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Topic: Spectacled Eider

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	[No title]
		Spectacled eiders are diving ducks that spend most of the year in marine waters where they primarily feed on bottom- dwelling molluscs and crustaceans.
		Spectacled eiders typically winter south and southwest of St. Lawrence Island in the central Bering Sea; they wintered in the same place in 4 of the 5 years since the discovery of their wintering area.
		Thus, recent minimum population estimates for the number of pairs of spectacled eiders comprising the North Slope breeding population are as follows: for 1993: 3,669; for 1994: 2,828; for 1995: 2,803; for 1996: 2,179; for 1997: 2,107; for 1998: 3,800; for 1999: 2,679; and for 2000: 2,567.
	www.eswr.com /f020601.txt (18577 words)

	Eiders: Wildlife Notebook Series - Alaska Department of Fish and Game
		The common eider (male) is the only eider with a fl cap extending to the forehead and around the eye and divided on the crown by a white streak originating from the hind neck.
		Common eiders nest near driftwood or clumps of grass on barrier islands, sandy beaches, and on islands in tundra ponds, often in association with gull colonies.
		The male spectacled eider's distinguishing marks are a fl chest, unlike other eiders, and a large pale green head with fl outlined white spectacle-like patches around the eyes.
	www.adfg.state.ak.us /pubs/notebook/bird/eiders.php (2202 words)

	Briefing Book - The Spectacled Eider (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The eiders - which include the spectacled, Steller's, king, and common - are marine diving birds of Arctic and northern coasts.
		There are three distinct breeding populations of spectacled eiders worldwide: in the Yukon-Kuskowim (Y-K) Delta and North Slope regions of Alaska; and along the north coast of Siberia in Russia.
		Spectacled eider numbers on the Y-K Delta (western Alaska) have fallen precipitously - by some 96% between the mid-1970s and the early 1990s, from an estimated 48 000 nesting pairs to less than 2500 pairs.
	www.seaweb.org /background/book/eider.html (908 words)

	Observations on the Day-old Young of the Spectacled Eider, Somateria Fischeri
		Furthermore, it is conceivable that the molting "spectacle" would take on an even more linear appearance in a dried specimen, and the artist, faithful to his eye, could justifiably interpret this as a narrow circle or "question mark." Only one of the four Spectacled Eiders survived at Round Lake.
		The eiders "sat" a good deal during their first two days, usually resting on the belly, but sometimes on the heels, with backs nearly upright and breasts high, the bills touching the puffed-up breasts and the heads drawn back.
		The bill was light, opaque grayish blue, straight-sided, with a brownish-red nail; the egg tooth was creamy white to pinkish yellow; the iris was dark brown; the tongue and the lining of the mouth were dull, pale pink; the feet were dark umber gray, lighter on the sides of the toes.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v081n02/p0219-p0221.html (1609 words)

	USFWS Background: Spectacled/Steller's Eider (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Spectacled eiders are diving ducks that spend most of the year in marine waters where they probably feed on bottom‑dwelling molluscs and crustaceans.
		Spectacled eiders may also be affected by other shifts in the Bering Sea ecosystem, by commercial fisheries, and by environmental contaminants at sea.
		Dau, C.P. Nesting Biology of the Spectacled Eider Somateria fischeri (Brandt) on the Yukon‑Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska.
	alaska.fws.gov /media/SpecEider_FactSheet.htm (1149 words)

	[No title]
		Spectacled eiders are diving ducks that spend most of the year in marine waters where they primarily feed on bottom-dwelling molluscs and crustaceans.
		The Spectacled Eider Recovery Team was formed, consisting of seven members and four consultants with a variety of expertise in spectacled eider biology, conservation biology, population biology, marine ecology, Native Alaskan culture, and wildlife management.
		Only one spectacled eider was observed among 420,000 eiders migrating past point Barrow during spring (Woodby and Divoky 1982) suggesting that either the timing of this survey was not concurrent with spectacled eider spring migration, or spectacled eiders do not migrate along the Beaufort Sea coast in spring.
	www.eswr.com /f0280.txt (10377 words)

	FINAL RULE: SPECTACLED EIDER, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The destruction of habitat is not known to be a factor in the decline of the spectacled eider.
		Spectacled eiders may also be exposed to environmental pollutants including heavy metals and organochlorines in the marine environment, with potential effects on survival and reproduction.
		Spectacled eiders may use coastal waters of the Beaufort Sea for brief periods, but Myres (1958) presented evidence that their principal migration routes between the Chukchi Sea and North Slope breeding grounds are over land.
	www.fws.gov /endangered/r/fr93503.html (6543 words)

	ADW: Somateria fischeri: Information
		The Spectacled Eider is found along the west coast of Alaska, between Point Barrow and the Lower Kuskokwim River.
		The breeding habitat of the spectacled eider is generally near shores, lakes, and deltas along the coast of Alaska.
		Spectacled eiders were first hatched in captivity in 1976.
	animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu /site/accounts/information/Somateria_fischeri.html (852 words)

	Endangered Species Bulletin: Lead and the Spectacled Eider
		The condition of spectacled eider habitat in Siberia is less certain, but it is apparently good enough to host over 90 percent of the remaining world population.
		Tests run on spectacled eider blood samples indicate that 13 percent of females pick up lead during the 2-3 week interval between their arrival on the nesting grounds and the initiation of incubation.
		The relative importance of lead in the decline of the Y-K Delta spectacled eider population continues to be studied.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0ASV/is_1_24/ai_54466909 (1132 words)

	spect-eider (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		(26,133,120 acres) of critical habitat in Alaska for the endangered spectacled and Steller's eiders on January 12, 2001.
		The spectacled eider differs from other eiders in that its feathers extend down to the nostrils on the bill, which is bright orange on males and blue-gray on females.
		Although traditional subsistence harvest likely did not have a significant effect on historically larger eider populations, it may be contributing to the bird's current decline now that the eider population is smaller.
	www.biologicaldiversity.org /swcbd/species/eiders/spect.html (656 words)

	Mailgate: gov.us.fed.doi.announce: 65FR20938 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Ext
		The spectacled eider and Steller's eider are found in marine waters and coastal wetlands in Alaska.
		SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background The spectacled eider is a large seaduck found in marine waters and coastal areas from the Nushagak Peninsula of southwestern Alaska north to Barrow and east nearly to the Canadian Border.
		The Steller's eider is a seaduck found in coastal and marine waters from the eastern Aleutian Islands around the western and northern coasts of Alaska to the Canada border.
	mailgate.supereva.it /gov/gov.us.fed.doi.announce/msg04688.html (766 words)

	Eider (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		He schrifft ook, dat de Dithmarscher, de he Tedmarsgoi naamt, glieks an de Küst twüschen Eider un Ilv seeten un dat ehr Moderkark in Meldörp is. Ook dat glieks blangen de Eider een Bischop in Pahlen seet, wat dormols Palmis heet.
		De Eider kümmt ut den Bothkamper See un geiht denn na Norden an Bordesholm un Flintbek vörbi bet na den Södwesten vun Kiel.
		Dor ward de Eider denn ook to'n Tidefluss.
	low-saxon.encyclopedia.st /Eider (480 words)

	Modeling Populations of Spectacled Eiders
		The spectacled eider population on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Y-K Delta) in western Alaska declined rapidly through the 1980's (Stehn et al.
		The Spectacled Eider Recovery Plan developed by the Recovery Team and published by the USFWS in 1996 describes the status of the population, identifies important information needs, suggests causes for the decline in the Y-K Delta population, and recommends possible management actions.
		On the Y-K Delta, nesting spectacled eiders are patchily distributed across the central coast within 15 km of the Bering Sea.
	www.absc.usgs.gov /research/speimod (1114 words)

	Spectacled Eider
		Population Dynamics Of Spectacled Eiders On The Yukon- Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska
		Spectacled Eider (Somateria fischeri) populations in western Alaska have declined precipitously since the late 1970's.
		Results from studies of the threatened spectacled eider (Somateria fischeri) are described based on molecular markers with different patterns of inheritance.
	seaducks.org /docs/spectacled_eider.htm (682 words)

	Spectacled Eiders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The spectacled eider (Somateria fischeri) is a threatened species, found in Alaska, that is undergoing serious population declines.
		Spectacled eiders are particularly interesting in their dispersal patterns.
		Visit the US FWS Region 7 Spectacled Eider web page to get information on the massive wintering flocks that have recently been discovered in the Bering Sea.
	www.tiehh.ttu.edu /mhooper/spectacl.htm (387 words)

	CLS - Argos : Newsletter 51 - Spectacled eider tracking in the Bering and Chukchi Seas, Alaska and Russia
		It is even more mysterious since Spectacled Eiders spend nine to eleven months (females and males, respectively) at-sea, and flocks of birds have not been reported.
		These birds congregate in very dense flocks far from land, they frequent areas few vessels visit in summer and fall (and none in winter), and they are easily missed if the survey plane is not within a few km of a flock.
		Based on that location, Bill Larned flew to that general area and located dense flocks of Spectacled Eiders in holes in the pack ice north-east of St. Matthew Island, Alaska.
	www.cls.fr /html/argos/documents/newsletter/nslan51/spectacled_eider_en.html (1142 words)

	Audubon WatchList - Spectacled Eider
		Male Spectacled Eider's in breeding plumage are magnificent with their fl-and-white body, green head, orange bill and prominent white patches around each eye.
		The Spectacled Eider Recovery Team was created, and is still working to monitor the status of the species, and help in its recovery.
		Currently, Spectacled Eider population trends in western Alaska seem to be only in slight decline and may actually be stable.
	audubon2.org /webapp/watchlist/viewSpecies.jsp?id=193 (1103 words)

	Bering Sea wintering area of the spectacled eider (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		This is a photo of the wintering area of threatened spectacled eider ducks in the Bering Sea.
		This picture shows tens of thousands of spectacled eiders roosting in an open lead of the ice pack, approximately 100 km south of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska.
		We identified migration corridors, staging and molting areas, and wintering areas of adult spectacled eiders using implanted satellite transmitters in birds from each of the three extant breeding grounds (North Slope and Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in Alaska and arctic Russia).
	www.absc.usgs.gov /research/Banding/bering_wintering.htm (383 words)

	The Generic Name of the Spectacled Eider (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The females and downy young of all three of these eiders are closely similar to one another in all respects except the leathering of the facial region, which reflects to a lesser degree the differences exhibited by the males.
		Judging from the literature, there seem to be no trenchant differences in reproductive habits or behavior between fischerl on the one hand and mollissima on the other.
		I therefore heartily endorse the recommendation of Delacour and Mayr (Wilson Bull., 57: 33, 1945) that the Spectacled Eider be known henceforth as Somateria fischerl (Brandt).--KT C. PAmrs, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh 13, Pennsylvania.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v072n01/p0085-p0086.html (712 words)

	2000 Federal Register, 51577; Centralized Library: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
		On February 8, 2000, the Service published a proposed rule (65 FR 6114) to designate critical habitat for the spectacled eider, and on March 13, 2000, the Service published a proposed rule (65 FR 13262) to designate critical habitat for the Alaska-breeding population of the Steller's eider.
		Based upon the previously published proposals to designate critical habitat for the spectacled eider and Steller's eider and comments previously received during the comment periods, we have conducted a draft economic analysis of the proposed critical habitat designations.
		The development of the economic analyses for the proposed critical habitat designations was unexpectedly delayed, and we subsequently extended the comment periods through August 31, 2000, with the expectation that the economic analyses would be available by August 1, 2000.
	policy.fws.gov /library/00fr51577.html (1167 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Notice of Public Hearing on Critical Habitat for ...
		Written data or comments on the spectacled eider should be submitted to the Field Supervisor, Ecological Services Field Office, Anchorage, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 605 W. 4th Ave.
		The deadline for requesting public hearings on the proposed rule regarding critical habitat for the spectacled eider was March 24, 2000.
		The deadline for requesting public hearings for the proposed rule regarding critical habitat for Steller's eider was April 27, 2000.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-SPECIES/2000/July/Day-31/e19183.htm (883 words)

	eNature: FieldGuides: Species Detail
		The reasons are unknown, but some factors may be an increase in predators relative to eider numbers and the ingestion of lead shot.
		The wintering sites of the Spectacled Eider, openings in the ice in the frozen Bering Sea, were not discovered until 1995.
		Discussion During the winter the Spectacled Eider's diet consists largely of mussels and other mollusks, which it captures in deep dives over submerged ledges and reefs, but on its tundra breeding grounds this duck feeds mainly on aquatic insects, crustaceans, and the seeds of water plants.
	www.enature.com /fieldguide/showSpeciesRECNUM.asp?recnum=BD0674 (292 words)

	Lead shot affecting spectacled eider populations in Alaska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Declines in spectacled eider populations on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Y-K Delta), Alaska, are likely the result of the birds ingesting lead shot, according to a recent study in the Journal of Wildlife Management.
		Populations of the birds on the Y-K Delta declined rapidly during the 1980s, and low adult female survival was suggested as the likely cause of the decline.
		The authors of the new study researched annual survival rates of adult female spectacled eiders at two sites on the Y-K Delta during 1993-96 and found evidence that, although survival rates may differ among sites, lead exposure influences survival.
	www.seaweb.org /resources/21update/eider.html (221 words)

	Spectacled Eider -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Spectacled Eider -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		It (The coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox) winters in often enormous flocks at sea in the (A waterproof overshoe that protects shoes from water or snow) Arctic along the edge of the pack ice.
		The Spectacled Eider is slightly smaller than the (Click link for more info and facts about Common Eider) Common Eider at 52-57cm.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sp/spectacled_eider.htm (186 words)

	Spectacled Eider (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Eiders are ducks that dive underwater for their food, which includes plants and small aquatic animals.
		The Spectacled Eider is found around Alaska and the Bering Sea.
		The Spectacled Eider breeds in coastal areas between Alaska and Siberia.
	cse.ben.edu /museum/catalog/00224_spectacled_eider.htm (117 words)

	THE OTTER SIDE - Waterfowl Images
		Steller's Eiders breed along the coasts of eastern and northern Siberia in Asia and western and northern Alaska in North America.
		This drake Steller's Eider in flight was photographed at the Northwest Point seawatch at the village of Gambell on St. Lawrence island, Alaska.
		This female Steller's Eider in flight was photographed at the Northwest Point seawatch at the village of Gambell on St. Lawrence island, Alaska.
	www.otterside.com /htmfiles/fowl8.htm (396 words)

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