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Topic: Specific absorption rate

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	CTIA - The Wireless Association®
		Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a way of measuring the quantity of RF energy that is absorbed by tissue.
		Determination of SARs can be made either by using sophisticated computer modeling techniques or by performing tests on a model called a "phantom." Years of research have gone into understanding and developing ways to calculate the complexities involved in determining SAR values for products that produce radio-frequency emissions.
		The SAR is determined by a number of factors including whether the signal is analog or digital, the frequency on which the call is transmitted and the phone's design.
	www.ctia.org /wireless_consumers/health_and_safety/index.cfm/AID/129 (932 words)

	radiation standards
		'SAR is the time rate at which radio frequency electromagnetic energy is imparted to an element or mass of a biological body.' SAR is expressed as energy flow (power) per unit of mass in units of W/kg'.
		Measuring specific absorption rates relies upon a simple process in theory, but a nearly impossible procedure in practice because of the intrusive nature of the ideal methodology.
		In practice, the SAR is measured directly as a temperature increase in a localized area of tissue.
	ntrg.cs.tcd.ie /mobile/SAR.html (370 words)

	Specific Absorption Rate Requirements for Australia
		SAR must be measured before and after the acquisition of the SAR data, at a suitable test point, to verify that transmitter power output has not degraded due to battery discharge.
		The SAR test must be performed with the MPTE transmitting at three different frequencies in the allocated frequency band: at each end of the band and at the center of the band.
		For multimode devices, the SAR test must be performed with the MPTE transmitting in each of the frequency bands allocated at the low, middle, and high end of the band.
	www.ce-mag.com /archive/02/05/zombolas.html (3285 words)

	Specific absorption rate
		Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a measure of the rate at which radio frequency (RF) energy is absorbed by the body when using a cellular telephone.
		SAR here, doesn't relate to the absorption rate of radiation by other living species.
		Studies of SAR and their adverse effects on other living species, so far, remains an untouched topic, in research.
	www.mrsci.com /Radiobiology/Specific_absorption_rate.php (309 words)

	OST1997AR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		SAR is measured in units of Watts per kilogram and is proportional to the square of the electric (E) field magnitude.
		SAR was measured around ICD and ablation electrodes while they were immersed in tissue-simulating liquid, and the SAR was measured throughout the volume of the liquid.
		For ablation catheters, SAR is determined at each point in a scan by applying a pulse of radiofrequency current to the catheter and measuring the rate of change in temperature due to the shock.
	www.fda.gov /cdrh/ost/rpt97/OST1997AR14.HTML (577 words)

	cutler/zombolas
		SAR is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by a certain unit mass of human tissue, usually expressed in watts per kilogram but also in milliwatts per gram.
		The SAR is the measure of the rate of energy absorption per unit mass of tissue at a specific location in the tissue medium.
		This absorption rate is proportional to the rate of temperature increase in a tissue, as well.
	www.ce-mag.com /archive/05/07/zombo2.html (5206 words)

	RA Mayes \| SAR - Specific Absorption Rate Test Systems
		The SAR is a value that corresponds to the relative amount of RF energy absorbed by the user of a device in close proximity to the body.
		A twin phantom Specific Anthropomorphic Mannequin houses the tissue-simulating fluid and is adapted in shape and size to represent the flattened ear of a mobile phone user.
		The SAR system is controlled by a high-end computer; system software consists of robot control, field measurements with variable output selections, field scans for SAR applications, visualization, predefined compliance testing for 1g and 10g SAR measurements, system validation, and various acquisition modes.
	www.ramayes.com /SAR_Specific_Absorption_Rate_Systems.htm (595 words)

	OET -- Radio Frequency Safety (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The SAR is a value that corresponds to the relative amount of RF energy absorbed in the head of a user of a wireless handset.
		You can also obtain SAR information on many cellular phones from the FCC's database if you have the FCC ID number of the phone or device and if it was produced and marketed within the last 1-2 years.
		For phones and devices authorized between about mid-1998 and June 2000, detailed information on SAR levels is typically found in the "exhibits" associated with the grant of equipment authorization.
	www.fcc.gov /oet/rfsafety/sar.html (572 words)

	Specific absorption rate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a measure of the rate at which radio frequency (RF) energy is absorbed by the body when exposed to radio-frequency electromagnetic field.
		The most common use is in relation to cellular telephones.
		In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has adopted limits for safe exposure to RF energy produced by mobile devices and requires that phones sold in the U.S. have a SAR level at or below 1.6 watts per kilogram (W/kg) taken over a volume of 1 gram of tissue.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Specific_absorption_rate (152 words)

	Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) What is it?
		Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is a dosimetric quantity and is defined as the rate at which RF energy is absorbed per unit mass of biological tissue.
		The FCC (USA) sets a SAR limit of 1.6 W/kg measured in a 1 g mass of tissue.
		Because the 1 g tissue mass in which the RF energy is absorbed is much smaller than the 10 g mass, this leads to a much greater temperature rise, therefore, the FCC limit is effectively much tougher than the rest of the world.
	www.emctech.com.au /sar4/aboutSAR.html (215 words)

	ARRLWeb: N9GL's RF Safety Column: Understanding SAR
		For a given volume of tissue, the SAR indicates the average rate at which energy is absorbed for each kilogram, or gram, of tissue weight.
		SAR is measured in different ways that have applicability to the mechanisms that excessive RF absorption can harm tissue.
		It is acceptable to either measure absorption in a phantom head, or to perform a computer model of absorption, using one-gram regions of tissue in both cases.
	www.arrl.org /rfsafety/lapin/2000/08/29/1 (1886 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Specific Absorption Rate, or SAR, indicates the amount of energy from radiofrequency radiation (RFR) that is absorbed by the body when a wireless phone is used.
		It is defined as the rate of energy absorption per unit mass, and is expressed in units of watts per kilogram (W/kg).
		The actual SAR of a phone while in use is usually well below the maximum permissible value, since the phone uses the least power needed to reach the nearest base station.
	www.wirc.org /sar/index.shtml (437 words)

	CellularProtective.com - anti-radiation device for cellular phones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Children might be more vulnerable because their nervous system is still developing, they have a greater absorption of energy in the tissues of the head and they would have a longer lifetime exposure than adults, according to the report.
		Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is the measure of the rate of energy absorption in body tissue.
		SAR standards are used as the basis for determining cell phone safety worldwide.
	www.cellularprotective.com (4242 words)

	Specific Absorption Rate Testing, SAR Testing
		SAR is intended to indicate the amount of radio- frequency energy absorbed into human tissue by a radio transmitter.
		For example, the SAR limit imposed on US (sate only as "US" to be consistent with all brochures) manufacturers by the FCC is 1.6 watts per kilogram averaged over 1 gram of tissue.
		But the SAR standard adopted by the European Union is 2 watts per kilogram averaged over 10 grams of tissue.
	www.tuvps.co.uk /specific-absorption-rate-sar.asp (594 words)

	CTIA - The Wireless Association®
		SAR stands for Specific Absorption Rate, which is the unit of measurement for the amount of radio frequency (RF) absorbed by the body when using your wireless phone.
		This information will provide the SAR level for the phone, let consumer know that their phone model has been tested and meets strict, science-based federal guidelines and describe and put SAR into context for the consumer.
		Although the SAR is determined at the highest certified power level in laboratory conditions, the actual SAR level of the phone while operating can be well below the maximum level.
	www.ctia.org /wireless_consumers/health_and_safety/index.cfm/AID/333 (1071 words)

	Printer Friendly Version
		As frequency increases, absorption in the body is characterized by a more intense, but shallower influence on body tissues related to the wavelength of the transmissions in such media.
		SAR probes, with tip diameters from 5 to 8 mm, are small relative to the exposure volumes at these frequencies, and suitable for examining field variations within the layers close to the body surface.
		IEC 62209 Procedure to measure the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for hand-held mobile wireless devices in the frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz.
	www.mwrf.com /Articles/Print.cfm?ArticleID=10018 (1975 words)

	Cellular Telephone Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		These limits are given in terms of a unit referred to as the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), which is a measure of the amount of radio frequency energy absorbed by the body when using a mobile phone.
		The SAR information is located in the first few pages of the user guides.
		The highest SAR values reported in the equipment certification test data are usually included in the comments section of the grant of equipment certification.
	www.fcc.gov /cgb/sar (756 words)

	The Associated BioElectromagnetics Technologists
		A correlation between specific chromosomal aberrations and the incidence of micronuclei after in vitro exposure was observed.
		Cells were exposed at 37±1 degree C, for 3 or 24 h at average specific absorption rates (SARs) of 1.0-10.0 W/kg.
		The maximum specific absorption rate (5 W/kg) was higher than that occurring in the head of mobile phone users; however, no changes were found in cell proliferation kinetics after exposure to either CW or GMSK fields.
	www.emfbioeffects.org /index.html (7774 words)

	Absorption
		Absorption : The uptake of water, other fluids, or dissolved chemicals by a cell or an organism (as tree roots absorb dissolved nutrients in soil.) [Environmental Protection Agency]
		Absorption is the process whereby toxicants gain entrance into the body.
		Correlate the bioavailability and kinetic rate constant of absorption of
	www.mongabay.com /reference/environment/Absorption.html (478 words)

	Cell Phones SARs - Specific Absorption Rates - Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) and Your Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		SAR information on older model phones can be found through the FCC's website - www.fcc.gov/oet/fccid - and performing the same search as for new phones.
		Most SAR Information is available in the user manual in the Safety information section.
		SAR information is found either in the technical data section located towards the bottom of the technical data page, or in the manual and can be found by searching for the keywords "Specific Absorption Rate".
	www.ehso.com /ehshome/cellphonesars.php (1450 words)

	RadTherm: Professional CAE Thermal Modeling and Heat Transfer Software
		The MPE level, for a given exposure frequency, is stated in terms of the specific absorption rate (SAR) - the rate of energy absorption per unit mass of tissue.
		The rate of temperature increase in tissue is a function of the specific absorption rate.
		The local rate of temperature increase in a homogeneous phantom model is approximately linear with the SAR, for short-duration exposures [27].
	www.thermoanalytics.com /services/biothermal.html (2542 words)

	Cell phone radiation chart - CNET reviews
		According to the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA), SAR or specific absorption rate is "a way of measuring the quantity of radiofrequency (RF) energy that is absorbed by the body." For a phone to pass FCC certification, that phone's maximum SAR level must be less than 1.6W/kg (watts per kilogram).
		The SAR level listed in our chart represents the maximum SAR level with the phone next to the ear, a level obtained through required FCC tests.
		It's important to note that in publishing this list are we in no way implying that cell phone use is or isn't harmful to your health.
	reviews.cnet.com /4520-6602-5020355.html?tag=lnav (318 words)

	SAR Information
		SAR stands for Specific Absorption Rate, which is the unit of measurement for the amount of RF energy absorbed by the body when using a mobile phone.
		The SAR is determined at the highest certified power level in laboratory conditions.
		While there may be differences in SAR levels among phone models, all mobile phones must meet RF exposure guidelines.
	www.mmfai.org /public/sar.cfm?lang=eng (214 words)

	Questions and Answers about Wireless Phones
		The SAR is a measure of the rate of absorption of RF energy.
		Information on SAR for a specific phone model can be obtained for many recently manufactured phones using the FCC identification (ID) number for that model.
		These systems reduce the absorption of RF energy in the head because the phone, which is the source of the RF emissions, will not be placed against the head.
	www.fda.gov /cellphones/qa.html (6873 words)

	MET Labs with SAR testing and FCC Certification ®©
		Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) testing is the Radiofrequency (RF) dosimetry quantification of the magnitude and distribution of absorbed electromagnetic energy within biological objects that are exposed to RF fields.
		International regulatory bodies are requiring SAR evaluations for most portable and mobile wireless technologies.
		When portable transmitter antennas and radiating structures are less than 20 cm from persons, except extremities (hands, wrist, feet and ankles), and depending on the device’s frequency and threshold levels, SAR testing may in fact be required.
	www.metlabs.com /pages/sar.html (553 words)

	Safety and Legal Information - Motorola Q Wiki
		The SAR limit set by the FCC and by the Canadian regulatory authorities is 1.6 W/kg.1 Tests for SAR are conducted using standard operating positions accepted by the FCC and by Industry Canada with the phone transmitting at its highest certified power level in all tested frequency bands.
		The wireless telephone industry has developed ratings for some of their mobile phones, to assist hearing device users in finding phones that may be compatible with their hearing devices.
		Phones that are rated have the rating on their box or a label on the box.
	www.motoqwiki.com /index.php?title=Safety_and_Legal_Information (5371 words)

	Discover your mobile's radiation level - Phones & PDAs - Gadgets - Technology
		A phone's maximum SAR is always below safety standards, but varies widely during everyday use, whereas the energy efficiency of electrical appliances is largely stable.
		Kelly Parkinson, a SAR expert within AMTA, says a study in Paris showed the mobile was mostly operating at only 1 per cent of full power - in which case "you can be sure that the SAR will be very low".
		He says SAR is not the best measurement for safety, noting that the World Health Organisation recommends the hands-free kit as the best way to reduce emission exposure.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2006/07/12/1152637733291.html (705 words)

	Radiation danger from phone headsets or handsets
		Manufacturers of cellular phones are required under FCC regulations to assure that their products meet the SAR limits on both hand-held and hands-free units.
		Specific facts and circumstances may alter the concepts and applications of materials and information described herein.
		The information provided is not a substitute for professional advice and should not be relied upon in the absence of such professional advice specific to whatever facts and circumstances are presented in any given situation.
	hps.org /publicinformation/ate/q277.html (368 words)

	IEEE APPROVES TWO RADIATION EXPOSURE STANDARDS
		The amendment, IEEE 1528a(TM), “Recommended Practice for Determining the Peak Spatial-Average Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Head from Wireless Communications Devices: Measurement Techniques--Amendment 1: Include CAD File for Human Head Model (SAM Phantom)”, clears up ambiguities and adds a compact disk of the human head model.
		The second new standards project is IEEE P1528.1(TM), “Recommended Practice for Determining the Peak Spatial Average Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Body from Wireless Communications Devices, 30 MHz-6 GHz: General Requirements for using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Method for SAR Calculations”.
		When spatial peak SAR cannot be easily measured, FDTD methods can simulate the field conditions of wireless devices in anatomically correct human models.
	standards.ieee.org /announcements/pr_radioemc.html (600 words)

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