hopes to eliminate the confusion this causes.
		For each known species, the catalogue lists its different names, along with details of where it is found, the names of relevant experts, and links to other online resources.
		Frank Bisby, the executive director of Species 2000, who announced the catalogue's milestone on 15 March at their annual meeting in St. Paul's Bay, Malta, says it has made "spectacular progress".
	www.bioedonline.org /news/news.cfm?art=1660 (613 words)

	Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project - Columbia University
		The species is omnivorous, with teeth and digestive systems adapted to eating both animals and plants.
		The species also takes care of its elderly and sick populations, which goes contrary to natural selection and is another result of increased brain capacity and development of emotions.
		This extremely territorial and emotional species is prone to anger and violence, often resulting in the outbreak of warfare on an ever-larger scale.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/homo_sapiens_sapiens.html (1513 words)

	David M. Lodge • Faculty • Department of Biological Sciences • University of Notre Dame
		In recognition of the extreme importance of invasive species in driving declines in native biodiversity and changes in ecosystem function, invasion biology has emerged in recent years as a central focus of conservation biology.
		One overall question is "can we forecast the introduction, establishment, dispersal, and impact of nonindigenous species on native species and ecosystems?" We are studying the pathways by which alien species are being introduced; the interactions that alien species have with native species, and how those interactions affect community and ecosystem function.
		We are also conducting extensive statistical analyses of alien and native species in the Great Lakes to discover characteristics that distinguish invasive from non-invasive species, and species that become nuisances from those that do not.
	www.nd.edu /~biology/lodge.shtml (1299 words)

	NPS: Nature & Science » Biology Resources » Invasive Species Management
		This natural heritage is threatened by the invasion of exotic plants and animals as well as by human-caused disturbances that foster the establishment of exotic species.
		The Ecological Society of America noted that invasive species contribute to the listing of 35 to 46 percent of all threatened and endangered species.
		Control of exotic species is one of the most significant land management issues facing national parks.
	www.nature.nps.gov /biology/invasivespecies (385 words)

	The Talk.Origins Archive: Evolution FAQs
		In evolutionary biology today macroevolution is used to refer to any evolutionary change at or above the level of species.
		It means the splitting of a species into two or the change of a species over time into another.
		This essay seeks to summarise some of the more important recent developments, provide a reading list, and to show that evolution is no worse off philosophically than any other science would be, and that the usual arguments against evolution from a philosophical approach fail.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/faqs-evolution.html (1031 words)

	Contemporary Issues in Biology Online Course
		Be sure to choose a species that interests you, because you will write about it periodically throughout this semester.
		This week, you will select your species and introduce it to the world by writing the script for a mini-"documentary." As you will see, the documentary should integrate some of the information you learned when you studied chapters 2 and 3.
		This will be the list of species that are taken and therefore unavailable to the rest of the class.
	www.ou.edu /biology1003/week04/adoptspecies.htm (1711 words)

	Reconstructing The Biology Of Extinct Species: A New Approach
		The study also included 119 additional species, most of which are mammals ranging in size from mouse to elephant, that habitually move in diverse ways in varied environments.
		The fluid's movement is sensed by special cells that send signals to the brain, triggering the neck and eye muscles to reflexively keep the visual image stable.
		Earth Could Lose Thousands Of At-Risk Species: Studies Indicate Extinctions Are Not Random Events (Apr. 14, 2000) — Thousands of at-risk bird and mammal species worldwide could eventually become extinct due to the non-random nature of extinction...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2007/06/070618174733.htm (1208 words)

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