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Topic: Specific replant disease

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	Plant Disease- Interpretive Summaries
		Karnal bunt (KB) is a disease of wheat caused by the smut fungus Tilletia indica.
		Stewart’s wilt is a bacterial disease of corn caused by Erwinia stewartii.
		Brown stem rot is a fungal disease of soybean characterized by browning of the internal stem tissue and premature death of interveinal leaf tissue.
	www.apsnet.org /pd/summaries/top.asp (17128 words)

	Specific replant disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One theory is that replant disease is due to a whole menagerie of tree pathogens - fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses and other organisms.
		As a rule, replant disease persists for around fifteen years in the soil, although this varies with local conditions.
		In this case, and replanting is unavoidable, a large hole should be dug out, and the soil removed and replaced with ‘clean’ soil from a site where susceptible plants have not been grown.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Specific_replant_disease (549 words)

	Specific replant disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		As a rule, replant disease persists for around fifteen years in the soil, although this varies with localconditions.
		Pathogens survive in dead wood and organic matter until exposed to predation by their home rotting away, and willalso depend on whether the original orchard was planted with dwarf or standard trees.
		In this case, and replanting is unavoidable, a large holeshould be dug out, and the soil removed and replaced with ‘clean’ soil from a site where susceptible plants have notbeen grown.
	www.therfcc.org /specific-replant-disease-61562.html (511 words)

	Freeindiamedia.com, Express your impartial, radical, grassroot views on current issues. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		These diseases result in the death of apple trees by destroying the roots and stem portions near the soil line, respectively.
		Orchardists are advised to be on the lookout constantly for these diseases and follow proper diagnostic approach since most of the underground/ root-zone disturbances cause above-ground symptoms like sparse growth, restriction of leaf and fruit size, and shedding of foliage, resulting in a sick appearance of the trees.
		For the control of collar rot disease, the infected collar region of the trees should be scarified with the blunt side of a knife and pasted with copper oxychloride or mancozeb or metalaxyl.
	www.freeindiamedia.com /agriculture/5_sep_agri.htm (767 words)

	Growing Wheat in Apple Orchards: A Possible Aid in Preventing Replant Disease
		He's discovered that in the Pacific Northwest, replant disease seems to be caused by buildup of a complex of four soilborne fungi: Cylindrocarpon, Phytophthora, Pythium, and Rhizoctonia.
		For years, scientists have debated whether the cause was biological—a disease or organism—or a result of abiotic factors, such as soil chemistry.
		Although the specific chemicals have not been identified, Mazzola found that after an orchard has been in place about 3 years, apples promote a fungal population that can cause replant disease.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/np/mba/jul00/wheat.htm (798 words)

	When Rose Diseases Aren't
		When a malady is mistaken for a disease because the rose exhibits the symptoms of a disease.
		A soil malady often mistaken as a viral disease is boron deficiency.
		For the day-to-day rosarian, the best counter for this disease is to change out the soil when a new rose is planted in the same location of a previously planted rose.
	www.gardenguides.com /articles/rosediseasenot.htm (978 words)

	Crop Profile for Cherries (Sweet) in Washington
		If land is not replanted to orchard for about five seasons, tree roots are removed, and the land is either allowed to fallow or is planted to wheat or green manures, the replant disorder usually is no longer a danger.
		The amount of disease that appears in the orchard depends on the vigor of the trees, the relative number of Verticillium microsclerotia in the soil, and the age of the trees.
		This disease has been difficult to study and control, as the pathogen is very widespread, lives as an epiphyte on the host and weeds, invades host tissues without inducing symptoms, and causes disease that has symptoms similar to those caused by other pathogens.
	cipm.ncsu.edu /cropprofiles/docs/WAcherries-sweet.html (13281 words)

	The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Agriculture Tribune
		In Himachal Pradesh, the disease was first noticed during the mid-1980s on a few trees in orchards in and around Siana village in Rajgarh area.
		Phytoplasmas, earlier called mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs), belong to a relatively new class of prokaryotic disease agents—mollicutes which are similar to bacteria but lack cell walls and are limited to growing in the phloem of host plants.
		It is clarified that root-knot disease is soil borne and affects susceptible plants.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2002/20020826/agro.htm (2393 words)

	Summary of report: Methodology and viability of re-establishing commercial Boronia megastigma plantations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		There was concern that boronia may be prone to ‘specific replant problems’ (soil sickness) as known from orchards and nurseries.
		Replant field trial, testing soil amendments, effects of fire, nutrients simulating an ‘ash bed effect’, and fungicides known to be active against Phytophthora spp.
		All plants were replanted into previously used rows, apart from one that looked at the effect of inter-row planting.
	www.rirdc.gov.au /reports/AFO/02-007sum.html (1367 words)

	Rose Replant Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The common practices developed over decades were to either remove all old soil, discontinue use of a particular plot for four or five years, or to fumigate the soil with a take-no-prisoners gas such as methyl bromide.
		Perhaps the appropriate term to apply would be Rose Replant Symptoms, since this would allow us to explore the range of soil problems that would lead to bush decline, and give better direction to resolving a specific problem.
		Studies of apple and cherry replant disease also point to nematodes as one possible cause for the symptoms.
	www.bmi.net /roseguy/pnw/replant.html (2355 words)

	Fungus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Parasitic fungi infect animals, including humans, other mammals, birds, and insects, with consequences varying from mild itching to death.
		Other parasitic fungi infect plants, causing diseases such as butt rot and making trees more vulnerable to toppling.
		The vast majority of vascular plants are associated with mutualistic fungi, called mycorrhizae, which assist their roots in absorption of nutrients and water.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fungus (349 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		B. Savory (Specific replant diseases, 1966, Farnham Royal, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux), proposed the term specific replant disease,to distinguish the condition from one caused by a `soil sickness` affecting unrelated plant species.
		In accordance with our recommendations for the use of disease and disorder, we suggest that `specific replant disease` should be used when the effect is attributable to the action of a parasitic organism; `specific replant disorder` when attributable to a non-parasitic factor, and `specific replant effect` when the cause is undetermined.
		Vertical resistance is not synonymous with oligogenic, major gene or active resistance because it refers specifically to the interactions between races and varieties and not to the mode of inheritance or the mechanism of resistance.
	www.pp.nchu.edu.tw /cpps/%E6%A4%8D%E7%97%85%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8/R.htm (2617 words)

	Suggested Change List for 2000 edition ordered by Page Number (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		I have worked with replant disease for quite a few years, and suspect that nematodes play some role in causing this complex disease.
		Replant disease is caused by a complex of organisms, and maybe some other factors, and has confused plant pathologists for many years.
		I see the effects of this disease in most orchard areas of the world, but it appears to be most serious in warm, dry climates (yes, such as Washington) as it is disease that greatly reduces the growth and efficiency of roots.
	pmo.umext.maine.edu /apple/PestGuidePDF/NEAPMG2000ChangeList.htm (8700 words)

	Pierce's Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Pierce's disease represents a serious and substantial threat to this thriving agricultural sector, and although winegrapes are suffering the most, we must also understand that Pierce's disease also places citrus, stone fruits and almonds at risk.
		Pierce's disease is caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa that attacks the tissues responsible for transporting water within the plant, eventually killing the vine.
		The disease damaged $33 million worth of crops from 1995 to 1997 in Napa, Sonoma and Mendocino Counties, and we expect that total to climb to $50 million between 1997 and the year 2000.
	commdocs.house.gov /committees/ag/hag10644.000/hag10644_0.HTM (18016 words)

	ARS Project: Use of Resident Biological Resources for the Management of Replant Disease in Organic Tree Fruit ...
		Our goal is to develop a soilborne disease management program that ensures the successful establishment of new fruit trees on old orchard sites and sustains productivity of these orchards through the use of biological resources resident to the orchard ecosystem, with minimal use of external inputs.
		The goal is to employ an approach to manage replant diseases in organic tree fruit production systems which will take into account the influence of the host plant on resident soil microorganisms and how host genotype may modulate the activity or composition of beneficial elements of these microbial communities.
		Specific emphasis will be given to the resident population of Streptomyces spp.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/projects/projects.htm?accn_no=408974 (745 words)

	Adroddiad - Gardd Rosod - Parc Howard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		There are two areas of Parc Howard which have been in the past planted with Roses namely the "Rose Garden" located in front of the Mansion and the "Old Rose Garden" which is situated on the left hand side of the entrance road from Felinfoel Road - the proposed location of the car park.
		This is a soil borne disease which seriously affects the growth of Roses eventually leading to the plants dying.
		There are two recommended methods for the control of this disease, namely, changing the soil completely and sterilizing, both of which have been done.
	www.carmarthenshire.gov.uk /agendas/cym/PRLL20010927/REP06.htm (377 words)

	Mycorrhizal Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In a soil with severe specific cherry replant disease, actinomycetes could be detected in rootlets of apple, pear and mountain ash.
		Frequency and intensity of colonization of these rootlets by actinomycetes were markedly lower than the rates obtained with these species of Rosaceae in a previous experiment with an apple replant disease soil.
		From this is concluded that the actinomycetes which are thought to be the cause of apple replant disease are ubiquitous organisms, whose accumulation in soil takes place only in presence of suitable host plants.
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /latest/1995/95_otto1.htm (190 words)

	Preparation For New Plantings - Specific Replant Diseases - Hortwatch Library
		When apples follow apples, or pears on quince rootstocks, a condition referred to as specific apple replant disease (SARD) is likely to occur.
		The severity of replant disease depends on soil type; density of the affected species root levels in the soil, and the amount of time the land was out of the crop.
		The validity of the test and its interpretation is also open to question because recent data on the affect of fumigation on replant tree performance from Hort+Research shows that even though there was little affect on tree vigor the trees growing in the fumigated treatments showed significant increase fruit numbers and particularly fruit size.
	www.hortwatch.com /library/replant-disease.html (705 words)

	Intensive Systems Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Reduced growth in replant sites is thought to be due to a range of factors some possibly nutritional but clearly biological factors are also involved as soil fumigation treatments usually improve replacement tree growth.
		Apple replanting problems are often lumped together under the term, Specific Replant Disease (SRD) this is a complex condition, with no single factor involved but a range of different organisms such as fungi and nematodes.
		There is no quick test to identify potential replant problems, testing needs to be undertaken a year or more in advance of orchard redevelopment and involves growing apple trees in pot trials using a range of soil samples taken from the redevelopment site and adjacent areas where no apples trees have grown.
	www.ts.co.nz /group8/IntensiveSystems.html (2270 words)

	Fungus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A lichen behaves in so many ways like a single organism that lichens are actually given species names.
		Fungal infections may also be a factor in causing specific replant disease.
		A fungal infection of the human body is called a mycosis.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/f/fu/fungus.html (1281 words)

	Specific Replant Disease Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Specific Replant Disease Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography
		Looking For specific replant disease - Find specific replant disease and more at Lycos Search.
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	www.karr.net /search/encyclopedia/Specific_replant_disease (763 words)

	Post-harvest Orchard Disease Management - Hortwatch Library
		The first step in control of these diseases is the application of a copper spray just prior to the commencement of leaf fall or the first significant air frost.
		This disease is very active during the autumn, and infection is very much favoured by wet weather following a long dry period such as we have had this season.
		Where apples are replanted following apples, this disorder adversely affects both growth and fruit size in the replant trees.
	www.hortwatch.com /library/post-harvest-disease.html (599 words)

	Specific replant disease -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Specific replant disease -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		The exact causes are not known, but in the first year the new plants will grow poorly.
		This is especially true if it is on a (Click link for more info and facts about dwarfing rootstock) dwarfing rootstock, which by its nature will be relatively inefficient.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sp/specific_replant_disease.htm (535 words)

	Disease Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Research is undertaken on all aspects of disease management with an emphasis on diseases caused by fungal pathogens and nematodes
		Control of Nematodes and Root rot fungi in citrus Citrus Nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) causes slow decline of citrus; other parasitic nematodes are associated with citrus but their influence is little understood.
		act in concert with nematodes in a disease complex in citrus.
	www.sardi.sa.gov.au /pages/horticulture/citrus/disease_management.htm (334 words)

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