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Topic: Specific energy

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kinetic energy

energy level

decay energy

renewable energy

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potential energy

free energy

International Atomic Energy Agency

conservation of energy

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	Energy Storage
		Ultracapacitors shortfalls arise from the fact that they have low specific energy in addition to the fact that those commercial versions that are available are in their infant development stages.
		Specific energy is important because it affects the number of batteries, and hence the mass of batteries, that a vehicle needs to carry on-board to attain a certain electric-only range.
		Specific power, in the units of power per mass, is perhaps the most important parameter measuring electrical energy storage requirements for hybrid electric vehicles.
	www.engineering.sdsu.edu /~hev/energy.html (3903 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - Peak Performance - Training For Position-Specific Energy In Rugby.
		This is the simplest and most rapid means of energy production, in which phosphate (donated by phosphocreatine) and ADP combine to make ATP "the body's primary energy currency and supplier to all cells.
		Even more specific to the demands of match play would be interval workouts that combine "physical work" with running.
		More specific workouts could be developed by performing shuttle runs instead of straight runs as intervals to increase the agility running component for backs.
	www.bodybuilding.com /fun/peak16.htm (1587 words)

	Max Payload per Launch Dollar
		Specific impulse is a measure of propellant exhaust velocity.
		The remainder of the energy can be wasted in many ways, such as in heat, wasted in an electric generator process, tied up in molecular vibrations and electronic excitations, or in random motions of the gas resulting from an imperfect nozzle that is not infinitely large.
		This conclusion to use "limited specific impulse" instead of the traditional "maximum achievable specific impulse" depends entirely on being able to launch a rocket system separate from the propellant, and that the amount of propellant used from a propellant "gas station" does not pose operational issues.
	www.neofuel.com /optimum (3498 words)

	Comparative Case Study Transrapid and ICE Trains - Basic data for the energy demand of the different means of traffic ...
		Specific secondary energy demand for the railway is measured in Wh/pnkm (Watt-hours per person-kilometre) measured at the overhead contact wire.
		The result of the simulation is an energy demand of 25 Wh/pnkm for the route via Wittenberge and an IC-train with ten carriages (590 seats), and an electric locomotive of the type 120 (with a maximum speed of 160 km/h).
		Primary energy is determined at the point of unloading the tanker (for crude oil), and at the point of shipment at the point of extraction (for indigenious hard coal).
	www.vr-transport.de /transrapid-energy/n003.html (2546 words)

	Specific P-V Energy - Thermodynamic Properties - Engineers Edge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This form of energy is called P-V energy because it arises from the pressure (P) and the volume (V) of a fluid.
		Because energy is defined as the capacity of a system to perform work, a system where pressure and volume are permitted to expand performs work on its surroundings.
		The specific P-V energy of a substance is the P-V energy per unit mass.
	www.engineersedge.com /thermodynamics/specific_pv_energy.htm (203 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Following administration of the prodrug, the specific region of the body to be treated (marked by 14) is irradiated by at least two energy waves 16, each being provided from a different direction and/or distance from an energy source 18.
		According to preferred embodiments of the present invention, the specific region of the body is sequentially or simultaneously irradiated with energy waves 16.
		Such"multi-directional"irradiation exposes the specific region of the body to an energy dose which is larger than that absorbed by the tissue forming the path traveled within the body by each energy wave.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/26704.010419&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4586 words)

	The experience of developing the building energy requirements
		The new values of specific energy consumption were then used for calculation required areal thermal resistance of exterior walls, roofing constructions (attics included), and floors depending on the number of Degree Days in the place of construction.
		In this context the compliance of the design level of specific heating energy consumption for residential and public buildings during a heating season with the rate established for a particular type of buildings shall be verified using a standardized calculation method of the Energy Passport.
		The Energy Passport is supposed to be used in the development of building design and in verification of compliance of the design with the requirements of the territorial regulations.
	www.cenef.ru /home-pg/hp-46e.htm (1993 words)

	Definition of Specific orbital energy
		In astrodynamics the specific orbital energy $\epsilon\,\! (or vis-viva$ energy) of an orbiting body traveling through space under standard assumptions is the sum of its potential energy ( $\epsilon_p\,\!) and kinetic$ energy ( $\epsilon_k\,\!) per unit mass.$
		In this case the specific orbital energy is also referred to as characteristic energy (or $C_3\,\!) and is equal to the excess$ specific energy compared to that for an escape orbit (parabolic orbit).
		Then the time-rate of change of the specific energy of the rocket is $\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{a} : an amount \mathbf{v} \cdot (\mathbf{a}-\mathbf{g}) for the kinetic$ energy and an amount $\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{g} for the potential$ energy.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Specific_orbital_energy (975 words)

	Industries in Focus : ENERGY STAR
		The guide is a resource on trends in energy use and energy intensity in the industry as well as a systematic analysis and discussion of the energy efficiency opportunities in the manufacturing plants.
		Energy managers use the guide to: identify areas for improvement, evaluate potential energy improvement options, develop action plans and checklists for the energy program, and educate company employees.
		Energy guides are developed by EPA and supported by the research skills of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in coordination with the industry.
	www.energystar.gov /index.cfm?c=in_focus.bus_industries_focus (426 words)

	Energy Medicine - Principles of Energy Medicine - Eight Energy Systems
		Energy medicine is both a complement to other approaches to medical care and a complete system for self-care and self-help.
		Each chakra supplies energy to specific organs, corresponds to a distinct aspect of your personality, and resonates (respectively, from the bottom to the top chakra) with one of seven universal principles having to do with survival, creativity, identity, love, expression, comprehension, or transcendence.
		These energies were considered the building blocks of the universe, providing a basis for understanding how the world works, how societies organize themselves, and what the human body needs to maintain health.
	www.innersource.net /energy_medicine/principles_em.htm (1903 words)

	The Effect of Production Rate on Specific Energy Consumption in High Consistency Chip Refining
		The average specific energy per impact, which is to be a direct indicator of refining intensity, can then be calculated from the residence time (8).
		The minimum specific energy is therefore achieved when the refiner gap is held at its lower limit and the production rate is increased until the freeness rises to its desired level.
		Changes in the specific energy-pulp quality relationships which were observed when the rotational speed of a conical disk refiner was changed from 1500 to 1800 rpm could be attributed entirely to the production rate phenomenon rather than to any rotational speed phenomenon.
	www.pacsim.com /Articles/Specener/Specener.HTM (4062 words)

	Specific Internal Energy - Thermodynamic Properties - Engineers Edge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Microscopic forms of energy include those due to the rotation, vibration, translation, and interactions among the molecules of a substance.
		None of these forms of energy can be measured or evaluated directly, but techniques have been developed to evaluate the change in the total sum of all these microscopic forms of energy.
		These microscopic forms of energy are collectively called internal energy, customarily represented by the symbol U. In engineering applications, the unit of internal energy is the British thermal unit (Btu), which is also the unit of heat.
	www.engineersedge.com /thermodynamics/specific_internal_energy.htm (195 words)

	Energy considerations for different types of business \| Business Link
		The initial measures that you take to improve energy efficiency are likely to be the same, irrespective of the type of business.
		Here are some examples of ways in which particular types of businesses might look at saving energy.
		For certain businesses that use energy intensively, the government has negotiated climate change agreements with trade bodies which give up to 80 per cent discount from the climate change levy in return for legally binding energy-efficiency targets.
	www.businesslink.gov.uk /bdotg/action/detail?r.s=sc&type=RESOURCES&itemId=1074475717 (356 words)

	Internal Energy
		Internal energy is defined as the energy associated with the random, disordered motion of molecules.
		It is separated in scale from the macroscopic ordered energy associated with moving objects; it refers to the invisible microscopic energy on the atomic and molecular scale.
		Related energy quantities which are particularly useful in chemical thermodynamics are enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/thermo/inteng.html (318 words)

	47145 Hydraulics - Rapidly Varied Flow (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Specific energy is the sum of depth and velocity head.
		The maximum discharge, for a constant specific energy, is conveyed at the critical depth.
		An energy loss always results in a reduction of specific energy, that is a move leftwards on the specific energy curve.
	services.eng.uts.edu.au /~simonb/rvf.htm (269 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors (2004)
		Carbon/air batteries are in theory attractive, because carbon is an energy-dense fuel with a specific energy of 9,100 Wh/kg, and the batteries are safe to carry and non-toxic.
		In contrast, in a battery the electrical energy is derived from a change in the oxidation state of the active materials and is often accompanied by chemical changes to the structure via a faradaic process.
		Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors reforming units typically have Rh-based catalysts and operate at ~700°C. The CPOX units are compact and lightweight, but the overall system suffers from a drop in system efficiency because part of the fuel is oxidized in the CPOX unit before it enters the SOFC.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309092612/html/88.html (11219 words)

	Netherlands - Analysis of Energy R&D Programs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The main objective of public sector energy efficiency research is to assist in achieving the government’s stated objective of reducing energy consumption by 33% by the year 2020 (Ministry of Economic Affairs, 1995).
		Energy neutral cities will be brought about by the introduction of energy saving technologies and the deployment of renewable energy technologies.
		Specific aims for TWIN-2 include the installation of at least of 100 MW each year and a 30% improvement in the price/performance over the period 1995-2000.
	energytrends.pnl.gov /netherlands/ne005.htm (4650 words)

	HYDROGEN IN ENERGY IN LONG-TERM PROSPECT
		The plasmacatalytical variant of remaking, in which the electrical energy expenditures are greatly decreased and the role of catalyst is played by excited particles generated by discharge, exhibits the special interest in comparison with usual plasma pyrolisis (5).
		Nevertheless, in this scheme incorporating renewable energy sources and technology of accumulation of electrical energy by the hydrogen storage and its conversion in fuel cells may be the basis for the creation of autonomous energetics and at present has high rating in the world.
		It is obvious that renewable primary energy sources (solar energy, hydraulic power, wind power, flow and geothermal energy) should build the basis of such a scheme.
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/default/tech_papers/17th_congress/3_3_09.asp (2728 words)

	Embodied Cognition [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Specifically, the concern is that if an isolationist assumption rests at the heart of the cognitivist/classicist research program, then the resulting explanations are inaccurate because they either underplay or completely overlook environmental factors that are essential to the formation of an accurate explanation of cognitive development.
		Specifically, a dynamic systems analysis is capable of tracking the way in which behaviors evolve and unfold over time; this real-time analysis is completely missing from current classicist/cognitivist accounts of developmental change.
		Instead, the point is that a type of mutual specification occurs between the organism and its environment, so that the way the world looks and the way in which the organism can interact in the world is primarily determined by the way the organism is embodied.
	www.iep.utm.edu /e/embodcog.htm (6572 words)

	Paperloop.com - leading the pulp, paper, packaging and printing industry (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is a function of the total specific energy applied and the residence time of the pulp in the refining zone.
		Reduction of the specific energy in the primary refiner followed by higher pressure and higher refining intensity in the secondary refiner results in a narrower operating window and therefore tighter control requirements.
		The reduction in specific energy is due to the difference in the refining response for LCR versus high consistency refining for a particular freeness range.
	www.paperloop.com /db_area/archive/p_p_mag/1999/9905/focus4.htm~ (4174 words)

	Forensic SEM/EDX
		The energy of the impinging electrons onto a sample is directly in proportion to the type of electron interaction that is generated from the sample.
		The release of energy from the escaping electrons from the inner most orbiting shell or core electrons are analyzed and measured based on their classification type.
		The emitting energy, called a photon or minute energy packet of electromagnetic radiation is specific for each element in the periodic table.
	www.forensicevidence.net /iama/sem-edxtheory.html (2640 words)

	ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRY THROUGH CAPACITY BUILDING AND NETWORKING
		Local energy utilities are required to implement certain energy efficiency measures towards energy users in the area.
		In parallel with these campaigns, specific new requirements on labelling of different household appliances to indicate their energy use are also introduced.
		The majority of sectors participating have reduced their specific energy consumption by approximately 1,4 % annually, which is partly due to increased awareness and energy management.
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/default/tech_papers/17th_congress/3_3_07.asp (3268 words)

	Articles - Specific orbital energy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		) and is equal to the excess specific energy compared to that for an escape orbit (parabolic orbit).
		This corresponds to the fact that for such orbits the total energy is one half of the potential energy, because the kinetic energy is minus one half of the potential energy.
		The energy is âˆ’29.6 MJ/kg [2]: the potential energy is âˆ’59.2 MJ/kg, and the kinetic energy 29.6 MJ/kg.
	oldion.com /articles/Specific_orbital_energy (757 words)

	Energy Facility Siting Comparison of Siting Requirements
		Specific questions regarding the siting requirements in an individual state should be directed to the responsible agency of that state.
		Energy facility jurisdiction is limited to thermal power plants 50 MW and greater and related facilities.
		Small generating plants within an energy generation area, as described in OAR 345-001-0200, if the accumulated effects of development are similar to a single plant with an average electric generating capacity of 35 MW or more.
	egov.oregon.gov /ENERGY/SITING/compare.shtml (2602 words)

	CE - Rapporten: Specific energy consumption and emissions of freight transport* (Site not responding. Last check: )
		CE - Rapporten: Specific energy consumption and emissions of freight transport*
		Energy efficiency and emissions per tonne.km in freight transport show remarkable differences.
		However it should be noticed that calculation of energy use and emissions of more specific transport operations may lead to slightly different outcomes, the data presented in this paper give a good general overview of differences between the various modes in freight transport.
	www.ce.nl /publicaties/97_4325e.html (267 words)

	Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program: Wind Energy Enabling Research
		While some of the near-term cost of energy reductions may be possible based on current levels of technology (e.g., tall towers) others will require investment in fundamental research in order to be successful.
		The rotor's blades control all the energy capture and almost all the loads, and are therefore a primary target of research efforts.
		As turbines become routinely designed for specific sites, where these standard load cases can be reduced and tuned to site-specific conditions, the ability to estimate and account for individual design uncertainties will become necessary.
	www.eere.energy.gov /windandhydro/wind_research_enable.html (1528 words)

	Composite Arbors Built and Tested to Improve the Specific Energy of Flywheel Batteries
		Energy storage flywheels are quickly becoming an attractive alternative to electrochemical batteries.
		This effort to develop composite arbor technology greatly increases the flywheel rotor specific energy potential and has the added advantage of relieving the high radial compressive stresses that limit durability, life, and operating temperature range.
		Under year three of this program, further increases in specific energy will be realized as the shaft, arbor, and rim are optimized for additional reduced weight.
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/RT/2003/7000/7725konno.html (652 words)

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